Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Environment
GEO 444/544
Department of Geosciences
Oregon State University
Shorter definition
Remote sensing is the collection of
information about an object or system
without coming into direct physical
contact with it.
Unobtrusive
Automated
Useful for extreme conditions
Offers excellent spatial and temporal
coverage
Provides real time or near-real time
observations
Often cost-effective relative to ground data
collection
Augments in situ measurement systems
Extends our senses
1 Cycle
()
Frequency = # cycles/second
()
What is Energy?
Typical Definition: Energy is the capacity to do work =
Mechanical Energy (textbook pp. 37-38,47)
From The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Feynman
tells us that ...in physics today, we have no
knowledge of what energy is. He goes on to say
that we know how to calculate its value for a great
variety of situations, but beyond that its just an
abstract thing which has only one really important
property. If we add up all the values before
something happens and then add them up after it
happens the two values will be exactly the
same. (We must be sure to include every object
affected.) This is the law of conservation of energy.
1 Cycle
()
Frequency = # cycles/second
()
Electromagnetic Radiation
EMR is the source for most types of remote sensing
Passive
Active
Wavelength
Range, m
Percent of Total
Energy
< 0.01
Negligible
Far Ultraviolet
0.01 - 0.2
0.02
Middle Ultraviolet
0.2 - 0.3
1.95
Near Ultraviolet
0.3 - 0.4
5.32
Visible
0.4 - 0.7
43.5
Near Infrared
0.7 - 1.5
36.8
Middle Infrared
1.5 - 5.6
12.0
Thermal Infrared
5.6 - 1000
0.41
Microwave
> 1000
Negligible
Radio Waves
> 1000
Negligible
Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
c speed of light
h Planck constant
k Boltzmann constant
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Plancks Law
What do the equations mean??
Plancks Law (1900) gives the radiance (L) of a
blackbody (Wm-2 sr-1) at a given temperature at
any wavelength ().
What is a Watt??
An International System unit of power equal to
one joule of energy per second.
65.54
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
What do the equations mean??
Stefan-Boltzmann Law (1884) describes the total
amount of energy being radiated by a blackbody at
different temperatures (radiant exitance in Wm-2).
At room temperature,
blackbodies emit mostly infrared
wavelengths, but as the
temperature increases past 798
K, blackbodies start to emit
visible wavelengths, appearing
red, orange, yellow, white, and
blue with increasing temperature.
By the time an object is white, it
is emitting substantial ultraviolet
radiation.
Examples using
Wiens Displacement Law (pg. 41)
Tsun= 5800 K
Peak of Suns radiation =
2898 m K / 5800 K = 0.5 m
Tearth = 288 K
Peak of Earths radiation =
2898 m K / 288 K = 10 m
Blackbody at 6000 K
(pp. 51-52)
Emissivity
()
Kinetic
Temperature
Radiant
Temperature
Blackbody
1.0
300 K
300 K
Water, distilled
0.99
300
299.2
Basalt, rough
0.95
300
296.2
Basalt, smooth
0.92
300
293.8
Obsidian
0.86
300
288.9
Mirror
0.02
300
112.8
Emissivity
()
Kinetic
Temperature
Radiant
Temperature
Blackbody
1.0
300 K
300 K
Water, distilled
0.99
300
299.2
Basalt, rough
0.95
300
296.2
Basalt, smooth
0.92
300
293.8
Obsidian
0.86
300
288.9
Mirror
0.02
300
112.8
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Interactions in the Atmosphere
and with Matter
(Chapter 2)
Atmospheric windows
EMR interaction with matter
Blackbody at 6000K
pp. 51-52
(pg. 49)
Droplet
(pg. 50)
Rayleigh Scattering
(pp. 49-50)
scattering by molecules
and particles whose
diameters are <<
primarily due to oxygen
and nitrogen molecules
scattering intensity is
proportional to -4
responsible for blue sky
Droplet
(pg. 50)
(pp. 49-50)
Droplet
(pg. 50)
(pp. 49-50)
Blackbody at 6000K
pp. 51-52
(pg.52)
Electromagnetic Radiation
Interactions with Matter (pp.53-54)
Conservation of energy: radiation at a given
wavelength is either
reflected () -- property of surface or medium is
called the reflectance or albedo (0-1), or percent
reflectance (0-100%)
absorbed () -- property is absorptance (0-1)
transmitted () -- property is transmittance (0-1)
Electromagnetic Radiation
Interactions with Matter (pp.53-54)
Radiation Budget Equation:
i = + +
i is the total radiant flux in Watts
is the hemispherical transmittance
is the hemispherical reflectance
is the hemispherical absorptance
(pp.53-54)
Refraction
Transmittance,
Reflectance,
Absorptance,
(and re-emission)
Specular
(pg.53)
(pg. 21)
Hemispherical-Directional Reflectance
this is what is measured by instruments at the
surface of the Earth
Measured using
NASAs Multiangle
Imaging
SpectroRadiometer
(MISR) instrument
(pg.56)
The concept of radiant flux
density for an area on
the surface of the Earth.
