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Origin of earth

There are various scientific theories of origin and evolution of the earth
1. Nebular Hypothesis
2. Planetesimal Hypothesis
3. Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis
4. Binary Star Hypothesis
5. Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis
The most popular theory of our universe's origin centers on a cosmic
cataclysm unmatched in all of historythe big bang. This theory was born of
the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great
speed, in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient
.explosive force
Before the big bang, scientists believe, the entire vastness of the observable
universe, including all of its matter and radiation, was compressed into a hot,
dense mass just a few millimeters across. This nearly incomprehensible state
.is theorized to have existed for just a fraction of the first second of time
Scientists can't be sure exactly how the universe evolved after the big bang.
Many believe that as time passed and matter cooled, more diverse kinds of
atoms began to form, and they eventually condensed into the stars and
.galaxies of our present universe
The big bang theory leaves several major questions unanswered. One is the original
cause of the big bang itself. Several answers have been proposed to address this
fundamental question, but none has been provenand even adequately testing them
.has proven to be a formidable challenge

: Nabular Hypothesis

German philosopher, Kant and French mathematician, Laplace.


Earth, planets and sun originated from Nebula.
Nebula was large cloud of gas and dust. It rotates slowly.
Gradually it cooled and contracted and its speed increased.
A gaseous ring was separated from nebula.
Later the ring cooled and took form of a planet.
On repetition of the process all other planets came into being.
The central region, nebula became sun.

Objections:

Sun should have the greatest angular momentum because of its mass
and situated in the center, however, it has only two percent of
momentum of the solar system.

How the hot gaseous material condensed in to rings.

: Planetesimal Hypothesis

Chamberlin and Moulton proposed the theory in 1904.


The sun existed before the formation of planets.
A star came close to the sun.
Because of the gravitation pull of the star, small gaseous bodies

were separated from the sun.


These bodies on cooing became small planet's.
During rotation the small planets collided and form planets.

Objections:

The angular momentum could not be produced by the passing star.

The theory failed to explain how the planetesimals had become one
planet.

: Gaseous Tidal Theory

Jeans and Jeffrey proposed the theory in 1925.

Large star came near the sun. Due to gravitational pull a gaseous
tide was raised on the surface of the sun.

As the star came nearer, the tide increased in size.

Gaseous tide detached when star move away.

The shape of the tide was like spindle.

It broke into pieces-forming nine planets of the solar system.

Binary Star Hypothesis


A binary star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common center
of mass. Systems of two, three, four, or even more stars are called multiple star systems.
These systems, especially when more distant, often appear to the unaided eye as a
single point of light, and are then revealed as double (or more) by other means.
Research over the last two centuries suggests that half or more of visible stars are part of
.multiple star systems

Suez University
Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
***********************************************************

. Name : Ahmed Amer Mohamed Rashad

. Department : Petroleum Engineering


. Section: One
. Report about : Origin of earth

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