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5
40
-3
Soil moisture, m m
15
30
Depth, cm
10
20
25
20
10
30
0.1
0.2
0.3
Jul-2007
Jul-2008
Jul-2009
Jul-2010
Jul-2011
Developing a Coordinated National Soil Moisture Network, NIDIS-NOAA workshop, Kansas City, 13-14 November 2013
Elements of presentation
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(i)
COSMOS-US
(ii)
Global COSMOS
Methods
(i)
(ii)
Applications include:
Agriculture (irrigation)
Extent of COSMOS
USA
Global
Mobile sensing: 2+
Horizontal footprint
Circle, radius of ca. 300 m at sea level
Nearly independent of soil moisture
Increases with decreasing air density
Decreases with increasing air humidity
Measurement thickness
70 cm in dry soils (zero hydrogen)
Decreasing to 12 cm in wet soils
Independent of air density
Independent of atmospheric humidity
Rietholzbach, Switzerland
Depth, cm
10
15
20
25
30
20
30
40
50
60
Rietholzbach, Switzerland
Footprint of the Rietholzbach COSMOS probe (cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu)
Depth, cm
10
15
20
25
30
10
20
30
SMAP-OK
23 July 2010
10
10
15
20
Depth, cm
10
Depth, cm
Depth, cm
SMAP-OK
16 September 2010
15
20
15
20
25
25
30
25
30
20
30
40
50
30
60
10
15
20
25
10
15
20
Mana Road
17 June 2010
September 2010
5
5
5
10
10
15
15
Depth, cm
Depth, cm
Depth, cm
10
20
20
20
25
25
30
30
10
20
30
15
25
10
15
20
25
30
35
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10
22 vol. %
16
20
40 vol. %
30
15
25
35 vol. %
15
35 vol. %
25
10
15
20 vol. %
10
20 vol. %
15
8 vol. %
12
15 wt. %
Depth, cm
Sterling
16 Sep 10
SMAP-OK
16 Sep 10
10
SMAP-OK
20 Jul 10
ARM-1
22 Jul 10
Santa Rita
10 Oct 10
SMAP-OK
23 Jul 10
20
Iowa
Sep 10
30
15
25
35 vol. %
10
30 vol. %
20
8 wt. %
25 vol. %
15
15
45 vol. %
30
vol. %
Depth, cm
Toulouse
2 Mar 11
10
Island
Dairy
15 Jun 10
Mana
Road
17 Jun 10
Manitou
26 Jul 10
Rancho
no tengo
22 Aug 10
20
Kendall
29 Aug 10
Santa Rita
6 Jan 11
30
10
15
20 wt. %
20
40 vol. %
30
10
20 vol. %
15
20
40 vol. %
30
30
50 vol. %
40
30
35
40
45 vol. %
20
30
40
50 vol. %
Depth, cm
0
Rietholzbach
11 Apr 11
Desert
Chaparral
8 Mar 11
10
Marshall
23 Oct 09
Morgan
Monroe
24 Mar 11
Mozark
18 Apr 11
Coastal
Sage
9 Mar 11
20
Neb 3
23 Apr 11
30
6 wt. %
10
30 wt. %
20
10
15
20 wt. %
8 wt. %
15
wt. % 25
25 vol. %
15
10
15
20 vol. %
Depth, cm
San Pedro
7 Jul 07
San Pedro
3 Apr 10
San Pedro
12 Nov 09
10
San Pedro
9 Aug 07
20
San Pedro
6 Dec 08
San Pedro
12 Feb 10
San Pedro
5 Mar 10
30
15
25 wt. %
10
15
20 vol. %
15
20
25
30 wt. %
20
30
40
50 vol. %
10
20
30
40 vol. %
20
30
40 vol. %
35
40
45 vol. %
Depth, cm
10
20
Park Falls
20 Jul 11
Harvard
2 May 11
Tonzi
11 May 11
Metolius
14 Jun 11
Howland
4 May 11
Chestnut
21 Mar 11
Bondville
25 Mar 11
30
50
All COSMOS sites
Soils at one COSMOS site
40
30
20
10
0
Jul
140
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
120
total
100
soils
80
60
40
20
0
Jul
1.0
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0.6
0.4
2
soils/ total
0.8
0.2
0.0
Jul
10
15
Therefore
20
25
30
10
20
30
600
500
400
dry earth
300
water
200
100
0
1
10
Atmosphere:
generation of
secondary cosmic rays
Ground:
scattering
thermalization
absorption
Granite
Basalt
Limestone
Quartzite
80
60
40
20
0
O
Si
Na
Ca
Al
Fe
Mg
Fe
Mg
Fe
Mg
Fe
Mg
100
80
60
40
20
0
O
Si
Na
Ca
Al
100
80
60
40
20
0
O
Si
Na
Ca
Al
100
80
60
40
20
0
O
Si
Na
Ca
Al
(E) =
Q
E [ N H H H + ( N )]
Cosmic-ray probe
30
Soil moisture, m m
-3
40
20
10
Jul-2007
Jul-2008
Jul-2009
Jul-2010
Jul-2011
Latency: 1 hour
COSMOS sites
Main network:
Additional probes:
Advantages:
(1) Fast mapping of soil moisture over large areas
and over variable terrains
(2) Possible with different moving platforms:
cars (done, working well)
aircraft (in progress, likely to work)
on foot (backpack rover, should work)
trains (future, likely to work)
40 km
25 km
40 km
25 km
Raw (unweighted)
50
Soil samples
Regression, slope=1.03, R2=0.98
95% confidence
40
Average, 0-5 cm
Average, 0-5 cm
40
30
20
10
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Average, 0-30 cm
10
20
30
Average, 0-30 cm
40
50
TERENO
COSMOS
Other
CosmOz
Network
Current
(installed)
New
(funded)
New
(proposals)
COSMOS (US)
CosmOz (Australia)
TERENO (Germany)
CEH (UK)
Saudi COSMOS
Other
61
13
17
5
-->26
---->61
40
--4
--several
----125
hundreds
TOTAL
>122
>105
>125
Year 2008:
Probes: 1
Year 2013:
Existing probes: 122+
Probes funded: 105
Probes proposed: 125+