Irradiance is a measure
of the amount of radiant
flux incident upon a
surface per unit area of
the surface measured in
watts m-2.
Exitance is a measure of
the amount of radiant flux
leaving a surface per unit
area of the surface
measured in watts m-2.
(pg. 57)
The concept of
radiance (Wm-2 sr-1)
leaving a specific
projected source
area on the ground,
in a specific
direction, and within
a specific solid
angle measured in
steradians (sr).
(pg.57)
Radius, r
Diameter of
flat cone
Sphere
Spectral Reflectance
spectral absorptance
(pg. 55)
(pg. 59)
E g = E 0 cos
(pp.57,59)
(pp.57-59)
(pp.58-59)
(pp.58-59)
(pp.58-59)
(pp.58-59)
The total radiance reaching the
sensor is:
1
LS = T v (E oT o cos o + E d )+ L p
LS = LT + L p
Ls = radiance at the sensor
LT = radiance from the target
LP = path radiance
Remember that the scattered and transmitted radiances are
spectrally dependent (that is, they vary as a function of wavelength)
Atmospheric Correction
TOA Reflectance
Surface Reflectance
(pg. 59)
(pp.58-59)
The total radiance reaching the
sensor is:
Atmospheric Correction
TOA Reflectance
Surface Reflectance
Imaging Principles
(parts of Chapters 1,4,5 & 7)
Aerial Photography
Camera in Aircraft
Coarse grain
Color IR 0.50.9 m
imaging optics
detectors
electronics
DN
size
distance
shape
color
contrast with background
sensor characteristics
sensor
GIFOV
Ground-projected instantaneous field of view
(GIFOV) depends on satellite height (H) and
the IFOV is a circle of diameter GIFOV.
sensor
1 / 2 GIFOV / H = tan
2
/2
GIFOV = 2 H tan
2
H
= IFOV, the angular field
of view (measured in
degrees or radians)
GIFOV
PIXEL
SPATIAL
RESOLUTION
(pp. 16-17)
Dynamic
Range
Saturation
Ideal
Response
(offset for
clarity)
Dark
Current
Signal
Actual
Sensor
Response
dark
Scene Brightness
bright
Signal Strength
Need enough photons incident on the
detector to record a strong signal
Signal strength depends on
Energy flux from the surface
Altitude of the sensor
Location of the spectral bands (e.g. visible, NIR,
thermal, etc.)
Spectral bandwidth of the detector
IFOV
Dwell time (more on this next week)
signal
noise
Noise =
(DN
i=1
DN )
i
n 1
Example
SNR calculation
50%
A uniform material of
known reflectance
200
201
199
203
201
200
202
DNs from a remote
sensing detector
50%
(pg. 15)
FWHM
Hundreds
of bands
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RESOLUTION (Color Plate 1-1 and pg. 19)
Multispectral sensors
Landsat
Satellite Orbits
Orbital parameters can be tuned to produce
particular, useful orbits
Geostationary (Geo)
Sun synchronous (Polar, Low Earth Orbit,
LEO)
Landsat
Sun-synchronous
Orbit (pg. 200)
Inclination
Angle
Animation of Geosynchronous
and Sun-synchronous orbits
See http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/terra/
Terra satellite
overpasses for
Oct. 18, 2011
over North
America
note the
ascending and
descending
orbits (see the
time stamps)
See http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/terra/
http://www.gearthblog.com/satellites.html
There are thousands of satellites orbiting the Earth
See this website for real time satellite tracking!
