Achillea millefolium

Yarrow redirects here. For other uses, see Yarrow

(disambiguation).
Achillea millefolium, commonly known as yarrow
/jro/ or common yarrow, is a owering plant in the
family Asteraceae. It is native to temperate regions of
the Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and North
America.[1] It has been introduced as a feed for livestock
in places like New Zealand[2] and Australia. However,
it is a weed in those places[2] and sometimes also in its
native regions.[3]
In New Mexico and southern Colorado, it is called plumajillo (Spanish for 'little feather') from its leaf shape and
texture. In antiquity, yarrow was known as herbal militaris, for its use in stanching the ow of blood from
wounds.[4] Other common names for this species include
gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old mans pepper, devils nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldiers woundwort, thousandleaf, and thousand-seal.[5]

Description

A. millefolium is an erect, herbaceous, perennial plant

that produces one to several stems 0.21 m (0.663.28
ft) in height, and has a spreading rhizomatous growth
form. Leaves are evenly distributed along the stem, with
the leaves near the middle and bottom of the stem being
the largest. The leaves have varying degrees of hairiness
(pubescence). The leaves are 520 cm (2.07.9 in) long,
bipinnate or tripinnate, almost feathery, and arranged spirally on the stems. The leaves are cauline, and more or
less clasping.[5]
The inorescence has 4 to 9 phyllaries and contains ray
and disk owers which are white to pink. The gener- Yarrow leaves
ally 3 to 8 ray owers are ovate to round. Disk owers range from 15 to 40. The inorescence is produced in a at-topped capitulum cluster and the inores- 2 Distribution
cences are visited by many insects, featuring a generalized pollination system.[6] The small achene-like fruits are Yarrow grows from sea level to 3,500 metres (11,500
called cypsela.[5]
ft) in elevation. The plant commonly owers from May
The plant has a strong, sweet scent, similar to that of through June. Common yarrow is frequently found in the
chrysanthemums.[1]
mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests. Ac1

USES

Pollination

tive growth occurs in the spring.[1][5]

The plant is native to Eurasia and is found widely from
the UK to China.
In North America, both native and introduced genotypes,
and both diploid and polyploid plants are found.[7] It is
found in every habitat throughout California except the
Colorado and Mojave Deserts.[8][9] Common yarrow produces an average yield of 43,000 plants per acre, with a
total dry weight of 10,500 lbs.[10]
The plant is found in Australia as an introduction.
Pink owers

A. millefolium subsp.
malaya

chitralensis - western Hi-

A. millefolium subsp. sudetica - Alps, Carpathians

Achillea millefolium var. alpicola Western United
States, Alaska[11]
Achillea millefolium var. californica California,
Pacic Northwest[12][13][14]
Clusters of 15 to 40 tiny disk owers surrounded by three to eight
white to pink ray owers are, in turn, arranged in a at-topped
inorescence (Wenatchee Mountains, Washington).

Varieties

Achillea millefolium var.

America[15]

occidentalis North

Achillea millefolium var. pacica west coast of

North America, Alaska[16]
Achillea millefolium var. puberula endemic to
California[17]

The several varieties and subspecies include:

4 Uses
Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium
A. m. subsp. m. var. millefolium - Europe, 4.1 Cultivation
Asia
Achillea millefolium is cultivated as an ornamental plant
A. m. subsp. m. var. borealis - Arctic regions by many plant nurseries. It is planted in gardens
A. m. subsp. m. var. rubra - Southern Ap- and natural landscaping settings of diverse climates and
palachians
styles. They include native plant, drought-tolerant,

4.2

Companion planting

3
(pink),[27] and 'Calistoga' (white),[28] and 'Sonoma Coast'
(white).[29] Several, including 'Kelwayi',[30] and 'Lansdorferglut' (both pink)[31] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The many
hybrids of this species designated Achillea x taygetea
are useful garden subjects,[32] including: 'Appleblossom',
'Fanal', 'Honung', and 'Moonshine'.[33]

4.2 Companion planting

Achillea millefolium 'Paprika' cultivar

Yarrow is considered an especially useful companion

plant, repelling some pest insects while attracting good,
predatory ones. It attracts predatory wasps, which drink
the nectar and then use insect pests as food for their larvae. Similarly, it attracts ladybirds and hoveries.[20]

4.3 Agriculture
A. millefolium can be planted to combat soil erosion due
to the plants resistance to drought. Before the arrival of
monocultures of ryegrass, both grass leys and permanent
pasture always contained A. millefolium at a rate of about
0.3 kg/ha. At least one of the reasons for its inclusion
in grass mixtures was its deep roots, with leaves rich in
minerals. Thus its inclusion helped to prevent mineral
deciencies in the ruminants to which it was fed.

