DILLA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF COUNTER CORRUPTION EFFORTS AT THE

LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVELS: THE CASE OF DILLA TOWN MUNICIPALITY
A

SENIOR

ESSAY

REQUIREMENTS

SUBMITTED

FOR

FOR

BACHLOR

THE

THE

PARTIAL
OF

ARTS

FULFILLMENT
DEGREE

IN

OF

THE

PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

BY: SAMUEL KARBASO

ADVISOR: DANIEL AMENTE (MPA)

JUNE 2016,
DILLA, ETHIOPIA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, thanks to my almighty and omnipotent GOD, permitted me to
accomplish my overall study of this research successfully.
Next my deepest heartfelt thanks go to my advisor Daniel Amente (MPA) for his
valuable advice, detailed and thoughtful comments and critics from the beginning
up to the completion of this study.
The last but not least the most importantly I would like to express my especial
thanks to my parents, friends as well as my near relatives who are praying to me
and also support me in additional advices and comments as well as in their financial
support.

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE
PAGE
Acknowledgement................................................................................................... I
Table of content....................................................................................................... II
List of tables ........................................................................................................... V
List of Figure..........V
Acronyms

........................................................................................................... VI

Abstract

.......................................................................................................... VII

CHAPTER ONE
1

6
7
8

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1
1 Background of the Study................................................................................... 1
2 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research Questions........................................................................................... 3
4
Objectives of the Study................................................................................... 3
1
General Objective................................................................................3
2
Specific Objectives.............................................................................. 3
Research Methodology............................................................................................ 4
1.5.1 Description of the Study Area........................................................................4
1.5.2 Research Approach.............................................................................. 4
1.5.3 Research Design.................................................................................. 4
1.5.4 Sampling Design and Techniques.........................................................4
1.5.5 Data Source and Collection Instruments..............................................5
1.5.6 Data Capturing and Storing Methods...................................................5
1.5.7 Method of Data Presentation and Analysis...........................................5
1.5.8 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................5
Scope of the Study.................................................................................................. 6
Significance of the Study......................................................................................... 6
Organization of the Paper ....................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO
2

. REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE......................................................................7

2.1 The Meaning of Corruption.............................................................................7
2.2 Concept of Corruption at the Local level.........................................................8
2.2.1 Concepts of Local Government............................................................8
2.2.2 Role of Local Government in Combating Corruption............................9
2.2.2.1 Political Role................................................................................. 10
2.2.2.2 Socioeconomic Role.......................................................................10
2.3 Types of Corruption Found in Local Government...........................................10
2.3.1 Bribery................................................................................................ 11
2.3.2 Extortions............................................................................................ 11
2.3.3 Embezzlement.................................................................................... 11
2.3.4 Nepotism............................................................................................. 11
2.3.5 Patronage System...............................................................................11
1

2.4 Factors Causing Corruption............................................................................12

2.5 Overview of Corruption in Ethiopia................................................................13
2.5.1 Cause of Corruption in Ethiopia...........................................................14
2.5.2 Consequence of Corruption in Ethiopia...............................................14
2.5.3 Areas Where Corruption is believed to be Rampant...........................14
2.5.4 The Challenges of Corruption on Socio-Economic Rights....................15
2.5.5 Challenges of Corruption on politics....................................................15
2.5.6 Public Sector Salaries and Recruitment Policy....................................15
2.6 Corruption and Public Sector Regulation .........................................................16

CHAPTER THREE
3. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION........................................17
3.1Introduction17
3.2. Background Information of the Employees..................................................................17
3.3 The Main Part of the Study............................................................................................19
3.3.1. Causes of Corruption...........................................................................................19
3.3.2. Forms of Corruption More Rampant in the Organization...................................20
3.3.3 Organs Working on Corruption in the Municipality ............................................21
3.3.4 Level of Transparency in the Municipality ..........................................................22
3.3.5 Customer Appeal .................................................................................................22
3.3.6 Challenges of Corruption in the Organization.................................................23
3.3.7 The Relation that the Municipality has with the Public .................................23
3.3.8 Ways of Combating Corruption.......................................................................24
3.3.9 Challenges of Corruption on Socio economic and Political Spheres...............25
3.3.10 Prospects in an Effort to Combat Corruption ................................................25
3.3.11. Strategies to be used to Control Counter Corruption ...................................26
CHAPTER FOUR
4. MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................29
4.1 Major Finding.................................................................................................................29
4.2 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................30
4.3 Recommendations...........................................................................................................31
REFERENCES
Appendix

LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
Table 1: Respondents Sex, Age, Educational Level, Marital Status and Work
Experience 18
Table 2: Causes of Corruption. .19
Table 3: Forms of Corruption More Rampant in the
municipality. .......................................................................20
Table 4: Organs Working on Corruption in the Organization..............................21
Table 5: Level of Transparency in the Organization................................................22
Table 6: The customers appeal in the organization
22
Table 7: Challenges or problems of corruption ......................................................23
Table 8: Relation of the organization with the public..............................................24
Table 9: Ways of combating corruption 24
3

Table 10: Challenges of corruption on socioeconomic and political25

Table 11: Prospects in an effort to combat
corruption............................................................25
Table 12: Better strategies used as effort to against corruption............................26

List of figure
Figure
page
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of different types of corruption....................
.12

ACRONYMS
BPR-

Business Process Reengineering

TI- Transparency International

SNNPRS- South nation nationalities and peoples regional states
TI

Transparency International
4

F-

Frequency

Abstract
This research is prepared with the title challenges and prospects of counter corruption
efforts at the local government levels particularly in Dilla town municipality. In Dilla town
municipality corruption has many challenging dimensions which hinder the provision
efficient and effective service to the customer, such as marginalizing the poor section of the
society; it affects social, economic and political aspects of the organization and it also affect
the overall development of the organization. In addition to this, some of the prospects are
5

achieved in the study area, such as enhancement of accountability and transparency in

different activities of the municipality, increased level of institutional control in the
municipality, clear attitude of workers in their overall activities performed in the
organization and clear public information. For the fulfillment of this paper, the researcher
used both primary and secondary sources of data. The study tried to see the employees of
Dilla town municipality, their behavior, attitude and their points of view regarding to the
challenges of corruption on socioeconomic and political sphere and prospects in an effort to
combat corruption in the municipality. Generally, this study formulates possible suggestions
and solutions in order to solve the major problems or challenges encountering counter
corruption efforts of Dilla town municipality such as accountability from the top
management to be started, the municipality must be alert and sensitive to the problem, clear
authorization and organization must be formulated in the municipality and developing
democratic culture in the organization are some of the possible solutions. Finally, this study
was prepared in planned way even though there is limitation in finance, time and knowledge
for the researcher.

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Stud
Corruption is a general concept described any organized interdependent system in which part of
the system is either not performing furies that were originally intense to, or performing in an
6

important way. It is done by using public power unlawfully and wrongly to get some benefit for
him/her self or for another person, contrary to the duty and rights of another. In addition to this
corruption is improper and usually unlawfully conduct intended to source a benefit for one self
or another. Its forms include Bribery, Extortion, Fraud, Embezzlement, and influence peddling
(Sintayehu and Tasew,2001). More particularly and for the purpose of this paper, corruption is
used to mean the use of public office for private gain which directly affects the institutions at
the local government level.
Corruption has many challenging dimensions at the local government level related to political,
economic, social and environmental spheres. In political spheres, corruption inputs democracy
and the rule of law. In democratic system, public institutions and offices may lose their
legitimacy when they misuse their power for private interest (international transparency 2005).
The economic challenges of corruption can be categorized as minor and major. However, both in
one way or the other have serious on the individual community and country. First and foremost,
corruption leads to the depletion of national wealth. It is often responsible for increased costs of
goods and services, the funneling of scarce public resource to uneconomic high, profile project at
the much needed projects such as schools, hospitals and roads. It is the hindrances of the
development of fair in market structures and unhealthy competition (NA lash).
In social sphere corruption discourages to work together for common goal. Frustration and
general apathy are among the public results weak civil society. Demanding and paying bribes
becomes the tradition. It also results in social inequality and widened gap between the rich and
poor, increased poverty and insecurity (International Transparency, 2005). The purpose of this
study was to investigate local government levels from the challenges encountering counter
corruption efforts and assess the prospects in an effort to combat corruption at the local
government levels.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Corruption is one of the most serious problems the world is faced currently. It is like cancer since
it damages the socioeconomic aspects of countries. In light of this reality, many countries have
been taking various measures aimed at preventing this malpractice. The negative impact of
corruption on development is no longer subjected to argument. Various evidences across the
7

