A Comparative Study of the Seismic Performance of the Design Case by the

Philippines and Japanese Building Standards

Part 1

Background of the Comparative Study, the Purpose and Outline

Seismic capacity
comparison
Philippines

Structural criteria
RC structure
*1
*3
*5
*6
*8

Design case
Apartment building

*2
*4
*3
*7
*9

1. Background, Purpose
Overseas, a small cross-section of the structural member in comparison
to Japan, that the different policy of structural criteria and structural design can
be inferred. For this reason, many researchers in the past, technicians for the
comparison of seismic performance, comparison of building standards itself,
have been carried out, such as base shear comparison of which is defined on
the basis of it. However, provisions that affect the seismic performance of a
wide range, such as the provisions of the safety factor nature in a variety of
provisions are studded, the overall comparison is only a comparison of the
provisions of the structural criteria is difficult.
Therefore, in this study, location, structure type, building plan, to
identify buildings applications, to design to meet the criteria of each country, by
comparing the design case, the entire building in the conditions I attempted a
comparison of the seismic performance. As a result, the standard of the
property, factors that affect the seismic performance, understanding of
differences, such as design policy, performs a comparative study of the seismic
performance of in line with the design practices, reasonable in the Philippines
and Japan, a more secure structure design it is an attempt to consider in order
to achieve in.
2. Summary of Comparative Study
(1) Overview
In a subject and the Philippines and the two countries of Japan of this
comparison, geographical conditions that are considered common, structure
type, architectural planning (number of stories, floor height, span, etc.), and
settings such as applications, designed in accordance with the standards of
each country it was carried out, and the results using the calculation software
used in Japanese structural design, were compared earthquake resistance. It
should be noted, was intended for the Philippines, up to now, the authors
conducted research on the building standards in the country, that there has
been an accumulation of information1), to understand the purpose of the
present study, get to do the structural design due to the fact that the resulting
collaborators. In addition, the country's structural standards of, that have been
created by the American standards in reference2).
(2) The building of the subject of comparative study
The subject of comparative study are the building below. Configuration
of the subject building type are commonly found in both countries, with as

simple as possible, design work, so that the comparison study work becomes
clear, and those without shear walls in rigid frame structure of equal span.
Location: Metropolitan area of each of the country
Structure type: Reinforced concrete structure five-story (no basement),
without shear walls rigid frame structure
Architectural planning:
In both directions, All four span, Span length is 6m
Floor height: About 3m
Applications: Residential
3. Procedure of Comparative Study
(1) The configuration of the building Standards of Japan and the
Structural Related Standard of Philippines
Building standards of the structural relationship of Japan, the Building
Standards Law and relevant laws and regulations, are constituted by such
notice. Structure design, some of which are recognized method, scale, are
selectively used by the structural characteristics or the like. In the design of this
study, it can be applied to various types of structural design, they embody a
policy to expect the tenacious behaviour by the toughness of the structure is
the basic idea of the structural design of the Philippines "held horizontal
strength calculation" (so-called root 3) employing3).
Building relationship criteria in the Philippines, the basic laws and
regulations and is the Philippines architectural standards (NBCP:. National
Building Code of the Philippines current line method decree, Presidential Decree
No.1096,1977 years) and, another technical standards various fields constituted
by. In the case of the structural design provisions, the Philippines Structural
Engineers Association (ASEP: Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines), prepared a Philippines structural code (NSCP National Structural
Code of the Philippines), it is created to have laws and ordinances-like effect by
making it, and its receiving the authorization of the standard (referral code) that
you should refer to having jurisdiction over a Philippine building standard. The
latest version of the Philippines structural standards is the 2010 version, at the
time you make the design work of this comparative design, since the 2010
edition was not yet widely used, design work of its predecessor, are by the 2001
version. In addition, the design method, are by static design method, which is
commonly used in the case of a five-story RC structure5).
(2) Configuration of the Target Buildings
Configuration of the target buildings and their reason is in the previous
chapter reference. Configuration has been confirmed that the building type is
common ones in the Philippines.
(3) Implementation of the Structural Design in Accordance with
each of the Building Standards
Japan, was subjected to structural design using a structural calculation
software ( SS3 [Union System SS3]). Philippines, structural
engineer in the local consultant company has been designed using STAAD, a
structural calculation software of American-made.
(4) Understanding of the Structural Characteristics of the
Philippines of the design
The data about the content, which was designed according to the
criteria of the Philippines, performs structural calculation software input that
was used in the Japan of the design, by the incremental analysis method,
changes in the displacement and horizontal load, generation status of the
hinge, was understanding of the collapse mechanism.
(5) Design case, the Design process, Comparative Study of the