Achillea millefolium cultivar

It was introduced into New Zealand as a drought-tolerant

pasture. It is very prevalent.[2]

and wildlife gardens. The plant is a frequent com- 4.4 Food

ponent of buttery gardens. The plant prefers welldrained soil in full sun, but can be grown in less ideal Yarrow has also been used as a food or in teas, and was
conditions.[18][19][20]
very popular as a vegetable in the 17th century. The
younger leaves are said to be a pleasant leaf vegetable
when cooked like spinach, or in a soup. Yarrow is sweet
4.1.1 Propagation
with a slight bitter taste. The leaves can also be dried and
used as an herb in cooking.
For propagation, seeds require light for germination, so
optimal germination occurs when planted no deeper than In the Middle Ages, yarrow was part of a herbal mixture
used in the avoring of beer prior to the
one-quarter inch (6 mm). Seeds also require a germina- known as gruit
[34]
use
of
hops.
The
owers and leaves are used in making
tion temperature of 1824 C (6475 F). It has a rela[1]
liquors
and
bitters.
some
tively short life in some situations, but may be prolonged
by division in the spring every other year, and planting 12
to 18 in (3046 cm) apart. It can become invasive.[21]

4.5 Herbal and traditional uses

4.1.2

Cultivars

The species use in traditional gardens has generally

been superseded by cultivars with specic 'improved'
qualities.[22] Some are used as drought tolerant lawn replacements, with periodic mowing.[23] The many dierent ornamental cultivars include: 'Paprika',[24] 'Cerise
Queen', 'Red Beauty',[25] 'Red Velvet',[26] 'Saucy Seduction', 'Strawberry Seduction' (red), 'Island Pink'

A. millefolium has seen historical use as in traditional

medicine, often because of its astringent eects.[1] The
herb is purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent,[35]
tonic,[35] stimulant and mild aromatic.
It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagin, sterols,
avonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins. The genus
name Achillea is derived from mythical Greek character,
Achilles,[35] who reportedly carried it with his army to
treat battle wounds. This medicinal use is also reected

USES

in some of the common names mentioned below, such as treatment of the following ailments:[41]:293,367,518
staunchweed and soldiers woundwort.[1]
Pain,[42] antiphlogistic,[43][44] bleeding, gastroinTraditional names for A. millefolium include arrowroot, testinal disorders,[43] choleretic[45] inammation,[46]
bad mans plaything, bloodwort, carpenters weed, death emmenagogue,[47] stomachache.[48]
ower, devils nettle, eerie, eld hops, gearwe, hundred
Chinese proverbs claim yarrow brightens the eyes and
leaved grass, knights milefoil, knyghten, milefolium, promotes intelligence. Yarrow and tortoiseshell are conmilfoil, millefoil, noble yarrow, nosebleed, old mans
sidered to be lucky in Chinese tradition.[49]
mustard, old mans pepper, sanguinary, seven years love,
snakes grass, soldier, soldiers woundwort, stanchweed, In classical Greece, Homer tells of the centaur Chiron,
thousand seal, woundwort, yarroway, yerw. The English who conveyed herbal secrets to his human pupils, and
name yarrow comes from the Saxon (Old English) word taught Achilles to use yarrow on the battle grounds of
[50]
gearwe, which is related to both the Dutch word gerw and Troy.
[36]
the Old High German word garawa.
4.5.1 British folklore
In the Hebrides a leaf held against the eyes was believed
to give second sight.[51]
4.5.2 Chinese divination

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) essential oil in a colorless glass

vial

The dark blue essential oil, extracted by steam distillation

of the owers, has been used as an anti-inammatory[37]
A bunch of 50 yarrow Achillea millefolium subsp. m. var.
or in chest rubs for colds and inuenza.[38]
The leaves encourage clotting, so it can be used fresh for
nosebleeds.[39] The aerial parts of the plant are used for
phlegm conditions, as a bitter digestive tonic to encourage
bile ow, and as a diuretic.[40] The aerial parts act as a
tonic for the blood, stimulate the circulation, and can be
used for high blood pressure; it is also useful in menstrual
disorders, and as an eective sweating remedy to bring
down fevers.[1]

millefolium stalks, used for I Ching divination.

