LEARNING UNIT 3

FORCE, MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

SUBTOPICS
3.1 Newtons Law of Motion
3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force
3.3 Conservation of Linear
Momentum & Impulse

3.1 Newtons Law of Motion

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this subtopic student should be able to:

state Newtons First Law

define mass as a measure of inertia
define the equilibrium of a particle
apply Newtons First Law in equilibrium of forces
state and apply Newtons Second Law
state and apply Newtons Third Law

3.1 Newtons Law of Motion

Consists of three laws:
1) Newtons First Law of Motion
2) Newtons Second Law of Motion
3) Newtons Third Law of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton

3.1 Newtons Law Of Motion

1) Newtons First Law of Motion
Newtons First Law of Motion states:
An object will remain at rest or move along a straight line with constant
speed, unless it is acted upon by a force

F 0,

dv
0
dt

constant speed

There is no net force acting on the object:

(i) no force acts on the object, or
(ii) the summation of all forces acting on the object is equal to zero

F 0
Also known as the law of inertia

3.1 Newtons Law Of Motion

This law implies concept of inertia.

- inertia is the tendency of an object to resist
changes in its state of rest or motion
- inertia depends on mass
- inertia of an object is proportional to its mass
(the larger mass of a body, the larger the
inertia)

mass inertia

3.1 Newtons Law Of Motion

Equilibrium of particle
A particle is said to be in equilibrium when the
vector sum of all forces acting on it is zero

F 0

0,

or in other words:
when all forces which acts upon a particle are
balanced, then it is said to be in equilibrium
7

3.1 Newtons Law Of Motion

Balance means the values of the upward forces is equal to the
downward forces, the leftward forces is equal to the rightward forces.
120 N
60 N
45 N

45 N

180 N

3.1 Newtons Law Of Motion

2) Newtons Second Law of Motion

Newtons Second Law of Motion states:

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
resultant force and is in the direction of the force

dp
F
dt
d
F (mv)
dt

rate of change of momentum

dv
dm
F m v
dt
dt

F m

dv
dt

F ma

dm
Mass constant,
0
dt

Acceleration,

dv
a
dt
9

the greater the net force acting, the greater the acceleration of an object

3.1 Newtons Law Of Motion

3) Newtons Third Law of Motion

Newtons Third Law of Motion states:

When two bodies interact, they exert equal (in magnitude) but opposite
forces (in direction) on each other

Involves two different bodies

Example: the wall and the man

- Action is the force of the man on the wall

- Reaction is the force of the wall on the man
- Action and reaction are in opposite direction
Force by the table on
the book
REACTION

The man pushes on the wall

and the wall pushes back on
the man
10

Force by the book on

the table
ACTION
CIK DZETTY SORAYA ABDUL AZIZ 2013

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this subtopic student should be able to:

identify the forces, weight, tension, normal force and friction

acting on a body in different situations
determine static friction and kinetic friction
draw free body diagram (FBD)
determine the resultant force

11

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Type of Forces
(1) Weight, W
the weight of the body is the gravitational force acting on the body itself
the magnitude of the weight:

W mg
where, m: mass of the object
g: acceleration due to the gravity

W mg

12

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

(2) Tension, T
tension is the force in the string that supports the weight of the body

Tension, T

Weight, W

Vertical force
y-axis

13

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

(3) Normal, N
normal (reaction) force is defined as a reaction force that exerted by
the surface to an object interact with it and the direction always
perpendicular to the surface

Normal, N

Vertical force
y-axis
14

Weight, W

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

(4) Friction, Ff

Friction is the force that opposes the motion of a body as it slides over
the rough surface
motion

friction

Two types:
(i) static friction, fs (v = 0)
(ii) kinetic friction, fk (v = constant)
15

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

(4) Friction, Ff
(i) static friction, fs (v = 0)
- when an object start to move from rest

f s s N
where, s : coefficient of static friction
N : normal reaction force

(ii) kinetic friction, fk (v = constant)

- when the object is moving

f k k N

In general,

where, s : coefficient of kinetic friction

N : normal reaction force

s k

fs fk

16

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Free Body Diagram, FBD

Free body diagram of a body shows the body alone with all external
forces on it

Using the FBD, the resultant forces in two orthogonal directions are
then determined

T1

m1

m2

T2

m3
Rough surface

N1
F

m1
W1

N2
T1
f1

T1

m2
W2

N3
T2
f2

T2

m3
f3
W3

17

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Case 1: Horizontal Surface

F f

Rough surface

F f ma

N mg 0

F N ma

N mg

a
F

ma

Fy

F f

30o
Fx

ma

Fx f ma
Fx N ma

Rough surface
W

Fy N mg 0

18

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Example 1
Figure below shows a box with 5 kg mass being pulled along a rough plane
by a force of 50 N. Given k = 1/4, assume that the block moves to the right.
Draw the FBD and calculate the acceleration of the block.
y-axis

N
Fy

x-axis

fk

40o

Fx
W

Fy N mg 0

ma

Fx f k ma

50 sin 40 N 5(9.81) 0

Fx k N ma

N 16.91 N

50 cos 40 (1 / 4)(16.91) 5a
a 6.815 ms 2

19

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Case 2: Inclined plane
y-axis