globe show the short coming of corruption on economic, political and social development of
societies.
Corruption is presently one of the major challenges facing the human race. The world over,
corruption is increasingly being seen as a threat to human existence to the extent that some
commentators have called for it to be recognized as a crime against humanity. Indeed, corruption
has been identified as the main obstacle to the realization of good governance, sustainable
development goals. In Africa, for instance, the commission for Africa identified corruption as a
central concern which negatively affects governance and development on the continent (Patric L.
2001).
Corruption is a global challenge, it affects are more manifest in Africa and other developing
countries. Its problem cannot be seeing solely as an Africa problem. It is imported, natured,
developed and entrenched incontinent of Africa. In addition to this, corruption in Ethiopia has
taken as one of the challenging factor that affects the political, economic, social and cultural
wellbeing of societies (E.campos 2007).
Corruption is antidemocratic that is characterized by uncertainty and decline immoral values and
disrespect for constitutional institutions and authorities. It also undermined efforts to achieve
good governance at the local government level. However, local governments in Ethiopia are one
of the commonly areas where the corruption is rampant. There are no sufficient literatures and
research works conducted on the topic under the study particularly in Dilla town municipality, so
the researcher was conducted the problems by investigating local government of Dilla town
municipality from the challenges of counter corruption efforts and assess the prospects in an
effort to combat corruption.
1.3 Research Questions
The research would be expected to give answers to the following research question.
1
2
3

What are the challenges encountering counter corruption effort of Dilla town municipality?
What are the prospects in an effort to combat corruption in Dilla town municipality?
What strategies do you suggest to better enhance the counter corruption effort of Dilla town
municipality?

4. Through what option the counter corruption effort can be strengthened in Dilla town
municipality?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
This study has both general and specific objectives
1.4.1 General Objective of the Study
The general objective of this study is to assess the challenges and prospects of counter corruption
efforts at the local government level focusing Dilla town municipality.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Study
1. To examine the challenges encountering counter corruption effort of Dilla town municipality.
2. To investigate the prospects in an effort to combat corruption in Dilla town municipality.
3. To assess strategies in suggest to better enhance the counter corruption effort of Dilla town
municipality.
4. To provide an entry option through which the counter corruption can be strengthened in Dilla
town municipality.

1.5 Research Methodology

1.5.1 Description of the Study Area
Dilla town municipality was established in 1948 E.C. The municipality is located in the north
eastern part of Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional States (SNNPRS). Dilla town
municipality is located 360 km to the south away from Adiss Ababa and 90 km from Hawassa,
the capital city of Southern Nations Nationalities and peoples Regional States (SNNPRS).
Astronomically, Dilla town is located between 6 011- 6037 North latitude and 38029- 38044
9

east longitudes. In its administrative division the Dilla town municipality has contain 3 sub
towns and 9 urban kebeles which are governed by the municipality. The altitudinal range of Dilla
town was from 2001- 300meters above sea level. The area is rugged terrain which was the main
land features of the woreda was categorized as Dega (62.5%) and Woina dega (37.5%) and 75%
of the study area was sloppy and highly exposed to erosion. The municipality has been
encouraging the respective 3 sub towns and 9 urban kebeles for the promotion of sustainable
development and effective urban planning.
1.5.2 Approach of the Study
Basically the choice of an appropriate research approach and method depends on the nature of
the problem on the hand and the type of data needed. For this purpose the researcher was
employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches of the research. Qualitatively the research
was provided the nature of the characteristics or trait, such as motivation, confidence, honesty,
and integrity. Quantitatively the researcher used statistical tools.
1.5.3 Research Design
The research design that the researcher adopted was the descriptive research design because
descriptive studies are concentrated with describing the characteristics of particular individual or
group.
1.5.4 Sampling Design and Technique
This study employed simple random sampling technique and selected 30 employees of Dilla
town municipality from the total of 116 employees working in the municipality. Therefore, from
the total population of 116 employees working in the municipality, 30 employees were taken as a
sample by using simple random sampling techniques to give each and every units of the
population independent and equal chance included in the sample and reduces bias as much as
possible.
1.5.5 Data Sources and Collection Instruments
Both primary and secondary sources of data were used together with relevant information on the
issue under the study. Primary data was collected through questionnaires which includes both
10