FOV
Dwell Time
The amount of time a scanner has to collect
photons from a ground resolution cell
Depends on:
satellite speed
width of scan line
time per scan line
time per pixel
Pg. 198
History of
the Landsat
series
Currently,
Landsat 5
and
Landsat 7
(ETM+)
are in orbit
Landsat MSS
1972-present
(pg. 199)
(pg. 203)
Landsat 1,2,3
Attitude-control (pg. 200)
subsystem
Solar array
Wideband recorder
electronics
Attitude
measurement
sensor
Data
collection
antenna
Return Beam
Vidicon (RBV)
cameras (3)
Multispectral
S canner (MS S )
(pg. 211)
High-gain
antenna
Global positioning
system antenna
Attitude control
module
Propulsion
module
Power
module
Multispectral
S canner (MS S )
Thematic
Mapper
(TM)
Solar
array
panel
Differences in spectral
reflectance provide the
basis for mapping snow,
vegetation, soil, etc.
Landsat TM Band 4
(0.76-0.90m) and
Band 5 (1.55-1.75m)
show strong
differences in
reflectance of snow
and ice
(pg. 211)
(pg. 207)
Lecture Outline
More Examples of multispectral sensors
Landsat (continued)
AVHRR
MODIS
ASTER
(pg. 211)
High-gain
antenna
Global positioning
system antenna
Attitude control
module
Propulsion
module
Power
module
Multispectral
S canner (MS S )
Thematic
Mapper
(TM)
Solar
array
panel
Differences in spectral
reflectance provide the
basis for mapping snow,
vegetation, soil, etc.
Landsat TM Band 4
(0.76-0.90m) and
Band 5 (1.55-1.75m)
show strong
differences in
reflectance of snow
and ice
(pg. 211)
(pg. 207)
(pg. 217)
AVHRR Swath
AVHRR Swath
Spatial Coverage
Spatial Resolution
Radiometric Resolution
Temporal Resolution
0.4 - 14.4 m
20 bands in Vis/NIR
16 bands in mid-IR and Thermal
+55, 2330 km swath
250 m (2 bands)
500 m (5 bands)
1000 m (29 bands)
12-bit
1-2 days, 4 days at equator
Pointable
VNIR has stereo capability (for DEM creation)
Swath width of only 60km
8-bit quantization
(pg. 232)
(pg. 233)
Hyperspectral
no spectral gaps
narrow bands (10nm)
complete representation of the
spectral signature
ability to detect subtle spectral
features
large image size
radiometric and spectral calibration
require large effort
only one sensor in orbit (research
only)
Published Bandwidths
Defined by Full Width
at Half Maximum
(Pg. 15)
0.5
AVIRIS
(pp. 240-241)
Color
Plate
11-2
Similar to
Color
Plate 14-1
0.43 - 2.4 m
220 bands
30 m
12-bit quantization
7.6 km (pushbroom)
30, 21, 15
50, 23, 16
197, 107, 18
115, 35, 23
Lecture Outline
Multi-angular remote sensing concept
MISR
Forward and backward scattering
Surface roughness
Principles of Multi-angular
Remote Sensing (pp.232-234)
Reflectance from natural surfaces is
anisotropic
the angular pattern of reflectance is described by
the bidirectional reflectance distribution function
Multi-angle Imaging
SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
(pg. 234)
Automated co-registration
of MISR imagery
Image grid
9 angles x 4 bands
Earths surface
36 nonregistered
images
VirtualMISR instrument
36 coregistered
images
9 angles x 4 bands
WGS84 ellipsoid
SOM grid
(pg. 21)
Changes in scene
brightness with angle
Oblique view looking at
forward scatter
(pg. 21)
Changes in scene
brightness with angle
Less oblique view looking
at backscatter
Multi-angle Imaging
Spectroradiometer
(MISR) Onboard Terra
Table 1. List of bands and camera names for the MISR image.