The stalks are dried and used as a randomising agent in I

Ching divination.[52]
4.5.3 Native American uses

Yarrow and its North American varieties, was used in

Yarrow intensies the medicinal action of other herbs traditional Native American herbal medicine by tribes
taken with it.[41] It is reported to be associated with the across the continent.[53] The Navajo considered it to be a

5 Gallery

Budding

Illustration in Koehlers Medizinal-Panzen in

naturgetreuen Abbildungen und kurz erluterndem
Texte (Franz Eugen Khler; 18831914).

life medicine, chewed it for toothaches, and poured an

infusion into ears for earaches. The Miwok in California
used the plant as an analgesic and head cold remedy.[53]
Several tribes of the Plains Indians used common yarrow.
The Pawnee used the stalk for pain relief. The Chippewa
used the leaves for headaches by inhaling it in a steam.
They also chewed the roots and applied the saliva to their
appendages as a stimulant. The Cherokee drank a tea
of common yarrow to reduce fever and aid in restful
sleep.[53]
Among the Zuni people use the occidentalis variety
medicinally. The blossoms and root are chewed, and
the juice applied before re-walking or re-eating. A
poultice of the pulverized plant is mixed with water and
applied to burns.[54] Recently it was reported that treatment with Achillea millefolium may attenuate disease
severity, inammatory responses, and demyelinating lesions in a mouse model of Multiple Sclerosis.[55]

4.6

Achillea millefolium at BioTrek, California State

Polytechnic University, Pomona.

Dangers

In rare cases, yarrow can cause severe allergic skin rashes;

prolonged use can increase the skins photosensitivity.[56]
This can be triggered initially when wet skin comes into
contact with cut grass and yarrow together.
In one study, aqueous extracts of yarrow impaired the
sperm production of laboratory rats.[57]

Achillea
folium ower closeup.

4.7

Birds

Several cavity-nesting birds, including the common starling, use yarrow to line their nests. Experiments conducted on the tree swallow, which does not use yarrow,
suggest that adding yarrow to nests inhibits the growth of
parasites.[58]
Its essential oil kills the larvae of the mosquito Aedes albopictus.[59]

Achenes

mille-

REFERENCES

[9] Calora database: Achillea millefolium . accessed 31 January 2013

[10] A Growers Guide_Yarrow_Achillea millefolium
[11] USDA Plants Prole for Achillea millefolium var. alpicola
(common yarrow) . accessed 31 January 2013

Field of Yarrow
in Russia.

[12] Prole for Achillea millefolium var. californica (California

yarrow) . accessed 31 January 2013
[13] Tropicos: Achillea millefolium var. californica . accessed
31 January 2013
[14] Bert Wilson (29 July 2012). Las Pilitas Nursery horticultural treatment: ''Achillea millefolium'' var. ''californica''". Laspilitas.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[15] USDA Plants Prole for Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis (western yarrow) . accessed 31 January 2013
[16] USDA Plants Prole for Achillea millefolium var. pacica
(Pacic yarrow) . accessed 31 January 2013

Western Yarrow in Kansas

[17] USDA Plants Prole for Achillea millefolium var. puberula . accessed 31 January 2013
[18] Missouri Botanical Garden horticultural treatment:
Achillea millefolium". Retrieved 31 January 2013.

See also
List of companion plants
Sacred herbs

References

[19] Fine Gardening magazine Plant Guide Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)". Retrieved 31 January 2013.
[20] Lady Bird Johnson Wildower Center Native Plant
Database: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)". Retrieved 31 January 2013.
[21] USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://
plants.usda.gov, 22 May 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

[1] Gualtiero Simonetti (1990). Stanley Schuler, ed. Simon &

Schusters Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster,
Inc. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.

[22] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom:

Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-32964.

[2] RNZIH - Horticulture Pages - Weeds - Achillea millefolium - yarrow. www.rnzih.org.nz. Retrieved 2015-0902.

[23] San Marcos Growers horticulture The Yarrow Lawn .

accessed 31 January 2013

[3] Eliminate Yarrow - How To Stop Yarrow Weeds In The

Garden. Gardening Know How. Retrieved 2015-09-02.

