Unit 1- Stress and Strain

Topics Covered
Lecture -1 - Introduction, state of plane stress
Lecture -2 - Principle Stresses and Strains
Lecture -3 - Mohr's Stress Circle and Theory of

Failure
Lecture -4- 3-D stress and strain, Equilibrium

equations and impact loading

Lecture -5 - Generalized Hook's law and Castigliono's

Mohr Stress Circle

We derived these two equations- These equations represent the equation of
a circle

1 + 2 1 2
n =
+
cos2 + sin2
2
2
1 2
t =
sin2 cos2
2

2
2

1 + 2
1 2
cos2 + sin2
n
=

2
2

(t )

1 2
2
=
sin2 cos2
2

Mohr Stress Circle

2
2

1 + 2
1 2
cos2 + sin2
n
=

2 2

(t )

1 2
2
=
sin2 cos2
2

Add above 2 equations. We will equation of circle.

2
2
2
1
2
1
2
n
t

+
2

+ =
+ ( )

2
2

( x a)

Equation of circle

Mohr Stress Circle

Graphical method to determine stresses.
Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal

stresses of unequal magnitude.

Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal

stresses of unequal magnitude and unlike (one tensile

and other compressive).
Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal

stresses + simple shear stress.

Mohr Stress Circle

Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular

principal stresses of unequal magnitude

(1 - 2 )

length AD = Normal stress on oblique plane

= n

length ED = Tangential stress on Oblique plane

A
2

= t

B length AE = Resultant stress on Oblique plane

n
2
2
1
t
n

= +

Mohr Stress Circle

Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal

stresses of unequal magnitude and unlike (one tensile

and other compressive).
(1+2 )
length AD = Normal stress on oblique plane

= n

length ED = Tangential stress on Oblique plane

C
A
_

2

O

D
1

= t

length AE = Resultant stress on Oblique plane

n

= t + n

Mohr Stress Circle

Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal

stresses + simple shear stress.

length AD = Normal stress on oblique plane

= n

length ED = Tangential stress on Oblique plane

= t

2

L C

A
2

length AE = Resultant stress on Oblique plane

B M
n
2
2
D 1
t
n

= +

Theories of failure
Maximum principal stress (Rankine theory)
Maximum principal strain (Saint Venant theory)
Maximum shear stress (Guest theory)
Maximum strain energy (Haigh theory)
Maximum shear strain energy (Mises & Henky

theory)

1. Maximum principal
stress theory
1,2 ,3 =principal stresses in 3 perpendicular
directions

max(1,2 ,3 )

Maximum principal stress should be less than the max stress (yield stress) that material
can bear in tension or compression.

= max tensile or compressive strength of material

max principal stress=

*
safety _ factor

2. Maximum principal
strain theory
1,2 ,3 =principal stresses in 3 perpendicular
directions

1 2 3
e1 =

E E
E

2 1 3
e2 =

E E
E

3 1 2
e3 =

E E
E

max(e1,e2 ,e3 ) e

*
e =
E
*

= max tensile or compressive strength of material

Maximum principal strain

should be less than themax strain (yield strain) that material
can bear in tension or compression.

max principal stress=

*
safety _ factor

3. Maximum shear stress

theory
max shear stress =half the difference of max and min principal stresses

1
= (1 3 )
2
To prevent failure max shear stress should be less that shear
stress in simple tension at elastic limit

In simple tension the stress

is existing in one direction

1 *
*
= (t 0) t
2
(1 3 ) *t

max shear stress at elastic limit

= max tensile of material

Maximum shear stress should be less than the max shear stress in simple tension (at
elastic limit) that material can bear.

allowable stress =

*t
safety _ factor

4. Maximum strain
energy theory
Strain energy per unit volume should be less than the strain energy per unit volume in
simple tension (at elastic limit) that material can bear.

2
1

+ + 2 (12 + 13 + 23 ) (
2
2

2
3

max allowable stress=

*t
safety _ factor

* 2
t

5. Maximum shear strain

energy theory
Shear strain energy per unit volume should be less than the shear strain energy per unit
volume in simple tension (at elastic limit).
2

(1 2 ) + (1 3 ) + (2 3 )
max allowable stress=

*t
safety _ factor

2 * (

* 2
t

Important points
Brittle material -> Max principal stress
Brittle material do not fail in shear

Ductile material -> Max shear stress/max shear strain

energy
Ductile material fail in shear because their yield

strength is high.

Failure Theory
PROBLEM- The principal stresses at a point in an

elastic material are 200 N/mm2 (tensile), 100 N/

mm2 (tensile) and 50 N/mm2 (compressive). If the
stresses at the elastic limit in simple tension is 200
N/mm2, determine whether the failure of the
material will occur according to different failure
theory. (take Poisson's ratio =0.3)
Max principal strain theory
Max shear stress theory
Max strain energy theory
Max shear strain energy theory