CALCULATING POROSITY

Dwiharso NUGROHO

LOG ANALYSIS
Matrix
Pore (filled by fluid)

PETROGRAPHY
Grain
Matrix
Cement
Pore (filled by fluid)
Pore (none fluid within; rare)

!! Log analysis (determin) hanya menggunakan 1 nilai r ma and/or 1 nilai r sh

!!! shale fragment
!!! Carbonate has an intraparticle porosity (WP)

a. Log density
rock (b) = (1- ) matriks + fluid
= (ma - b) / (ma- f)
ma

= nilai densitas matriks

= bacaan log density (bulk density) pada zona interest

= nilai densitas fluida

b. Log neutron
Bacaan log neutron merupakan nilai hasil perhitungan konsentrasi ion hidrogen pada
suatu formasi.
Konsentrasi ion hidrogen pada suatu formasi sebanding dengan jumlah fluida yang
mengisi pori batuan.
Karenanya, bacaan log neutron dapat digunakan secara langsung untuk menentukan
porositas suatu formasi/batuan/reservoir.

c. Log sonic
= (tt ma) / (tf t ma)
t

= bacaan log sonic pada zona interest

t ma

= nilai t matriks

t f

= nilai t fluida

Log Analysis generally distinguish three distribution type of shale

Laminar Shale

Structural Shale

consists of thin laminations of shale which separate stringers or beds

of clean sandstone.
the occurrence (of these lamination) is not accompanied by a
reduction in the porosities of the sandstone stringers, but overall
could be reducing the bulk porosity (of the reservoir)
the term for shale fragments, diagenetic altered mineral, etc. which
be the grains of sandstone
is not necessarily matched by any reduction in porosity (Doveton,
2005) (?)

Dispersed Shale

Consists of pore-filling clay minerals

Leads to a progressive reduction in porosity

LOG ANALYSIS
Matrix
Pore (filled by fluid)

PETROGRAPHY
Grain
Matrix
Cement
Pore (filled by fluid)
Pore (none fluid within; rare)

!! Log analysis (determin) hanya menggunakan 1 nilai r ma and/or 1 nilai r sh

!!! shale fragment
!!! Carbonate has an intraparticle porosity

The correction for shale in porosity estimation

rb = f . rf + Vsh . rsh + (1 - Vsh - f)rma

Dt = f . Dtf + Vsh . Dtsh + (1 - Vsh - f) Dtma

fn = f + Vsh . fnsh
(!!!! mengasumsikan dispersed shale = laminar shale)

DENSITY LOG (RHOB)

Dwiharso NUGROHO

The formation density log is a porosity log that

measures electron density of a formation.
It can assist the geologist to:
identify evaporite minerals,
detect gas-bearing zones,
determine hydrocarbon density, and
evaluate shaly sand reservoirs and complex
lithologies.

The tool consists of:

A radioactive source.
This is usually caesium-137 or cobalt-60, and emits gamma
rays of medium energy (in the range 0.2 2 MeV).
For example, caesium-137 emits gamma rays with an
energy of 0.662 MeV.
A short range detector.
This detector is very similar to the detectors used in the
natural gamma ray tools, and is placed 7 inches from the
source.
A long range detector.
This detector is identical to the short range detector, and is
placed 16 inches from the source.

A formation with a high bulk density, has a high

number density of electrons.
It attenuates the gamma rays significantly, and
hence a low gamma ray count rate is recorded at
the sensors.
A formation with a low bulk density, has a low
number density of electrons.
It attenuates the gamma rays less than a high
density formation, and hence a higher gamma ray
count rate is recorded at the sensors.

NEUTRON LOG (NPHI)

Dwiharso NUGROHO

A neutron source bombards the formation with high

energy Neutrons.
Most collisions of the neutrons with heavy atoms of the
formation are near elastic. As a result hardly any
energy is lost.
A collision with a hydrogen atom (H) lowers the speed
(energy level) of the neutron significantly, as both have
the same mass.
The distance over which the neutrons travel before they
reach a lower (thermal) energy level, is therefore
related to the amount of hydrogen atoms present in
the formation,

A source and two detectors are mounted in a tool, which is

pressed against the bore hole wall. The detectors only count
returning neutrons which have a thermal energy level.
From the ratio of thermal neutrons detected by the far- and
the near- detector, the amount of hydrogen (H) atoms in the
formation is empirically determined.
The tool assumes all H atoms to be present in the porespace
(water or hydrocarbons). The tool is calibrated to read the
true porosity in water filled Limestone. These limestoneporosities are computed and plotted against depth in
porosity units (p.u.).
The matrix type has a small influence on the Neutron
response. Across other lithologies the readings must
therefore be corrected using an empirically derived chart.

Summary

Neutron logs are porosity logs that measure the hydrogen ion
concentration in a formation.
In clean formations (i.e. shale-free) where the porosity is filled
with water or oil, the neutron log measures liquid-filled
porosity.
Whenever pores are filled with gas rather than oil or water,
neutron porosity will be lowered. This occurs because there is
less concentration of hydrogen in gas compared to oil or
water.
A lowering of neutron porosity by gas is called gas effect.

Neutron log responses vary, depending on: (1) differences in detector types, (2) spacing
between source and detector, and (3) lithology-i.e. sandstone, limeston, and dolomite.

SONIC LOG (DT)

Dwiharso NUGROHO

Sonic Logs

The sonic log measures interval transit time (Dt) of a compressional sound wave
traveling through one foot of formation.