Structural Characteristics
Base shear factor underlying conditions of design (value calculated by
the structure basis), from conditions such as site condition, the Japanese 0.30,
and has a Philippines 0.16 (both effects of toughness (Japanese structure
characteristic coefficient Ds, the Philippines is that consideration of the R
factor)). In the calculation process, in the case of the Philippines, the
importance factor of the building (1.25 times by building applications, or 1.50
times .NSCP Table 208-1), applied to the case where there is an epicenter within
the epicenter near-source factor (15km. Near-source factor is up to 1.6 times.
table 208-4,208-5), and the like, has become possible to use not factor in the
Japanese standards. In addition, the evaluation of the effect of toughness, to
define the coefficient Ds from to understand the structural properties in Japan,
in the Philippines, in the large area of earthquake risk, first, especially high
structural type of toughness (of RC rigid case, there is a determination of the
design policy to adopt the SMRF Special Moment Resistant Frame), on it, that
the design to meet the structural requirements of the standard in order to
achieve the toughness necessary, there is a difference in the design process . In
the design of the member, in terms of divided by the R-factor on the basis of
the seismic load in the evaluation of toughness, we have a simple way of
performing a stress calculation by elastic calculation the same manner as the
combination and the other load, relative to their load .
A result of the design, was that the cross-section of the structural
member is a big difference. For example, in the column, Japanese design, for
750x750mm, in the Philippines, became a 500x500mm, 0.44 times the crosssectional area. (Philippines, in Japan both, all the same column dimensions) on
the other hand, main reinforcement ratio became both about the same extent.
The reason causing the (main reinforcement amount is larger in Japan) a big
difference like this, in addition to the standard difference of, to be greater
differences in the design policies that are recommended in each country
became apparent.
(6) Confirmed Facts about the Results of the Comparison, Exchange
of Opinions
For the results of the above comparison, the premise conditions for such
application provisions, along with performing the confirmation fact in line with
the provisions of the standards, the exchange of opinions about the results, the
other by e-mail, etc., in a face-to-face for a total of 5 times consultation was
carried out.
(7) Compilation of a Series of results mentioned above
A summary of the above results as a series of synopsis of 6 Ed. It should
be noted that, over the implementation in general of this comparative study, to
note that it has obtained the cooperation of experts other than the co-author.
Supplementary Note
1. 2012 Architectural Institute of Japan convention synopsis "Survey Study 2
Philippines about the framework and operational realities of building permit
system in developing countries (1) and (2)" reference.
2. The foreword of the Philippines structural criteria 2010, as "this revised
version was set to adopt as much as possible the latest standards of the
United States", as its specific criteria, Uniform Building Code UBC-1997,
International Building Code IBC-2009, specific criteria of the name of the
American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE / SEI 5-05 such as 10 have been
listed.
3. Revision of the 1981 building construction standards (commonly known,

4.
5.

new earthquake-resistant standards) in the earthquake that occurs very

rarely: to earthquakes (Base Shear 1.0), even if the damage is structural
member, collapse, required that it does not collapse It is as became. Route
3 evaluates the toughness by incremental analysis is a method suitable for
aiming a tenacious behavior due to its characteristics. It should be noted
that, in addition to Route 3, Route 1 (wall, small buildings facing the amount
is large column), root 2-1 and 2-2 (structurally good balance, buildingfacing, such as pilasters there is a certain degree) , other routes 2-3
(building facing collapse mechanism with toughness), limit strength
calculation, the structure calculation route, such as time history analysis has
been observed.
Stakeholders (Department of Public Works, Structural Engineers Association,
etc.) According to the hearing, "referral code" is one in which compliance
was required.
Structure design method in the Philippines, is roughly divided into dynamic
analysis (dynamic analysis) and static analysis (Static analysis), in the
dynamic analysis, the two methods of response spectrum analysis and timehistory analysis have been observed.

