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CIRCULAR MOTION
1.
ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
Introduction: Angle subtended by position vector of a particle moving
along any arbitrary path w.r.t. some fixed point is called angular
displacement.
itj
ee
.in
cr
ac
ki
(c)
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360o
radian = 180
2
(v) It is a dimensionless quantity i.e. dimension [M0L0T0]
Note : 1 radian =
Angular Displacement
Ex.1
ANGULAR VELOCITY
ac
2.
ki
itj
ee
.in
Sol.
=
= 3 radian
2 10 2
Hence correct answer is (B)
cr
av =
Total time taken
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2.2
(A)
(B)
3
3
4
5
(C)
(D)
3
3
Total
angular
displacement
(A) We have av =
Total time
For first one third part of circle,
angular displacement,
S
2r /3
1 = 1 =
r
r
For second one third part of circle,
2r /3 2
2 =
=
rad
3
r
Total angular displacement,
= 1 + 2 = 4/3 rad
Total time = 2 + 1 = 3 sec
4 /3
av =
rad/s
3
4 2
=
=
rad/s
6
3
Hence correct answer is (A)
Ex.3
itj
cr
ac
ki
Sol.
ee
.in
Ex.2
The ratio of angular speeds of minute hand and hour hand of a watch
is (A) 1 : 12
(B) 6 : 1
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Sol.
(C) 12 : 1
(D) 1 : 6
(C) Angular speed of hour hand,
2
1 =
=
rad/sec
t 12 60
angular speed of minute hand,
2
12
2 =
rad/sec 2 =
1
60
1
Hence correct answer is (C).
= 0 + t
dt
This is angular velocity at time t. Now angular velocity at t = 2 sec
will be
d
=
= 0 + 2
dt t2sec
= 1 + 2 x 1.5 = 4 rad/sec
Hence correct answer is (D)
The angular displacement of a particle is given by = 0t +
cr
ac
ki
itj
Sol.
ee
.in
Ex.4
3.
1
. v
r
d
d
ds
=
dt
ds
dt
ds
arc
, angle =
dr
radius
ds
and v =
= linear velocity]
dt
v = r
[ d=
In vector form, v r
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Note :
When a particle moves along a curved path, its linear velocity at a
point is along the tangent drawn at that point
(ii) When a particle moves along curved path, its velocity has two
components. One along the radius, which increases or decreases
the radius and another one perpendicular to the radius, which
makes the particle to revolve about the point of observation.
vsin
(iii) =
=
t
r
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
(i)
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Sol.
4.
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
.in
Ex.5
itj
d
lim
=
t 0
dt
t
(i) It is a vector quantity
(ii) Its direction is that of change in angular velocity
(iii) Unit : rad/sec2
(iv) Dimension : M0L0T2
Ex.6
Sol.
cr
ac
ki
ee
t =
= 0.25 sec
6
Hence correct answer is (B)
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.in
In vector form a = r
ee
5.
itj
cr
Sol.
ac
ki
Ex.7
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(iii)
With
acceleration
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
= 0 , = t
(i) Average angular
velocity
2
av = 1
2
(ii) Average
(ii) Average angular
acceleration
acceleration
v u
1
aav =
aav = 2
t
t
v u
(iii) = av. t =
(iii) s = vav t =
t
2
1 2
t
2
(iv) v = u + at
(iv) 2 = 1 + t
1 2
1
(v) s = ut + at
(v) = 1t + t2
2
2
1 2
1
(vi) s = vt at
(vi) = 2t t2
2
2
(vii) v2 = u2 + 2as
2
2
(vii) 2 = 1 + 2
1
(viii) Sn = u + (2n
1
2
(viii) n = 1 + (2n
2
1)a
1)
displacement in
Angular
nth sec
displacement in
nth sec
ds
variable
(i) = d/dt
(i) v =
dt
(ii) d = dt
d
d
(ii) ds = v dt
(iii) =
=
dv
dv
dt
d
(iii) a =
=v
dt
ds
(iv) d = dt
(iv) dv = a dt
(v) d = d
(v) v dv = a ds
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ee
.in
Sol.
itj
The shaft of an electric motor starts from rest and on the application of
a torque, it gains an angular acceleration given by = 3t t2 during the
first 2 seconds after it starts after which = 0. The angular velocity
after 6 sec will be (A) 10/3 rad/sec
(B) 3/10 rad/sec
(C) 30/4 rad/sec
(D) 4/30 rad/sec
2
(A) Given = 3t t
d
= 3t t2
dt
d = (3t t2)dt
3t2
t3
c
=
2
3
at t = 0, = 0
2
3
3t
t
c = 0,=
2
3
Angular velocity at
t = 2 sec, t = 2 sec
3
10
8
= (4)
=
rad/sec
3
2
3
Since there is no angular acceleration after 2 sec
cr
Sol.
ac
ki
Ex.9
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10
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
(i)
cr
7.