Rough surface

x-axis

a
Wx = mg sin
Wy = mg cos

Wx
30o Wy

30o

30o

Wx f

y-axis
x-axis

Wx

ma

Wx f ma
Wy

mg sin N ma

N Wy 0
N mg cos 0
N mg cos

20

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Example 2
Figure below shows a block is applied a force of 30 N upward along the rough
inclined plane of 30o. The weight of the block is 20 N and the force is parallel to the
inclined plane. Assume that the block slides upward and experiences a sliding
friction force with k = 0.02. Draw the FBD and calculate the acceleration of the
block.
y-axis
x-axis
a
N
F
Wx

Wy
30o

fk

N Wy 0

ma

F (Wx f k ) ma

N W cos 0

F Wx k N ma

N 20 cos 30 0

30 20 sin 30 (0.02)(17.32) 2.039a

N 17.32 N

a 9.64 ms 2

21

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Case 3: Motion of a lift

N W 0
N mg 0
N mg

Lift moving
upwards at a
uniform velocity

22

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Case 3: Motion of a lift

N W

Fy may
a

N W ma
N mg ma

Lift moving
upwards at a
constant
acceleration

W N

ma y

W N ma
mg N ma

Lift moving
downwards at a
constant
acceleration

23

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Example 3
Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2= 15 kg are connected by a
light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in figure below.
Given g = 9.81 ms-2. Calculate:
(a) the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg
(b) the tension in the each string

m2

24

m1

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Example 4
Figure below shows a box of mass 5 kg hanging from a point Q on a string
PQR. If the system is in equilibrium, determine the tension in the string PQ.

R
P

45o

5 kg

25

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

Example 5
Figure below shows a box, m1 with 3.0 kg mass being pulled along a plane
by object m2 with 7.0 kg mass over a smooth pulley. Given that the string is
inelastic, the coefficient of friction is 0.50 and the acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.81 ms-2, calculate:
(a) the frictional force acting on the 3.0 kg mass
(b) the tension of the string and the acceleration experienced by the
7.0 kg mass.

m1
3.0 kg

m2
7.0 kg
26

3.2 Reaction & Frictional Force

PRACTICE!!
Figure below shows a box, m1 with 4.0 kg mass being pulled along
an inclined plane by a box, m2 with 8.0 kg mass over a smooth pulley.
Given that the string is inelastic, the coefficient of friction is 0.20 and
the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 ms-2, determine:
(a) the frictional force acting on the 4.0 kg mass
(b) the tension of the string and the acceleration experienced by the
4.0 kg mass.

27

3.3 Conservation of linear momentum & impulse

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this subtopic student should be able to:

define momentum and impulse

state the principle of conservation of linear momentum
state the conditions for elastic and inelastic collisions
apply the principle of conservation of momentum in elastic
and inelastic collisions

28

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Momentum can be defined as mass in motion

Momentum of a body of mass m moving with a velocity v is mv
Momentum is a vector quantity
Direction of momentum is same as the direction of the velocity, v

mass
momentum

p mv
velocity

Impulse is a change in momentum of the body

Impulse is a vector quantity
Direction of impulse is same as the
direction of force
Impulsive force is the rate of change of
momentum

29

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

J F (t )
Impulse

J p
J mv mu

Impulsive
Force

mv mu
t

Where,
J : impulse
F : force
m : mass
v : final velocity
u : initial velocity
t : change in time
p : change in momentum

Impulse in a collision is represented by the area under the F-t graph:

Force / N

Impulse, J = Area under F-t graph

30
Time /s

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Example 6
An object of mass 5.0 kg is acted upon by a force, F which varies with
time, t as shown in figure below. If the change in momentum of the object
after time T is 60 Ns, find the value of T and the value of impulsive force?
Force / N
10

Time /s

31

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Example 7
Figure below shows, a 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally
with a speed of 100 ms-1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 ms-1 in the
opposite direction. Determine:
(a) the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the wall
(b) if the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the magnitude
of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.

32

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Conservation of Linear Momentum
The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that
For a closed system, the total linear momentum is constant

A closed system is a system where no external forces are acting on it.

From Newtons third law:
Impulsive force:
Total linear momentum:

F1 F2
m1v1 m1u1
m v m2u2
2 2
t
t

m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2v2

Total linear momentum before collision = Total linear momentum after

collision
33

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
1) Elastic collision

m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2v2

Properties of elastic collision:

(a) The coefficient of restitution (measurement
of elasticity of the colliding bodies)
(b) Total momentum is conserved
(c) Total kinetic energy is conserved

e 1
pi p f

Where,

v2 v1

e
u2 u1

Ki K f
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2v2
2
2
2
2

34

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

2) Inelastic collision

m1u1 m2u2 (m1 m2 )v

Properties of inelastic collision:

(a) The coefficient of restitution

0 e 1

(b) Total momentum is conserved

pi p f
35

(c) Total kinetic energy is not conserved

Losses energy
Ki K f lossesener
gy

(sound ,heat etc)

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Example 8

A ball with the mass of 1 kg moves to the right at 4 ms-1 and collides with a
stationary ball with the mass of 2 kg. Calculate the final velocity of each
ball after the elastic collision.

36

3.3 Conservation Of Linear Momentum & Impulse

Example 9
A ball moves with the velocity of 2 ms-1 collides with another ball which
has the same mass. The second ball is initially at rest. After the collision,
both balls move at 60o and 40o from horizontal. Calculate the final velocity
of each ball after the collision. Assume that the collision is elastic.

AFTER

BEFORE
u1= 2
m1

ms-1

u2 = 0
m2

ms-1

v1

m1

60o
40o

v2

m2

37

THE END
38