Part 2

Overview of Building Related Standards in the Philippines

1. Overview of the building related laws and regulations of the

Philippines
(1) Philippines Building Standards
Building related laws and regulations of the Philippines, it has been
constructed by the technical standards of the Philippines building standards and
each specialized field 1). Philippines building standards (NBCP: National Building
Code of the Philippines) is some of the domestic laws and regulations of the
Public Works and Highways under the jurisdiction of the department. Philippines
building codes, primarily the enforcement of laws and regulations, and
procedures of permissions, etc., stipulates the general provisions, the greater
the role of technical standards set by professional associations of their
respective fields. An organizations in which the Philippines Structural Engineers
Association (ASEP: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines)
Philippines structural standards have created National Structural Code of the
Philippines: NSCP, by Department Public Works and Highways, see have been

certified as should do the reference (referral code) 3). In addition, electrical,

mechanical, for even such as fire prevention equipment, as well, each of the
professional organizations are creating a standard.
Limitation of one to allow the target buildings have not been defined in
building standards and other laws and regulations, on the laws and regulations
are interpreted as all the buildings of all regions and require authorization. Acts
of authorized building, construction, repair, in addition to the remodeling,
relocation, use change, retirement has been the subject. In addition,
maintenance has been the subject of building standards, in structural
standards, for commercial business facilities, each floor of the design of the
loading load display, zone 4 (area of most of the non-seismic load is large area.
Palawan Islands this are required, such as the installation of seismometers in
height 50m or more of architecture is divided.) to
And such are, interesting (NSCP105).
(2) Overview of the Technical Standards
Philippines Building Standards (NBCP) is, zoning, building height, floor
area, fire performance, sanitation, other that defines the machinery and
equipment, basic items such as electrical equipment, setback from the site, to
on the road limited distance of projection of the balcony or the like, for such
minimum column size in the case of timber, specific figures are defined. In
addition, the enforcement rules that received the same standard, but are
defined detailed provisions for a number of matters, missing most of the
description of the structure relations among them.
Philippines Structural Engineers Association created the Philippines
structural standards (NSCP), is acting as a major criterion of the structural code.
Its configuration are as follows. This standard has been created along the US
standards, in that fact preamble, the name of the specific criteria (Uniform
Building Code UBC-1997, International Building Code IBC-2009, American
Society of Civil Engineers ASCE / SEI have been described are designated by the
like criteria of 10) 5-05.
<The Element of the 2010 Philippines Structural
Code>
Chapter 1: General Rules
Chapter 2: Minimum of Design load
Chapter 3: Earthworks and Foundation
Chapter 4: Concrete
Chapter 5: Steel
Chapter 6: Timber
Chapter 7: Masonry
Figure 1:National Structural Code of the Philippines
latest version. Published by the Association
Structural Engineers Philippines (ASEP),
commercially available.
2. Overview of the Philippines Structural Code
(1) Calculation of the seismic force
In Japan, Seismic force V (Base shear .first floor portion of the layer
shear force.) is its own dead weight W for the calculation of seismic load,
calculated by multiplying the four variables. The counterpart in Philippine
calculation for base shear coefficient C is the value shown in equation (1) and
figure 2. Here, Cv is defined in NSCP Table 208-8, seismic zone coefficient Z of
each zone classified in the hazard map, seismic coefficient is defined by
constant for each six soil type, there are other multiplying coefficient when

seismic source fault or the like is in close proximity. I is the importance factor of
the building, important factor is from 1.25 times or 1.50 times (NSCP Table 2081). T is the natural period, R is a value that is defined by the tenacity of the
building (describe in detail with the matter).

C=

CvI
( 1)
RT

C is the value of the natural period, the upper limit value (Cmax) and the lowe
limit value (Cmin) is given by the equation subjected to figure. In standard and
is considered ground type SB (rock) of Zone 4, which account for the majority of
the country (region seismic load is large), Z is 0.4, if you are not in close
proximity to the epicenter, Ca likewise become 0.4. It should be noted that the
zone classification is a two, zone 4 and zone 2 (Z = 0.2).