10
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11
7.1
P2 (t + t)
v1
v1
P1 (t)
.in
cr
ac
ee
12 =
P1O AQ
s v
=
[| v1 | = | v2 | = v]
r
v
v
v = s
r
v
v s
t
r t
v v
s
lim
lim
=
t 0
t r t0 t
v
v2
ac =
v=
= r2
r
r
This is the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of particle
(i) It is a vector quantity. In vector form
itj
ki
v2
a = v
Centripetal Acceleration
Ex.10 A ball is fixed to the end of a string and is rotated in a horizontal circle
of radius 5 m with a speed of 10 m/sec. The acceleration of the ball will
be (A) 20 m/s2
(B) 10 m/s2
11
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12
(C) 30 m/s2
(D) 40 m/s2
2
Sol.
v
r
Hence v = 10 m/s, r = 5 m
(10)2
a=
= 20 m/s2
5
Hence correct answer is (A)
(A) We know a =
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
7.2
Fc
Fc
Fc
Fc
12
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13
v2
Fc = m
r
This is the expression for centripetal force
(i) It is a vector quantity
(ii) In vector form
mv 2
mv 2
Fc =
. r = 2 r
r
r
= m2r r = m2 r = m ( v )
negative sign indicates direction only
| Fc | = m ( v )
(iii) For circular motion :
| Fc | = m (v sin 90) = mv
itj
2.
ee
1.
.in
Note :
ki
cr
ac
13
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14
Sol.
(A) 16 N
(B) 1.6 N
(C) 16 Dyne
(D) 1.6 Dyne
2
2
(A) F = mr = 4 1 2 = 16 N
Hence correct answer is (A)
200 10
r
ki
itj
ee
.in
ac
cr
14
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15
Centripetal Force
.in
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
Ex.16 A certain string which is 1 m long will break, if the load on it is more
than 0.5 kg. A mass of 0.05 kg is attached to one end of it and the
particle is whirled round a horizontal circle by holding the free end of
the string by one hand. The greatest number of revolutions per minute
possible without breaking the string will be(A) 9.45
(B) 94.5
(C) 99.5
(D) 9.95
Sol. (B) Mass of the body m = 0.05 kg ,
Radius of circular path = 1 m
The maximum tension in the string can withstand = 0.5 kg wt =
0.5 9.8 N = 4.9 N
Hence the centripetal force required to produce the maximum
tension in the string is 4.9 N
4.9
4.9
i.e. mr2 = 4.9 2 =
=
= 98
mr 0.05 1
=
98 n = n = 98
= 1.1576 rev/sec = 94.5 rev/min
Hence correct answer is (B)
8.
8.1
8.2
8.1
15
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16
v = magnitude of velocity
ac = centripetal acceleration,
at = tangential acceleration
In uniform circular motion :
(i)
| v1 | = | v2 | = | v3 | = constant
i.e. speed is constant
v2
v1
v3
a2c at2 = ac =
Note:
Ft =0
v2
(towards the centre)
r
ac
ki
cr
(i)
Fc
itj
a=
at = 0
.in
ac
ee
(ii) As | v | is constant
so tangential acceleration
at = 0
(iii) Tangential force Ft = 0
16
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17
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
17
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18
Centripetal Force
v
m
mv 2
ee
.in
m
mv 2
(C)
(D)
v2
2
Sol. (B) Required centripetal force ,
mv 2
Fc =
itj
mg
ac
ki
mv 2
cr
18
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19
GMm
r2
(This force will provide required centripetal force)
Therefore FC = FG
FG =
mv 2 GMm
r2
r
GM
v =
r
Hence correct answer is (A)
Note :
From above example we see that orbital velocity of a body is
independent to its mass
(ii) If we are asked to find out time period of above body then time
period can be calculated as
.in
(i)
itj
ee
2r
r3
T=
= 2
v
GM
T2 r3 this is Kepler's law.
Centripetal Force
cr
ac
ki
Ex.19 Three identical particles are connected by three strings as shown in fig.
These particles are revolving in a horizontal plane. The velocity of outer
most particle is v. Then T1 : T2 : T3 will be - (Where T1 is tension in the
outer most string etc.)
m
Sol.