open and close ended questions for both lower level employees and customers. In addition to
primary sources, secondary sources of data was collected through reviewed government
documents, articles, library materials, books published and unpublished materials.
1.5.6 Data Capturing and Storing Methods
Data capturing and observation are very important unit of measurement. Therefore, the
researcher was able to reliable in capturing and recorded the number of data and encaging acts,
typing, and observes and stored it properly.
1.5.7 Method of Data Presentation and Analysis
The study used data analysis instruments from the beginning like frequency and percentage the
interpreted the outcome of the findings. The qualitative data that are collected through key
informative and quantitative data are analyzed separately the units of analysis being themes and
concepts, the findings are presented in a descriptive manner. The data gathered through
qualitative and quantitative methods, primary as well as secondary sources have been analyzed
based on descriptive analysis. Based on the findings conclusions and recommendations are
given.
1.5.8 Ethical Considerations
The researcher opted Dilla town municipality to conduct a research due to challenges and
prospects of counter corruption efforts at the local government level. Before the data collection
permissions from the concerned organizations and institutions are asked. During the distribution
of questionnaire employees of Dilla town municipality were informed more to fill the
questionnaires and understand the purpose as well as benefits of this study along with their full
right to refuse or completely reject in participation. The respondents were told their responses
would be kept confidential and their identity shall not be exposed. Then after that, the researcher
thanks the employees of Dilla town municipality due to cooperation to him.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study was designed to investigate the challenges and prospects of counter corruption efforts
at the local government levels emphasizing on Dilla town municipality. Regarding its content,
11

this research was limited only to challenges and prospects of counter corruption and its effort at
the local government levels and assigns some forms of corruption found in local government
such as bribery, extortion, embezzlement, nepotism and patronage system. Therefore, any
conclusion and recommendation drown is limited to the context of the Dilla town municipality.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This study would have the following significance. Firstly it helps to identify the major challenges
and prospects of counter corruption efforts at the local government in Dilla town municipality. In
addition to that, it allows providing valuable information for the organizations, the researchers
and information seekers regarding the challenges and prospects of counter corruption efforts in
the study area. Moreover, it also helps to provide some valuable comments to the municipality
with regarding to the challenges and prospects of counter corruption efforts at the local
government levels.
1.8 Organization of the Paper
This study was organized in to four chapters. The first chapter is an introduction part which
covers the background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of
the study, research methodology, and scope of the study, significance of the study and
organization of the paper. The second chapter is about review of related literature which deals
issues with corruption. The third chapter is consisting of data presentation, analysis and
interpretation. The final chapter covers the summary of the major findings, conclusion and
recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUR
2.1. The Meaning of Corruption
12

There is no single universally accepted definition for the word corruption. This definition is often
influenced by someone who uses the word. This is because different societies at different times
and different cultures have different views on the meaning of corruption (Johnston, 2003).
In Ethiopia context, for example there were times of bribery and nepotism was also regarded as a
positive approach to help friends and relatives (cited in the transparency Ethiopia). According to
the anti-corruption article (no 236/2001) of the law of Ethiopia, corruption offense means any
offense committed in relation to a government or public service of public interest involution of
the duties proper to a government or public service by seeking exacting, promise or receiving
any gratification on or advantage for himself/herself or for other persons or group of persons or:
inflicting harm on another persons and includes corrupted practices acceptance of undue
advantage, traffic in official influence, abuse of power, maladministration; appropriation and
miss appropriation in discharge of duties, extortion and disclosure of secret shall include in such
other similar cases (Ethiopia Anti-corruption Article 236/2001).
On the other hand, transparency international (TI) defines corruption of manifesting itself in
private aspect of life such as loafing, cheating, lying, manipulation, embezzlement, extortion and
disclosure of threats and explosion of others and situation for private gains at the expense of the
common good of the society (transparency Ethiopia, 2001).
Wrong doing on the part of authority or powerful party through means that are illegitimate,
immoral or incompatible with ethical standards corruption often results from patronage and is
associated with bribery. However, the abuse of public office for the private gains, public office is
abused for gain where officials, accept, solicits or exhort a bribe. It is also abused when private
agents actively offer bribes to circumvent policies and processes for competitive advantage and
profits. A public office can also be abused for a personal benefit even if no bribery occurs.
Through patronage and nepotism, the thefts of state or the diversion of the state revenue is
harmed. More particularly, corruption means the misuse of office for private gain. The office is
apposition of trust, where one receives authority in order to act on behalf of an institution, be in
private, public or non profit. Fatherly, corruption is (1) dishonest or illegal behavior, especially of
people in authority, (2) the act or effect of making some body charge from moral to immoral
standard of behavior. Thus, corruption consists of three important elements: namely morality,
authority and behavior.(World Bank ,1997).
13