Image Band Number MISR Camera Name Spectral Band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Df
Cf
Bf
Af
An
An
An
An
Aa
Ba
Ca
Da
Red
Red
Red
Red
Blue
Green
Red
Near-IR
Red
Red
Red
Red
Camera Viewing
Angle (degrees)
+70.5
+60.0
+45.6
+26.1
0
0
0
0
-26.1
-45.6
-60.0
-70.5
Visualizing surface
textures with MISR
nadir view
blue band
multi-spectral
compositing
using An
cameras
nadir view
green band
nadir view
red band
Hudson and
James Bays
24 February 2000
380 km
Visualizing surface
textures
forward scatter
red band
nadir
red band
backscatter
red band
stratocumulus
cloud
pack ice
(rough)
multi-angular
compositing
using Df, An, Da
cameras
Hudson and
James Bays
24 February 2000
fast ice
(smooth)
backward scattering
forward scattering
Geothermal
volcanoes
hot springs
Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
shows that emitted radiation increases as a function of the 4th
power of the temperature
Wiens Law:
there is a maximum wavelength at which a blackbody radiates and
this is determined by temperature
Radiant
Intensity
of the Sun
Jensen 2007
Jensen 2007
Emittance spectra of
various minerals
Spectral Emittance
Signatures
Thermal Imagers
Detectors in the thermal region need to be cooled
Changes in detector temperature are a source of noise
(increases the NE T)
Less energy so pixel size is relatively large
Sensors with thermal bands:
ATLAS
LandSat TM
AVHRR
MODIS
ASTER
FLIR (Forward Looking Infrared -- airborne sensor)
(pg. 277)
ATLAS
Daytime
TIR Images
ATLAS
Predawn
TIR Images
ASTER Image of
Saline Valley, CA
RGB composite
image using VNIR
bands (3, 2, 1)
(vegetation is red)
ASTER Image of
Saline Valley, CA
RGB composite
image using SWIR
bands (4, 6, 8)
(show reflectance
differences of
clays, carbonate
and sulfate
minerals)
ASTER Image of
Saline Valley, CA
RGB composite
image using TIR
bands (13, 12, 10)
(quartz is red,
carbonates are
green, mafic
volcanic rocks are
purple)
FLIR
Sensor
L =
2kcTkin
microwave
Plancks Law
2hc 2
hc
L = 5 x
x=
kTkin
e 1
c speed of light
3.0 108 ms-1
h Planck constant
6.63 10-34 Js
k Boltzmann constant 1.38 10-23 JK-1
L =
2kcTkin
Brightness Temperature
Tb =
2kc
L =
2kcTkin
Tb =
Tb=Tkin
k is Plancks constant, c is the speed of light, is
emissivity, Tkin is kinetic temperature
This approximation only holds for >> max
(e.g. > 2.57mm @300 K)
2kc
Microwave Radiometers
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) 1978present
Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR)
1981- 1987
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) 1987-present
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 1997present
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E)
2002-present
1 GHz = 30 cm wavelength
10 GHz = 3 cm
100 GHz = 3 mm
Soil moisture
Snow water equivalent
Sea/lake ice extent, concentration and type
Sea surface temperature
Atmospheric water vapor
Surface wind speed
only over the oceans
Cloud liquid water
Rainfall rate
Soil moisture
and the 2004
flood in Texas
and Oklahoma
(2)
Soil
Soil
(3)
Soil
SSM/I
Northern
Hemisphere
snow water
equivalent
(mm of water)
Atmospheric Effects
At frequencies less than 50 GHz, theres
little effect of clouds and fog on brightness
temperature (it sees through clouds)
Thus, PM can be used to monitor the land
surface under cloudy conditions
In atmospheric absorption bands, PM is
used to map water vapor, rain rates, clouds
Atmospheric Mapping
Mapping
global water
vapor
85 GHz
Rainfall from
passive
microwave
sensors:
Accumulated
precipitation from