(A) 3 : 5 : 7
(C) 3 : 4 : 5
(B) For A :
(B) 3 : 5 : 6
(D) 7 : 5 : 3
vc
O
T3
vA
vB
T2
T1
19
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20
mvA2
3
(net force towards centre = T1)
This will provide required centripetal force particle at A,
mvA2
T1 =
3
For B :
Required centripetal force
m(vB2 )
=
2
Remember i.e. angular velocity, of all the particles is same
v
v
v
= A = B = C
3 2
.in
Note:
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
mv2A
T3 T2 =
9
mvA2
T3 =
+ T2
9
6mvA2
T3 =
9
20
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21
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
T sin =
r
and T cos = mg
From these equation
T = mg
v4
1 2 2
rg
....(i)
v2
....(ii)
rg
Also if h = height of conical pendulum
OP r
tan =
=
....(iii)
OS h
and tan =
21
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22
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
=
Ncos
mv 2 /r
rg
tan = 2
v
r
But tan =
h
r
rg
= 2
h
v
v = hg = 9.8 9.8 10 2
= 0.98 m/s
Hence correct answer is (B)
Ex.21 A string of length 1 m is fixed at one end and carries a mass of 100 gm
at the other end. The string makes 2/ revolutions per second about a
vertical axis through the fixed end. The angle of inclination of the string
22
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23
Sol.
with the vertical, and the linear velocity of the mass will respectively be
- (in M.K.S. system)
(A) 5214', 3.16
(B) 5014', 1.6
(C) 5214', 1.6
(D) 5014', 3.16
(A) Let T be the tension, the angle made by the string with the
vertical through the point of suspension.
The time period
h
1
t = 2
=
= /2
g
frequency
Therefore =
1
h
=
g 16
g
h
cos = =
= 0.6125 = 52 14'
16
Linear velocity
= ( sin ) =1 sin 52 14' 4 = 3.16 m/s
Hence correct answer is (A)
mg
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
ac
ki
| v | constant constant
i.e. speed constant
i.e. angular velocity constant
If at any instant
v = magnitude of velocity of particle
r = radius of circular path
= angular velocity of particle,
then v = r
Tangential acceleration :
dv
at =
dt
ds
where v =
and s = arc - length
dt
Tangential force :
Ft = mat
Centripetal force :
cr
8.2
itj
ee
.in
g
=4
h
23
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24
mv 2
= m2r
r
(vi) Net force on the particle :
Fc =
F = Fc + F t
F = Fc2 Ft2
If is the angle made by [Note angle between Fc and Ft is 90] F
with Fc, then
F
tan = t
Fc
F
= tan1 t
Fc
Angle between F & Ft is (90 )
(vii) Net acceleration towards the centre
= centripetal acceleration
F
v2
ac =
= 2r = c
m
r
(viii) Net acceleration,
F
a = a2c a2t = net
m
The angle made by 'a' with ac,
a
F
tan = t = t
ac Fc
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
ac
ac
at
Special Note :
(i)
24
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25
dW dx
P=
= Ft . v = Ft .
dt
dt
.in
itj
ee
Sol.
cr
ac
ki
v = k2r2t2 = k r t
The force causing the velocity to varies
dv
F=m
=mkr
dt
The power delivered by the force is,
P = Fv = mkr krt = mk2r2t
Hence correct answer is (D)
25
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26
(200)2
=
= 400 m/sec2
100
at
ac
O
Tangential acceleration
at = 100 m/sec2 (given)
anet =
ac2 at2
.in
= (400)2 (100)2
ki
itj
ee
= 100 17 m/s2
[Remember the angle between at i.e. the tangential acceleration
and ac i.e. the radial acceleration, is always 90]
Hence correct answer is (A)
ac
cr
s2 R2
(D)
2as
R
mv2 = as2
2
mv 2 2as2
=
R
R
Centripetal force or Radial force,
2as2
Fc =
.... (1)
R
26
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27
m at = 2as
.in
=
m dt
dt
2a
=
v
.... (3)
m
Using (2) and (3) gives tangential acceleration,
2a
dv
at =
=
.v
m
dt
2
2a
2a
=
s=
s
m
m
itj
ee
Tangential force,
Ft = mat = 2as
As centripetal and tangential force are mutually perpendicular,
therefore
2
2as2
2
R (2as)
ac
ki
s2
1
R2
Hence correct answer is (A)
cr
= 2as
Note:
Fc
tan =
Ft
R
2as
=
=
2
Fc 2as /R s
Fc
Ft
27
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28
ee
.in
cr
ac
ki
itj
Tension at a point P :
(i) At point P required centripetal force
mv 2
=
(b)
mv 2
T mg cos =
2
v
T = m [ g cos +
]
m 2
=
[u g (2 3cos )]
28
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29
(Here = 0)
mu2
TA =
+ mg
mu2
TB =
5mg
( = 180)
(c) Tension at point C :
mv C2
TC =
mu2
TC =
2mg
(Here = 90)
Thus we conclude that
TA > T C > TB
and also
TA TB
= 6 mg
TA TC
= 3 mg
TC TB
= 3 mg
(iii) Cases :
(a) If u > 5g
In this case tension in the string will not be zero at any of
the point, which implies that the particle will continue the
circular motion.