2.2 Concepts of Corruption at the Local Level

The concept of corruption at the local level means many different things to many different people
and takes the different forms around the world. Corruption by no means is a unique problem of a
particular locality, country or region. However, this fact shall not be a consolation, nor does it
render less urgent the tasks it must be undertake to and corruption at the local level. In this sense
corruption is l public service for private gain. At the local level corruption involves behavior
on the part of officials in public service, whether, a politicians or civil servants in whom they use
the service improperly to enrich themselves or those close to them through misuse of the public
power entrusted to them. Moreover, corruption distorts the allocation of local resources and the
preference of local governments. The praxis consequence of corruption in local level are poor
public services, increased social polarization, inefficiency in public services, low investment in
the municipality and decrease economic growth (World Bank, 1998).
Corruption distorts the allocation of local resource and the performance of local government.
Corruption creates inefficiencies, such as discouraging investment in the local economy and in
infrastructure, which in turn has a harmful effect on urban finance (Luis Moreno 1998).
2.2.1 Concepts of Local Government
Local government is grass roots of government structure as recognized by law of their specific
government system. Local government defined by different author or bodies among them are as
follows. Local government is special because they are close to the people they serve. Local
government is the level of government that fights crimes, extinguishes fires, paves streets,
collects trough, maintains parks and provides water, health and education. There are five types of
local governments; countries, municipality, towns and townships, special districts and school
districts. A useful way of thinking about local government is to distinguish between general
purpose and single purpose local governments. General purpose local government saves those
that perform a wide range of governmental functions. Single purpose local governments have a
specific purpose and performance function (Bowman, 2001).
Local government is apolitical subdivision of a nation or in a federal system, state which is
constituted and has substantial control of local unit affairs including the power to impose taxes or

14

to exert labor for prescribed purpose. The governing body of such an entity is elected or
otherwise locally selected (United nation, 2001).
Local government are often more successful in gaining the trust than national governments. The
legitimacy that comes from operating in more visible, accessible and accountable may is an
important form of social capital. It is crucial than that local governments share their successful
widely, to inspire other local governments and national policy makers that the local level fits in
the range of service improvement options available (Alderfer, 1995).
A local government has so many characteristics (Maddick, 1995); the major one is the following.
Local government is subordinate system of government.
It has both legal and constitutional power to perform certain administrative and quasi-judicial
functions.
Has the power to make policies, prepare budget and measure of control over its own staff on
what to do, how to do, why, where, when, for who, and at what cost.
Its council could be elected or selected.
It has legal personality that means, can sue and sued for doing.
It exercises authority over a given territory or population.
2.2.2 Role of Local Government in Combating Corruption
Local government plays a critical role and has a wide range of function by combating corruption
at a local level. In the area of local government, government has introduced the municipal
finance management in order to bring greater accountability and transparency in to municipality
operation. This act also introduces risk management and fraud prevention as a statutory in local
authority to initiate and implement an anti-corruption campaign in local government. Combating
corruption is crucial to the broader goal of achieving more effective, fair and efficient local
governments. The rational curbing corruption should not arise from the perception of corruption
as immoral or ethical behavior. These roles could be classified in to two, political and socio
economic roles (Alderfer.1995).
2.2.2.1 Political Role
Local government is veritable and appropriate institution for promoting democracy,
accountability, transparency as well as to combat corruption. To combat corruption effectively, it
15

is governments responsibility to do enforce laws, deregulate, initiate reform procedures, and

