1.

A human being can blow air out of their mouth at a rate of

10

k g/s. How

long will it take for this human to blow up a balloon to a volume of 5 x 1

104

m3 ? The air may be taken to be at 311 K and 110 kPa.

SOLUTION:
This is an conservation of mass problem with one inflow and no outflows and zero
initial mass. Writing the conservation of mass, we have

mfinalminitial
=m
t
Assuming that the initial mass is zero and solving for the time period, we have

t=

mfinal
initial
m

For the final mass, we have

mfinal=

V final
v

We will determine the specific volume v, for air from the ideal gas equations, or

v=

RT ( 0.287)(311)
=
=0.81m3 /kg
P
(110)

Then

5 x 104
mfinal=
=6.17 x 104 kg
0.81
So that

t=

6.17 x 104
=6.2 s
4
10

2. Consider a 40-gallon hot water heater. Over a fifteen-minute time period hot
water flows out of the hot water heater at 0.75 kg/s and cold water at 0.5
kg/s flows into the hot water heater. How full (in percent) is the hot water
heater at the end of the fifteen minutes? You may take the water temperature
to be

85 .

SOLUTION:
This is a conservation of mass problem with one inflow and one outflow with mass
depletion. Writing the conservation of mass, we have

out )

- m
mfinalminitial
=
t
Wa want to determine the final mass which will then allow us to determine how full
the hot water is.Solving for the final mass, we have

m
out )
mfinal=minitial + t( m

The time period is given as 15 minutes or 900 seconds. The initial mass is given by

minitial= V

initia;

The initial volume is 80 gallons or 0.30 cubic meters. We take the density for liquid
water is 85

or interpolating form table A-3,968.2 kg per cubic meter. Now

solving

minitial=( 968.2 ) ( 0.30 ) =290.5 kg

Then

mfinal=290.5+ ( 900 )( 0.500.75 ) =65.5 kg

So at the end of 15 minutes the tank is 23% full

3. If it takes 12 seconds to empty a one liter bottle, what is the mass flow rate of
soda leaving the bottle? You may take the density of soda to be 850 kg/s.
SOLUTION:
This is a conservation of mass problem with one outflow and no inflows and zero
final mass. Writing the conservation of mass, we have

minitial
out
=m
t
Solving we have

m
V initial
m
out = initial =
=
t
t

1
)
1000
=0,071 kg /s
12

( 850)(

4. Albert has bought some land, and plans

to
plant vegetable which will need to be
watered every day in the summer. He
will plant 45 acres of vegetables. It is
estimated that each acre needs 2,000
liters of water per day. The water used to
irrigate the land is from a well. A pond is
needed to store the water. He has an old
pump which has a volume flow rate of
20
L/s. The assumptions are: (1) no irrigation during the filling process; (2) the
flow of the pump is steady,

m=m
t

and; (3) at 30 oC and 1 atm,

water =996 kg /m3 . Determine the volume of the pond in liters and the time
to fill the pond in seconds.

SOLUTION:
a

Volume of the pond

The amount of water needed for 45 acres per day:

V total=( 45 acres ) x (2000 L)

V total=90000 liters
At the end of the filling process, the pond should have enough water to
irrigate the 45 acres for the day. Hence the volume of the pond needs to
be at least 90,000 L.
b

Time to fill the pond

Considering the water in the pond as a system. During the filling process, no
water is going out of the system for irrigation. The mass balance on this system
during the filling process is:

mmout = msystem
m= msystem
At the end of the filling process, the pond has the water needed for one day's
irrigation. That gives:

msystem @ final =mtotal

At the beginning of the filling process, the pond is empty.

msystem @initial =0

From the mass balance, the mass imported to the pond can be determined.

m= msystem =m system @ finalmsystem @ initial

mtotal 0
V total

(90000 L)x

1 m3
kg
x 996 3
1000 L
m

)(

m=89640 kg
V =20 L/ s . According to the relation between the

The flow rate of the pump is

mass flow rate and volume flow rate, the mass flow rate can be determined.

V
m=

L
1m3
kg
20 x
x 996 3
s
1000 L
m

( )(

m=19.9

)(

kg
s

The total time needed for the pump to be operated is:

m= mt

t=

89640 kg
kg
19.9
s

t=4505 seconds
t=1.25 hours

5. A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 15-gal bucket. The inner
diameter of the hose is 7 cm, and it reduces to 0.13cm at the nozzle exit. If it
takes 55s to fill the bucket with water, determine: (a) The volume and mass
flow rates of water through the hose, and (b) the average velocity of water at
the nozzle exit.
SOLUTION:
(a) Noting that 15 gal of water are discharged in 55s, the volume and mass flow
rates of water are