[24] Missouri Botanical Garden horticultural treatment:

''Achillea millefolium'' 'Paprika'". Missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

[4] Dodson & Dunmire, 2007, Mountain Wildowers of the

Southern Rockies, UNM Press, ISBN 978-0-8263-4244-7
[5] "Achillea millefolium". Flora of North America (FNA).
Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 31 January 2013
via eFloras.org.
[6] Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D.
G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of owers
(PDF). Plant Biology. doi:10.1111/plb.12328.
[7] Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). Flora of the Carolinas,
Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas.
[8] Jepson Manual treatment for ACHILLEA millefolium . accessed 31 January 2013

[25] Missouri Botanical Garden horticultural treatment:

''Achillea millefolium'' 'Red Beauty'". Missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[26] RHS: Achillea millefolium 'Red Velvet'
[27] Bert Wilson (8 January 2012). Las Pilitas Nursery:
''Achillea millefolium rosea'' Island Pink (Pink Yarrow)".
Laspilitas.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[28] California Natives Wiki: ''Achillea millefolium'' 'Calistoga'". Theodorepayne.org. 19 August 2010. Retrieved
19 May 2013.
[29] California Natives Wiki:
''Achillea millefolium''
'Sonoma Coast'". Theodorepayne.org. 19 August 2010.
Retrieved 19 May 2013.

[30] RHS Plant Selector Achillea millefolium 'Kelwayi' / RHS

Gardening. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[31] RHS Plant Selector Achillea millefolium 'Lansdorferglut'
AGM / RHS Gardening. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 19
May 2013.
[32] Clausen, Ruth Rogers; Ekstrom, Nicolas H. (1989).
Perennials for American gardens. New York: Random
House. p. 4. ISBN 0-394-55740-9.
[33] Monrovia Growers: Achillea x 'Moonshine' Moonshine Yarrow.
[34] Lanneskog, Thor (5 October 2015). This Is Genuine
Viking Beer. ThorNews. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
[35] Alma R. Hutchens (1973). Indian Herbology of North
America. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 0-87773-6391.
[36] Yarrow. Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.).
[37] Choudhary M.I.; Jalil S.; Todorova M.; Trendalova A.;
Mikhova B.; Duddeck H. (2007). Inhibitory eect of
lactone fractions and individual components from three
species of the Achillea millefolium complex of Bulgarian origin on the human neutrophils respiratory burst activity. Natural Product Research. 21 (11): 10321036.
doi:10.1080/14786410701369623.
[38] Teresa Skwarek (1979). Eects of Herbal Preparations
on the propagation of inuenza viruses. Acta Polon
Pharm. XXXVI (5): 17.
[39] Specic Indications in Clinical Practice. The Southwest
School of Botanical Medicine. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[40] Jeremy Ross (2003). Achillea"". Combining Western
Herbs and Chinese Medicine. pp. 165181. ISBN 9780-9728193-0-5.
[41] Kowalchik C, Hylton WH. Companion Planting. Rodales Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. p. 108. ISBN
978-0-87596-964-0.
[42] Analgesic Eect of aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium L. on rats formalin test Noureddini M., Rasta V.R. Pharmacologyonline 2008 3 (659-664)
[43] Benedek, Birgit; Kopp, Brigitte (2007). Achillea millefolium L. S.l. Revisited: Recent ndings conrm the traditional use. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 157
(1314): 312314. doi:10.1007/s10354-007-0431-9.
PMID 17704978.
[44] Aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) inorescences suppresses lipopolysaccharideinduced inammatory responses in RAW 264.7 murine
macrophages Burk D.R., Cichacz Z.A., Daskalova S.M.
Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 2010 4:3 (225-234)
[45] Choleretic eects of yarrow (Achillea millefolium s.l.) in
the isolated perfused rat liver Benedek B., Geisz N., Jger
W., Thalhammer T., Kopp B. Phytomedicine 2006 13:910 (702-706)