demonstrate political commitment and increasing accountability of government officials and
transparency in their undertakings for the good performance of officials. Local government
should well place to mobilize the people politically through political education, political
enlightenment and political action and then help to train people for higher responsibilities.
Building sustainable institutional reforms at the local government level implies taking several
steps towards the design of a participatory strategy, starting strong political will to reform.
However, politically local governments should use some methods of combating corruption such
as using rules and regulation, disciplinary action, balance of power, encouraging accountability
and transparency, establishing watchdogs organizations including the anti-corruption
commission, the ombudsman and the auditor general.
2.2.2.2 Socio-Economic Role
Local government also has socioeconomic role in fighting corruption at the local level. The
exercise of democracy and human right commonly be meaningful if demand and policies can be
translated in to physical development including the provision of basic socio-economic services in
order to combat corruption. The government could provide basic services fairly to the society of
local because service of local government is primarily or basic in nature as reflected in their
functions. Some of them are basic health, education, agriculture and revenue raising and
regulating function.
2.3 Types of Corruption Found in Local Government
There are several types of political corruption that occur in local government. Some are more
common than others. And some are more susceptible to corruption because interactions between
private individuals and officials greater level of intimacy of and more frequently at more
decentralized level. Forms of corruption pertaining too many like bribery, extortion,
embezzlement and graft are found in local government systems. Corruption at the local level can
appear in many forms thus are explained below ( Sintayehu, 2001).
2.3.1 Bribery

16

Bribery is the offering of something which is must often money but can also be goods and
service in order to gain unfair advantage. Common can be sway a persons opinion action or
decision reduce amount fees collected speed up a government guarantee or change outcomes of
legal process.
2.3.2 Extortion
Extortion is treating or inflecting harm to a person. Their reputation or their properties in order to
unjust obtain money, actions services or other goods from that person. Black mail is a form of
extortion.
2.3.3 Embezzlement
Embezzlement is the illegal taking or appropriation of money for property that has been
entrusted to a person but is actually owned by another. In political term this is called graft which
is when a political office holder allows fully uses for personal purpose.
2.3.4 Nepotism
Nepotism is the practice inclination to favors a group or person who is a relative when giving
promotion jobs raises and other profits to employees. This often based on concepts of feminism
which believing that a person must always respect and favor family in all situations including
those pertaining to politics and business; this leads some political officials to give privilege
position of authority to relatives based on relationship and regardless of their actual abilities.
2.3.5 Patronage System
Patronage system consists of grating favors, contracts or appointment to position by local public
office holder or candidate for apolitical office in return for political support. Many times
patronage is used to gain support and votes in election or in passing legislation. Patronage
systems disregard the formal

FAVORITISM

personal instead of formalized

rules of local government and use

channel to gain an advantage.

-supply gain
-distribution
-nepotism
17

discrimination
-prejudice

TRIBUTE

AUTHORITY
-privilege

CORRUPTION

-Abuse

AUTHORITY

-Commission
tapping

-contract

-bribes

embezzlement

-extortion

-harassment

COMPETENCE

-protection

-indolence
-ineptitude
-cheating
-Theft

Fig.1 Diagrammatic representation of different types of corruption

2.4 Factors Causing Corruption
Socio-economic characteristics and the size of people are considered as factors that make up
municipality encouraging local government officials to engage in corrupt practice. Pattern of
political corruption can be found in place that as a similar socioeconomic characteristics and the
size of population (Luismoreno, 1998).
The causes of corruption are many and may vary from one local government to another. Since
the cause of corruption vary and because of the member of the variable involved, its unlikely
that a detailed attempt to achieve a global, or even a regional list of factors, would serve a useful
purpose. These lists of factors are ringing from bad governance, selfishness, dishonest, no
18

enforcement of the lows, lack of accountability and transparency, unlimited tenure in office,
family commitments and lack of adequate salaries. However, in any case, the common ground
for the misuse of public power for private benefits is related to three factors, 1) pervasive
incentives; 2) lack of public information and transparency; and 3) lack of accountability.
(Buscaglia (1997)
1. Pervasive incentives: - the existence of pervasive institutional incentives increases the
probability for corruption to occur. The risk of corruption increases as local officials are given
new responsibilities and function and as more officials are exposed to providing quality services
with a limited budget. Common pervasive institutional incentives are the lack of efficiency,
arbitrary discretion, excessive complexity, low salaries, pressure from superiors, unpredictability
of administrative procedures used to provide public services, low quality of public
administration, lack of key resource of city revenue and existing kinship ties, civil traditions and
non-merit based appointments/promotion.
2. The lack of public information and transparency allows public officials to maintain the aura of
secrecy necessary for corruption to continue. When the resource is treated as municipality
secretes, the opportunity for corruption increase.
3. Lack of accountability; decision without accountability is very important incentive for
corruption if the power monopolized in public officials.