15 gal 3.7854 L
L
V = =
gal =1.032
t
55 s
1
s

( kgL )(1.032 Ls )=1.032 kgs

m=
p V = 1

(b) The cross-sectional area of the nozzle exit is

Ae= r 2= ( 0.065 cm )2 =0.1327 c m2=0.1327 x 104 m2

The volume flow rate through the hose and the nozzle is constant. Then the
average velocity of water at the nozzle is constant. Then the average velocity
of water at the nozzle exit becomes

L
1.032
3
V
s
m
Ve= =
1
=83.427 m/ s
Ae 0.1237 x 104 m2 1000 L

6. Steam is leaving a 6L pressure cooker whose operating pressure is 150 kPa. It

is observed that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased by 0.8L in
42min after the steady operating conditions are established, and the cross
sectional area of the exit opening is 10mm2. Determine the mass flow rate of
the steam and the exit velocity. (Saturated liquid water @150kPa: V f=
0.001053 m3/kg, Vg= 1.1594 m3/kg)
SOLUTION:
Saturation conditions exist in a pressure cooker at all times after the steady
operating conditions are established. Therefore, the liquid has the properties of
saturated liquid and the exiting steam has the properties of saturated vapor at the
operating pressure. The amount of liquid that has evaporated, the mass flow rate of
the exiting steam, and the exit velocity are:

Vliquid
=0.8
Vf

m=

m 0.760 kg
kg
4 kg
=
=0.0181
=3.017 x 10
t 42 mins
mins
s

V=

vg
m
m
=
=
sAc
Ac

m3
L =0.760 kg
1000

m=

m
0.001053
kg

kg
m3
1.1594
s
kg
m
=34.98
6 2
s
10 x 10 m

3.017 x 104

)(

7. Air at 13C and 83kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a
velocity of 203 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.7m 2. The air leaves the

diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared with the inlet velocity.
Determine the mass flow rate of the air.
SOLUTION:
Take the diffuser as the system. This is a control volume since the mass crosses the
system boundary during the process. We observe that there is only one inlet and

m1=

m2=

m
.

one exit and thus

To determine the mass flow rate, we need to find the specific volume of the air
first. This is determined from the ideal gas relation at the inlet conditions:

V 1=

RT 1
=
P1

m3
K ( 283 K )
kg
m3
=0.979
83 kPa
kg

0.287 kPa

1 V 1 A 1= 1 m 203 m ( 0.7 m2 )=145.15 kg

m=
v1
0.979 kg
s
s

Since the flow is steady, the mass flow rate through the entire diffuser remains
constant at this value.
8. Steam at 260 psia and 710F steadily enters a nozzle whose inlet area is 0.12
ft2. The mass flow rate of steam through the nozzle is 20 lbm/s. Steam leaves
the nozzle at 210 psia with a velocity of 910 ft/s. Heat losses from the nozzle
per unit mass of the steam are estimated to be 1.12 Btu/lbm. Determine the
inlet velocity
SOLUTION:

m=

20

lbm
=
s

1
3

2.6883

V 1=448.05

ft
s

ft
lbm

(V 1)(0.12 f t 2)

1
V 1 A1
v1

9. A spherical hot-air balloon is initially filled with air at 128 kPa and 28C with an
initial diameter of 13 m. Air enters this balloon at 128 kPa and 28C with a
velocity of 11 m/s
through a 9-m diameter opening. How many minutes will it take to inflate this
balloon to a 23-m diameter when the pressure and temperature of the air in the
balloon remain the same as the air entering the balloon? (gas constant of air
R=0.287 kPa m3/kgK)
SOLUTION:

v=

RT
=
P

m3
( 28+273 K )
kgK
m3
=0.675
128 kPa
kg

0.287 kPa

The mass flow rate at this entrance is

m
11
2

(
9
m
)
AcV D V
s
kg
m=

=
=
=1036.726
3
v
4 v
4
s
0.675 m
kg
2

The initial mass of air in the balloon is

( 13 m)3
v i D3
mi= =
=
=1704.217 kg
v
6v
m3
6 0.675
kg

Similarly, the final mass of air in the balloon is

v f D3
mf = =
=
v
6v

( 23 )

m3
6 0.675
kg

=9437.965 kg

The time it takes to inflate the balloon is determined from

t=

mf mi ( 9437.9651704.217 ) kg
=
=7.460 s
m

kg
1036.726
s

10.A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan whose flow rate is 0.33 m 3/min.
Determine the mass flow rate of air through the fan at an elevation of 3300 m
where the air
density is 0.6 kg/m3. Also, if the average velocity of air is not to exceed 100
m/min, determine the diameter of the casing of the fan.
SOLUTION:

3
air= V air = 0.6 kg3 0.33 m =0.198 kg =3.3 x 103 kg
m
mins
mins
s
m

)(

If the mean velocity is 100 m/mins, the diameter of the casing is

D
v =AV =
V
4

m3
mins
4 v 12
D=
=
V
m
100
mins

( )

( ( ))
(

4 0.33

1
2

=0.065m