the Tropical
Rainfall
Measuring
Mission (TRMM)
Similar to SSM/I
Disadvantages
Lecture 11 Outline
LIDAR Principles
System Components
Types of returns
LIDAR accuracy
Digital Surface Model creation
Bare earth model creation
LIDAR Intensity Data
LIDAR applications
1
R = tc
2
FPinst =
cos ( inst )
2
FPinst =
cos ( inst )
2
1000m
0.001rad
=
2
cos (15)
1m
=
= 1.07 m
0.933
Multiple returns
from one pulse
(pp.349-351)
(pg.349)
RMSE =
i =1
(pg.349)
RMSE =
(elev
i =1
GPS
elevLIDAR )
y
x
= 359
LIDAR masspoints
Inter Glacier
82 meters
September 24
September 30
October 14
Range angle
direction of radar illumination, usually perpendicular to
azimuth direction
Depression angle
angle between horizontal plane and microwave pulse (near
range depression angle > far range depression angle)
Incident angle
angle between microwave pulse and a line perpendicular to
the local surface slope
Polarization
linearly polarized microwave energy emitted/received by the
sensor (HH, VV, HV, VH)
Radar Nomenclature
Nadir
azimuth flight direction
look direction
range (near and far)
depression angle ()
incident angle ()
altitude above-ground-level, H
polarization
Pg. 297
Pg. 297
NEAR
RANGE
FAR
RANGE
RADAR logic
15m across-track
resolution
Ground
Pg. 302
(pp. 300-301)
Flightline
Near
rangeB2
A4
Far B4
range
A2
B1
A3
B3
A1
Ground Range
c
Rr =
2cos
pulse length
depression
angle
Range
Resolution
= ( c)
3 108m/sec =
30m
(pp. 302-303)
c
Rr =
2cos
30m
=
2 cos(40)
30m
=
2 0.766
= 19.58m
Range
Resolution
= ( c)
3 108m/sec =
30m
(pp. 302-303)
c
Rr =
2cos
30m
=
2 cos(65)
30m
=
2 0.423
= 35.5m
S
Ra =
L
X-band (=3cm)
Ra= S / L
Foreshortening
of a conical
cinder cone, as
seen on an aerial
photograph.
Airborne Radar
Spaceborne Radar
Outline
Radar backscatter
surface roughness
Polarization
dielectric constant
vegetation
x
x
=
o
Radar Backscattering
Depends on the properties of the target:
roughness
dielectric constant
h=
8sin
Surface
Roughness in
RADAR Imagery
(pg. 314)
VV and HH
Radar
Polarization
(pg. 299)
Radar
Polarization (pg.
300)
a.
Ka - band, HH polarization
look direction
b.
KaHV
- band,
HV polarization
polarization
Surface
Scattering
Volume
Scattering
Volume
Scattering
Surface
Scattering
Heavy Downpour
SIR-C/X-SAR
Images of a
Portion of
Rondonia, Brazil,
Obtained on
April 10, 1994
(pg. 321)
constructive interference
destructive interference
Waves of
microwave energy
can have
constructive
interference or
destructive
interference
depending on how
they match up
Pg. 328
Pp. 328-329
Baseline
Angle from
Horizontal to
Baseline
Geometric Relationship
Between Two SAR
Systems Used for
Interferometry to Extract
Topographic Information,
if the precise height above
mean sea level can be
found for one of the radars
h
= cos( )
r1
h = r1 cos( )
Interferogram of Santa
Clara Valley shows
patterns of subsidence and
some uplift occurring over
7 months in 1997, from
January 4 to August 2.
A central subsidence zone,
(red) the result of seasonal
ground-water pumping, is
fully recoverable.
Outline
Physical basis for remote sensing of
vegetation
Visible and Near-IR vegetation reflectance
Vegetation indices
Mid-IR reflectance and thermal emittance as
indicators of water stress
Multiangular sensing of vegetation
Phenological cycles
Photosynthesis
Pigmentation
Leaf structure
Plant water content
Canopy structure
Phenological cycles
Pg. 360
lack of
absorption
Absorption Spectra of
Chlorophyll a and b,
-carotene, Phycoerythrin,
and Phycocyanin Pigments
Chlorophyll a peak absorption is at
0.43 and 0.66 m.