2.5 Overview of Corruption in Ethiopia

Fraud, trickier, embezzlement, extortion, nepotism and theft are believed to be the principal
feature by which corruption has manifested itself in Ethiopia (Garbis. 2003).
2.5.1 Causes of Corruption in Ethiopia
As many scholars and experts would agree, corruption is not social phenomenon that could be
explained by the simple cause effect model. It is a complicated issue after the result of much
contingent circumstance, which produces varied and wide ranging effects without limiting the

19

generality of his argument. However, one can cite numerous factors that are widely believed to
be the major cause of corruption in Ethiopia.
According to the expert analysis of civil service reform program and some other source, poor
government, lack of accountability and transparency, low level of democratic culture and
tradition, lack of clear regulations and authorization, low level of institutional control, extreme
poverty and inequality, harmful culture practices and centralization of authority and resources are
the major causes of corruption in Ethiopia.
Family and ethnic legalities and obligation blurred distinction between private and public
interest, privatization, weak financial management, inadequate accounting and auditing, weak
legal and judiciary system, over regulated bureaucracy deterioration of acceptable moral and
ethical values, unsound policies and inefficient civil service system have also been cited some
scholars and researchers as the primary cause of corruption in Ethiopia (Tasew.Asfaw.2001).
2.5.2 Consequences of Corruption in Ethiopia
During the imperial and the Dergue regimes, corruption is said to have resulted in undermining
the legitimacy of the governments and weakening their structures, reducing productivity,
hindering development, worsening poverty, marginalizing the poor, creating social unrest and
finally spending up their down fall. Unfortunately, it has continued to posse threats to the
countries development and democratization process. Currently corruption is believed to be one
of the major factors that significantly contributed the reduction of government revenues. It can
also negatively affect the ongoing poverty reduction program at the national level. (Endale
Nigusie 2015).
2.5.3 Areas where Corruption is believed to be Rampant
Government offices that collect money and disperse service for money are vulnerable to
corruption. Government procurement, custom and excise offices, tax offices, traffic officials,
licensing and issuance of permits, monopolies, woreda and kebele officials, NGOs where goods
and services are dispersed to the public are believed to be highly affected by corrupt practice.
(Garbis, 2oo3).
2.5.4 The Challenges of Corruption on Socio-Economic Rights
20

Corruption has many challenging dimension on socio-economic rights. It denies development

and qualities of life to the most vulnerable numbers of society. It is especially harmful in
developing countries, which have fewer resources and thus are more vulnerable if those
resources are wasted or not used effectively and equitable. Soaring levels of corruption have the
potential to lead to high poverty for two reasons. First, evidence suggests that a higher growth
rates is associated with a higher rate poverty reduction by and that corruption slows the rate of
poverty reduction by reducing growth. Second, income inequality has been shown to be harmful
to growth and if corruption increases income inequality, it also reduces growth and there by limit
poverty reduction of several recent high profile instances of service delivery failures has been
linked to alleviation of corruption (E.campos.2007).
2.5.5 Challenges of Corruption on Politics
In political sphere, corruption impedes democracy and the rule of law. In democratic system,
public institutions and offices may lose their legitimacy when they message their power for
private interest corruption also result in negative consequences such as encoring cynicism and
reducing interest of political participation, political instability, reducing political competition,
reducing the transparency of political decision making, distorting political development and
sustaining political activity based on patronage, client less and money.
In our society the challenge of corruption is often manifested through political intolerance,
problem of accountability and transparency to the public low level of democratic culture,
principles of constitution and participation dialogue among other (S.pradhan 2005).