(b) If u = 5g
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
(a)
29
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30
(c)
In this case the tension at the top most point (B) will be
zero, which implies that the particle will just complete the
circular motion.
Critical Velocity : The minimum velocity at which the
circular motion is possible
The critical velocity at A = 5g
The critical velocity at B =
(e)
If u = 2g
In this case both velocity and tension in the string becomes
zero between A and C and particle will oscillate along semicircular path.
If u < 2g
The velocity of particle remains zero between A and C but
tension will not be zero and the particle will oscillate about
the point A.
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
(d)
(f)
30
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31
Sol.
mg
1 2
mv + 0
2
v = 2g
Hence correct answer is (B)
.in
0 + mg =
ee
cr
ac
ki
itj
Ex.26 A 4 kg balls is swing in a vertical circle at the end of a cord 1 m long. The
maximum speed at which it can swing if the cord can sustain maximum
tension of 163.6 N will be (A) 6 m/s
(B) 36 m/s
(C) 8 m/s
(D) 64 m/s
2
mv
Sol. (A) Maximum tension T =
+ mg
r
mv 2
= T mg
r
4v 2
or
= 163.6 4 9.8
v = 6 m/s
Hence correct answer is (A)
31
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32
1 2
mv
2
v2= 2g
If T be the tension in the string,
mv 2
then T mg =
....(1)
....(2)
.in
ee
ac
ki
itj
Ex.28 A ball is released from height h as shown in fig. Which of the following
condition hold good for the particle to complete the circular path?
cr
5R
5R
(B) h
2
2
5R
5R
(C) h <
(D) h >
2
2
(B) According to law of conservation of energy
(K.E + P.E.) at A = (K.E + P.E) at B
1
0 + mgh = mv2 + 0
v = 2gh
But velocity at the lowest point of circle,
5R
v 5gR 2gh 5gR h
2
Hence correct answer is (B)
(A) h
Sol.
32
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33
cr
ac
ki
itj
ee
.in
Ex.30 A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle of radius 0.5 m
and the water does not fall down. The maximum period of revolution
must be
(A) 1.45
(B) 2.45
(C) 14.15
(D) 4.25
Sol. (A) The speed at highest point must be
2
v > gr , v = r = r
T
2
r
> rg
T
2r
r
0.5
T<
< 2
< 2
< 1.4 sec
g
9.8
rg
Maximum period of revolution = 1.4 sec
Hence correct answer is (A)
33
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34
.in
ee
ac
ki
itj
mv 2
= mg cos N
R
When the particle leaves the sphere
i.e. N = 0
mv 2
= mg cos
R
v2 = gR cos
....(1)
According to law of conservation of energy
(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B
1
0 + mgR = mv2 + mgh
2
2
v = 2g (R h) ....(2)
2
From (1) & (2) h = R
3
2
Also cos =
3
Hence correct answer is (A)
cr
(B)
3
5
1
2
(C)
(D)
3
3
Sol. (A) Let the body will have the circular path at height h above the
bottom of circle from figure
34
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35
mv 2
= T + mg cos
= mg cos
v2 = g cos
....(1)
According to law of conservation of energy
(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B
1
0 + 2mg = mv2 + mgh
2
2
v = 2g(2 h) ....(2)
5
From (1) & (2) h =
3
h
Also cos =
9.
BANKING OF TRACKS
ki
itj
e
e.
in
cr
ac
When a vehicle moves round a curve on the road with sufficient speed,
there is a tendency of over turning for the vehicle. To avoid this the
road is given a slope rising outwards. The phenomenon is known as
banking
(i) Let there be vehicle on a road having slope . R = normal reaction
of the ground
Horizontal component
Vertical component
R sin
R cos
It provides necessary
It balances the weight
centripetal force
of the vehicle
2
R cos = mg
mv
R sin =
r
v2
tan =
rg
This equation gives the angle of banking required.