Chlorophyll b peak absorption is at
0.45 and 0.65 m.
Optimum chlorophyll absorption
windows are:
0.45 - 0.52 m and 0.63 - 0.69 m
Pg. 358
Cross-section through a
hypothetical and real leaf
revealing the major
structural components
that determine the
spectral reflectance
of vegetation
Pg. 362
red=warmer
blue=cooler
Aquatic Plants
Immersed aquatic plants absorb solar energy
and emit thermal radiation (warmer than
surrounding water)
This can be detected in thermal imagery
farmland
forest
back
fore
Farmland =
homogeneous land
surface cover
Limb-brightening
Snowy forest
Albedo = 0.18, NDVI = 0.24
Snowy forest =
heterogeneous,
sparse coverage
Limb-darkening
pp. 378-382
Phenological cycles
of San Joaquin and
Imperial Valley,
California crops and
Landsat Multispectral
Scanner images of
one field during a
growing season
Outline
Soils: Properties that are detectable from remote
sensing using optical and radar sensors
mineral composition
soil moisture
organic matter content
texture and roughness
salinity
mineral composition
soil moisture
organic matter content
texture and roughness
salinity
Clay
2 mm
76.2
Silt
0.15 mm
Sand
Clay
fine
Sand
medium
0.002 0.006
coarse
0.02
0.06
fine
medium
0.2
Gravel
coarse
0.6
Stones
2 mm
c. International Society of Soil Science
Clay
Sand
Silt
0.002
fine
0.02
Gravel
coarse
0.2
2 mm
90
Cla
y
10
20
80
30
70
Clay
40
60
50
50
read
40
sandy
clay
)
(%
loamy
Sand sand
90
80
70
80
Loam
10
60
silty clay
loam
clay loam
sandy clay
loam
20
100
silty
clay
t
Sil
30
read
silt loam
sandy
loam
90
Silt
100
60
70
Sand (%)
50
40
read
30
20
10
80
Increasing reflectance
with increasing wavelength
for both fine and coarse
texture dry soils
Silt
70
60
50
Sand
40
30
20
10
0
0.5 0.7
0.9
1.1
2.1
2.3
2.5
incident energy
specular
reflectance
dry
soil
a.
interstitial
air space
incident energy
specular
reflectance
b.
specular reflectance
volume reflectance
soil water
wet
soil
Sand
Sand
Sand
0 4% moisture content
50
40
30
5 12%
20
22 32%
10
0
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
a.
60
Clay
Clay
Clay
50
2 6%
40
30
20
35 40%
10
0
0.5
b.
0.7
0.9
1.1
2.1
2.3
2.5
Surface roughness
Vegetation
Salinity
Mixed pixels
Smectite clays (e.g. bentonite) can absorb more than their weight in
water, have >100% increases in volume
Responsible for massive damage to structures throughout U.S.
increasing
swelling
potential
Bentonite clay
absorption bands
for detecting
increasing soil
swelling potential
Outline
InSAR Applications
Geomorphology
Patterns as an indication of processes
topographic
map
multi-pass
interferogra
m
C-band
image
draped
over topo
map
Three Sisters
Volcanic Uplift
Uplift
ASTER image of
Mt. Taranaki,
New Zealand
Basalt Lava
Flows
Pg. 520
Spectra of three minerals derived from NASAs airborne visible infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS)
Mineral maps of
Cuprite, NV, derived
from low altitude (3.9
km AGL) and high
altitude (20 km AGL)
AVIRIS data obtained
on October 11 and
June 18, 1998
Stratigraphy
Appalachian Mountains
Differences in
reflectance can be
used to discriminate
between rock units
Yellow: limestone
Orange: sandstone
Green: gypsum
Dark blue: granite
San Andreas
strike-slip fault
Seattle
Tacoma
30 km
In other
places, it
is not.