This information can also be used to derive the velocity of elastic waves through the
formation.
Its main use is to provide information to support and calibrate seismic data and to derive
the porosity of a formation
Interval transit time (Dt) in microseconds per foot

The formula for calculating Sonic Logs :

Dtlog - Dtma

Where:

fsonic = sonic derived porosity

Dtma = interval transit time of the matrix (table 6)

fsonic =

Dtlog = interval transit time of formation

Dtf - Dtma

D tf

= interval transit time of the fluid in the well bore

(fresh mud = 189; salt mud = 185)

The tool measures the time it takes for a pulse of sound (i.e.,
and elastic wave) to travel from a transmitter to a receiver,
which are both mounted on the tool. The transmitted pulse is
very short and of high amplitude.
This travels through the rock in various different forms while
undergoing dispersion (spreading of the wave energy in time
and space) and attenuation (loss of energy through absorption
of energy by the formations).

There are complex tools that make use of both P-waves and S-waves, and some
that record the full wave train (full waveform logs). However, for the simple sonic
log that we are interested in, only the first arrival of the P-wave is of interest.
The time between the transmission of the pulse and the reception of the first
arrival P-wave is the one-way time between the transmitter and the receiver. If
one knows the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx), the
velocity of the wave in the formation opposite to the tool can be found.
In practice the sonic log data is not presented as a travel time, because different
tools have different Tx-Rx spacings, so there would be an ambiguity. Nor is the
data presented as a velocity. The data is presented as a slowness or the travel
time per foot traveled through the formation, which is called delta t (Dt or DT), and
is usually measured in ms/ft.
Hence we can write a conversion equation between velocity and slowness:

D = 106 /v

where the slowness, Dt is in microseconds per foot, and the velocity, V is in feet per
second.

A transmitter (T) sends out a sound pulse. The difference in

arrival time of the pulse at two receivers (R1 & R2), which
are 2 ft apart, is measured (see figure). A second
transmitter & pair of receivers measure the same physical
parameter in the opposite direction. By averaging the two
measurements, the borehole effects on the travel time are
eliminated.
The first arrival at the receivers is the compressional (p-)
wave which travelled through the formation. Other waves,
like the slower formation shear (s-) wave and p-waves which
travelled through the mud and the logging tool, will arrive
later.

The time taken for elastic wave to reach Rx1:

TRx1= A+B+C
The time taken for elastic wave to reach Rx2:
TRx2 = A+B+D+E
The sonic interval transit time:
DT = (TRx2 - TRx1) = A+B+D+E
(A+B+C) = D+E-C.
If tool is axial in borehole: C = E, so
DT = (TRx2 - TRx1) = D

Dual Receiver Tools

This tool compensates automatically for problems with

tool misalignment and the varying size of the hole (to
some extent) that were encountered with the dual
receiver tools.
It has two transmitters and four receivers, arranged in
two dual receiver sets, but with one set inverted (i.e.,
in the opposite direction). Each of the transmitters is
pulsed alternately, and Dt values are measured from
alternate pairs of receivers (Fig. 16.7).
These two values of Dt are then averaged to
compensate for tool misalignment, at to some extent
for changes in the borehole size.
A typical pulse for the BHC is 100 ms to 200 ms, with
a gap of about 50 ms, giving about 20 pulses per
second. There are four individual Tx-Rx readings
needed per measurement, so 5 measurements can be
made per second. At a typical logging speed of
1500 m/h (5000 ft/h), gives one reading per 8 cm
(3 inches) of borehole. Several versions of the BHC
are available with different Tx-Rx distances (3 ft.
and 5 ft. being typical), and the Rx-Rx distance
between pairs of receivers is usually 2 ft.

Borehole Compensated Sonic

(BHC) Tool

The Wyllie et al formula for calculating sonic porosity can be used to

determine porosity in consolidated sandstones and carbonates with
intergranular porosity (grainstones) or intrecrystalline porosity (sucrosic
dolomites
Where a sonic log is used to determine porosity in unconsolidated sands, an
empirical compaction factor or Cp should be added to the Wyllie et al
equation:
Dtlog - Dtma
fsonic =
where:

Dtf - Dtma

X 1/ Cp

fsonic = sonic derived porosity

Dtma = interval transit time of the matrix (table 6)
Dtlog = interval transit time of formation
Dtf = interval transit time of the fluid in the well bore
(fresh mud = 189; salt mud = 185)
Cp = compaction factor

The compaction factor is obtained from the following formula:

Cp =

Dtsh

Where:

x C

100

Cp = compaction factor
Dtsh = interval transit time for adjacent shale
C = a constant which is normally 1.0 (Hilchie, 1978)
The interval transit time (Dt) of a formation is increased due to the presence of
hydrocarbons (i.e. hydrocarbon effect). If the effect of hydrocarbons is not
corrected, the sonic derived porosity will be to high. Hilchie suggests the
following empirical corrections for hydrocarbon effect:
f = fsonic x 0.7 (gas)
f = fsonic x 0.9 (oil)

Litologi

Dtma

Batupasir

55.5

Batugamping

47.5

Dolomit

43.5

Selubung Baja

57

Air

189

This is the occurrence of a

failure in the thresholding to
detect the first cycle of the
waves first arrival.
Triggering may then occur at
the second or even third cycle.
This causes a marked and
sudden shift to higher Dt
values, followed by a shift back
again to the correct value.