[46] Eects of two Achillea species tinctures on experimental acute inammation Popovici M., Prvu A.E., Oniga
I., Toiu A., Tma M., Benedec D. Farmacia 2008 56:1
(15-23)
[47] In vitro estrogenic activity of Achillea millefolium L. Innocenti G., Vegeto E., Dall'Acqua S., Ciana P., Giorgetti
M., Agradi E., Sozzi A., Fico G., Tom F. Phytomedicine
2007 14:2-3 (147-152)
[48] Antiulcerogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of
Achillea millefolium L.: Involvement of the antioxidant
system Potrich F.B., Allemand A., da Silva L.M., dos Santos A.C., Baggio C.H., Freitas C.S., Mendes D.A.G.B.,
Andre E., de Paula Werner M.F., Marques M.C.A. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010 130:1 (85-92)
[49] Chinese Superstitions. Chinatownconnection.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[50] Homer. Iliad. pp. 11.828832.
[51] Margaret Baker (October 1971). Discovering the Folklore of Plants (revised ed.). Shire Publications. SBN
852630806.
[52] Introduction to the I Ching - By Richard Wilhelm. Iging.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
[53] University of Michigan - Dearborn: Native American
Ethnobotany; Achillea millefolium . accessed 31 January
2013
[54] Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni
Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p. 42)
[55] Vazirinejad R, Ayoobi F, Arababadi MK, Eftekharian
MM, Darekordi A, Goudarzvand M, et al. Eect of aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium on the development of
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6
mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2014;46:3038.
[56] Contact Dermatitis 1998, 39:271-272.
[57] Dalsenter P, Cavalcanti A, Andrade A, Arajo S, Marques M (2004). Reproductive evaluation of aqueous
crude extract of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae)
in Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol. 18 (6): 81923.
doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.04.011. PMID 15279880.
[58] Shutler D, Campbell AA (2007). Experimental addition of greenery reduces ea loads in nests of a nongreenery using species, the tree swallow Tachycineta
bicolor. Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (1): 712.
doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04015.x.
[59] Essential oil composition and larvicidal activity of six
Mediterranean aromatic plants against the mosquito
Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Conti B., Canale
A., Bertoli A., Gozzini F., Pistelli L. Parasitology Research 2010 107:6 (14551461)

Further reading
Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth
Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.
Wood, John (2006). Hardy Perennials and Old
Fashioned Flowers. Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation.
Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). The Jepson Manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.

External links
"s". Flora of North America (FNA). Missouri Botanical Garden via eFloras.org..org; Flora of North
America Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)]
USDA Plants Prole for Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)
Kansas Wildowers - Achillea millefolium
Dr. Dukes Databases: Achillea millefolium
Winter identication photographs
Achillea millefolium growing guide
Achillea millefolium L. Medicinal Plant Images
Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong
Baptist University) (traditional Chinese) (English)

EXTERNAL LINKS

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Achillea millefolium Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium?oldid=748806800 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Mav,

William Avery, Zadcat, Bignose, Renata, Kwertii, Liftarn, Ihcoyc, Stan Shebs, Jengod, Hawthorn, Tero~enwiki, Raul654, Robbot, Sharkey,
Naddy, Texture, Fuelbottle, Alerante, MPF, Bradeos Graphon, Curps, Matt Crypto, Knutux, Quadell, Beland, JoJan, PDH, Icairns, Clarknova, Ushishir, Thorwald, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Mani1, B.e.wilson, Mwng, Mikcohen, Circeus, Hesperian, HasharBot~enwiki,
Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Gene Nygaard, Feline1, Kazvorpal, Abanima, Stemonitis, Pekinensis, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Richard
Barlow, Rjwilmsi, Ricardo Carneiro Pires, Margosbot~enwiki, Gurch, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, WriterHound, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Fitz05,
Seiken~enwiki, Jellocube27, Gaius Cornelius, Curtis Clark, Complainer, D-Katana, Nineteenthly, BirgitteSB, BOT-Superzerocool, Mysid,
Bota47, Asarelah, Dddstone, JonathanLamb, IceCreamAntisocial, Arria Belli, Chopton, Closedmouth, Wsiegmund, CharlieHuang, Gethzerion101, GrinBot~enwiki, SmackBot, Ma8thew, Unyoyega, Hardyplants, Edgar181, Cazort, Betacommand, Muggwort17, Thumperward,
SB Johnny, MidgleyDJ, Deli nk, Mark7-2, Kingdon, 4hodmt, Midimacman, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Bige1977, Bjankuloski06en~enwiki, The
Man in Question, Calibas, Mr Stephen, Ferhengvan, Waggers, Dl2000, Paul venter, Kaarel, Moonwatcher13, Laonikoss, WeggeBot, Myasuda, Cydebot, Amhernandez, Maggosh, Kazubon~enwiki, Damianraerty, Thijs!bot, Widefox, Waerloeg, Smartse, Tillman, Arx Fortis,
Richiez, JAnDbot, WANAX, Deective, Koibeatu, Altairisfar, UtDicitur, Steveprutz, JamesBWatson, Michael Goodyear, Soulbot, Carrie
S., MartinBot, Vicpeters, Bwtranch, Keith D, R'n'B, EdBever, TyrS, VonTasha, M-le-mot-dit, Colchicum, NewEnglandYankee, SriMesh,
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10.2

Images

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