Puget
Lowland
slip rate
3 cm/yr
4 mm/yr
average tree
height
10 ft
100 ft
age of
landscape
~106
years
18,000
years
High-resolution LIDAR
Topography
15 km West of Seattle
Toe Jam Hill
fault scarp
Waterman Point
scarp
beach uplifted
during 900 AD
earthquake
Landslides
Landslides
Southern Bainbridge
Island
TRMM
Microwave
Imager
Higher Resolution SST Maps made from AVHRR and MODIS data
(pg. 427 and Color Plate 12-4)
MODIS image of
Gulf Stream
(1 km gridding)
Used to measure:
biological productivity
marine optical properties
interaction of winds and currents with ocean biology
human influences on the marine environment
http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/CZCS/
Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Scanner (SeaWIFS)
since September 1997
1 km and 4 km gridded data
data products available for free for scientific use from
http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/ANNOUNCEMENT
S/getting_data.html
MODIS
chlorophyll
data
Revised MODIS
chlorophyll data
(pg. 421)
MODIS
Quality
Assurance
data
Ocean Winds
Ocean wind measurements are needed for
understanding and predicting severe weather patterns
Winds modulate energy transfer between the
atmosphere and ocean
Waves are the expression of momentum transfer from
atmosphere to ocean
Surface roughness can be monitored using Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR)
Scatterometry is a new method of measuring
backscattered return from a SAR
Hurricane
Katrina from
QuikScat
Problems
Potential Solutions
Airborne LIDAR
Satellite Imagery
Imagery
Issues
Sea state and
environmental
conditions
Surf zone
Clouds
Water level
fluctuations in Lake
Chad, Nigeria
Mekong Delta
flooding using
multi-temporal
MODIS data
Mapping the
extent of surface
waters for large
flood events
allows improved
mapping of
floodplains
AVHRR
1 km grid scale
weekly data available since October 1966
MODIS
500m grid scale
data available since February 2000
All data available for free from National Snow and Ice
Data Center http://nsidc.org/data
snow
cloud
no snow
25% of
actual
snow
covered
area is
incorrectly
classified
as cloud
% snow cover
90-100%
70-90%
50-70%
30-50%
10-30%
0-10%
Vegetation
obscures snow
Glaciers
Global Land Ice Monitoring from Space (GLIMS)
Uses ASTER data to map
glacier extent
snow line
glacier topography
ASTER
image of
Patagonian
glacier in
Chile
Ice Velocity
map for the
Lambert glacier
in Antarctica
made by Radar
Interferometry
Remote Sensing of
Urban Landscapes and
Natural Hazards
(Chapter 13)
Outline
Resolution considerations
Sensors
Applications:
urban growth
demography
disaster monitoring and mitigation
epidemiology
Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia:
Intermediate
case
Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia,
1972-2000 urban
growth
Demographic/Socioeconomic Patterns
Census data lack spatial details and are
infrequently updated (not globally available)
Remote sensing is useful for monitoring urban
growth in developing countries
Need ancillary data plus repeat temporal
coverage from remote sensing
Important to integrate physical and
socioeconomic variables
Example
Pozzi and Small (2002) produced a study of
relationship between population density
(from US census) and vegetation cover (from
Landsat TM)
(source: US Census)
MODIS image showing polluted air like a gray veil over the region southwest of
Chicago on September 9, 2002.
Volcanic eruptions
Tornados
Hurricanes
Oil spills
Earthquakes
War/terrorism
Floods
Pg. 498
AVHRR image
of Hurricane
Floyd
September
1999
Building Damage in
Biloxi, Mississippi caused
by Hurricane Katrina
pp. 500-501
Bam, Iran
Earthquake
destruction
IKONOS image from
12/27/2003
pp. 500-501
Images of
Terrorism
IKONOS image of
World Trade Center
Sept. 12, 2001
1 m spatial
resolution
Epidemiology
Cholera virus attaches to zooplankton (copepods)
and phytoplankton. Plankton plumes emanating
from the Ganges are being monitored
Landsat TM map
of land cover near
Kikwit, Zaire
(location where
Ebola outbreaks
were first
reported in 1995)
pink=cleared
areas
green=jungle