35
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36
Rcos
R
Rsin
A
mg
ee
.in
cr
ac
ki
itj
(Ra + Rb) =
r
mv 2
mg =
r
This gives maximum speed for skidding,
vmax = rg
Condition for overturning :
Taking moments about B, we get,
mv 2
Ra . 2a +
h mg a = 0
r
mg v2h
1
Ra =
2 rag
If we take moments about A, we get
mg v2h
1
Rb =
2 rag
36
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37
vmax =
.in
rag
h
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Ex.33 A vehicle of mass 1000 kg is moving along a curved both of length 314
m with a speed of 72 km/hr. If it takes a turn of 90, the centripetal
force needed by the vehicle is (A) 20 N
(B) 200 N
(C) 2000 N
(D) 2 N
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Sol. As the vehicle has a turn of 90, the length of the path is the part of
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the circle of radius r.
Hence length of the path
2r
= 314 =
4
4 314
or r =
= 200 m
2
mv 2
Centripetal force, Fc =
r
2
1000
5
=
72
200
18
= 2000 N
Hence correct answer is (C)
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Ex.34 For a heavy vehicle moving on a circular curve of a highway the road
bed is banked at an angle corresponding to a particular speed. The
correct angle of banking of the road for vehicles moving at 60 km/hr
will be - (If radius of curve = 0.1 km)
(A) tan1(0.283)
(B) tan1(2. 83)
(C) tan1(0.05)
(D) tan1(0.5)
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Sol. (A) v = 60 km/hr =
m/s
3
r = 0.1 km = 100m
v2
tan =
= 0.283
rg
= tan1 (0.283)
Hence correct answer is (A)
Ex.35 A train has to negotiate a curve of radius 400 m. By how much should
the outer rail be raised with respect to inner rail for a speed of 48
km/hr. The distance between the rail is 1 m.
(A) 12 m
(B) 12 cm
(C) 4.5 cm
(D) 4.5 m
2
v
Sol. (C) We know that tan =
..... (1)
rg
Let h be the relative raising of outer rail with respect to inner rail.
Then
h
tan =
...... (2)
h=
= 0.045 m = 4.5 cm
400 9.8
Hence correct answer is (C)
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POINTS TO REMEMBER
Centripetal force does not increase the kinetic energy of the
particle moving in circular path, hence the work done by the force
is zero.
2. Centrifuges are the apparatuses used to separate small and big
particles from a liquid.
3. The physical quantities which remain constant for a particle
moving in circular path are speed, kinetic energy and angular
momentum.
4. If a body is moving on a curved road with speed greater than the
speed limit, the reaction at the inner wheel disappears and it will
leave the ground first.
5. On unbanked curved roads the minimum radius of curvature of
the curve for safe driving is r = v2/g, where v is the speed of the
vehicle and is small.
6. If r is the radius of curvature of the speed breaker, then the
maximum speed with which the vehicle can run on it without
leaving contact with the ground is v = (gr)
7. While taking a turn on the level road sometimes vehicles overturn
due to centrifugal force.
8. If h is the height of centre of gravity above the road, a is half the
mv 2
wheel base then for road safety
.h < mg . a, Minimum
r
safe speed for no overturning is v = (gar /h) .
9. On a rotating platform, to avoid the skidding of an object placed at
a distance r from axis of rotation, the maximum angular velocity of
the platform, = (g /r) , where is the coefficient of friction
between the object and the platform.
10. If an inclined plane ends into a circular loop of radius r, then the
height from which a body should slide from the inclined plane in
order to complete the motion in circular track is h = 5r/2.
11. Minimum velocity that should be imparted to a pendulum to
complete the vertical circle is (5g) , where is the length of the
pendulum.
12. While describing a vertical circle when the stone is in its lowest
position, the tension in the string is six times the weight of the
stone.
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13. The total energy of the stone while revolving in vertical circle is
(5/2) mg.
14. When the stone is in horizontal position then the tension in the
string is 3mg and the velocity of the stone is (3g) .
15. If the velocity of the stone at the highest point is X mg, then the
tension at the lowest point will be (X + 6)mg.
16. If a body of mass m is tied to a string of length and is projected
with a horizontal velocity u such that it does not complete the
motion in the vertical circle, then
(a)
the height at which the velocity vanishes is
u2
h=
2g
(b)
the height at which the tension vanishes is
u2 g
h=
3g
17. K.E. of a body moving in horizontal circle is same throughout the
path but the K.E. of the body moving in vertical circle is different
at different places.
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