2.5.6. Public Sector Salaries and Recruitment Policy

According to Garbis (2003) explore to what extent the level of public sector salaries is linked to
the level of corruption. Their basic arguments are that low salaries force public officials to
supplement their incomes by taking bribes while, high salary simply higher alternative costs if
defected for fraudulent behavior. In sample of 28 countries they find a significant negative
influence of public sector salaries relative to wages in the manufacturing sector on the level of
corruption index of transparency international. However, there may be problem of causality in
21

their analysis since corrupt and poor countries tend to have poor budgetary performance (Garbis,
2003).
2.6. Corruption and Public Sector Regulation
Some scholars argue that extensive public sector regulations are the result of a deliberate strategy
by civil servants to increase their client willingness to pay bribes. Assuming that bureaucrats are
driven by rational, self-serving motives, the local persecute is that they will seek even more ways
to create bribe, producing delays. This line of reasoning may also contribute to explain observed
resistance from bureaucrats for public sector reforms (Garbis, 2003).

CHAPTER THREE
3. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
22

3.1 Introduction
This part of the study is concerned with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data
obtained through questionnaires from the sampled employees. The questionnaires were
distributed to 30 employees of Dilla town municipality and all of these to whom the
questionnaires were distributed were filled the questionnaire and returned properly. In addition to
this, for the purpose of substantiality data was collected through questionnaire, interview was
also conducted with the mayor of the municipality. This part has two sections. The first section
treats the general background information or characteristics of respondents in terms of sex, age,
educational level, marital status and year of work experience. The second part of this section
discusses the main part of the study i.e. the analysis and interpretation of data that were collected
through the instruments. The information collected through these data gathering techniques is
presented as follows.
3.2 Background Information of the Employees
As table 1 item 1 below, shows that, 18(60%) of employees are males and 12(40%) of them are
females from the total sampled population. This shows that the representation of females in Dilla
town municipality is limited when compared with males. This needs a sufficient effort and
commitment of government and other stakeholders to improve the condition of increasing
females participation in different sectors of organization.
Concerning the age range, the majority of 8(27%) and 10(33%) of the total respondents were in
the age group of 26-33 and 34-41 years respectively. This shows that under normal situation,
they can express their ideas related to the study consistently and with good understanding. So
their opinions are taken as acceptable to this study.
Item 3 in table 1 below reveals that, 50% of the respondents were first degree holders, 10% were
certificate, 20% were diploma holders and the remaining 20% were masters and above level.
From this the researcher concludes that, majority of the workers in Dilla town municipality are
more skilled and have educational capacity. Thus it is possible to say that the majority of
respondents have awareness about the challenges and prospects of counter corruption efforts at
the local government level and they could be providing useful idea for this study.

23

Table 1, item 4 below, shows that the marital status of the respondents who respond to this
questionnaire, 6(20%) were single or unmarried, 21(70%) were married, 3(10%) were divorced
and none of them were widowed. From these it is possible to conclude that, the majority of
employees in Dilla town municipality are adulthood. This implies, the respondents have a
potential capacity to aware and understand as well as they might give reliable and consistence
idea regarding to challenges and prospects of counter corruption efforts at the local government
levels.
Table 1, item 5 below shows that, the work experience of employees who respond to this
questionnaire, 3(10%) are in 1 year work experience, 6(20%) are 2years, 6(20%) are 3 years,
3(10%) are 4 years, 3(10%) are 5 years and the majority 9(30%) are stayed above 5 years in their
No

Items

Sex of the respondents

Age of the respondents

Educational level of the

respondents

Marital status of respondents

Work experience of respondents

Respondents
Frequency (F)
information
Male
18
Female
12
Total
30
18-25
4
26-33
8
34-41
10
42-48
5
Above 49
3
Total
30
Certificate
3
Diploma
6
Degree
15
Masters
and 6
above
Total
30
Single
6
Married
21

Percentage (%)

Divorced

10%

Widowed
Total
1 year
2 year
3 year

30
3
6
6

100%
10%
20%
20%

24

60%
40%
100%
13%
27%
33%
17%
10%
100%
10%
20%
50%
20%
100%
20%
70%

4 year
5 year
Above 5 year
Total

3
3
9
30

10%
10%
30%
100%

Source: survey questionnaire (2016).

3.3 The Main Part of the Study
3.3.1 Causes of Corruption
Table2: Cause of Corruption in the Organization
No

Item

Alternative

Frequency
(F)
1
What are/is the
Lack of accountability
9
indicators that
Lack of public information
4
cause corruption in Lack transparency
6
your organization? Low level of institutional control
6
Attitudinal problem
4
Lack of understanding of its consequences 1
on the development of a nation
Total
30
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

Percentage
(%)
30%
13.3%
20%
20%
13.3%
3.3%
100%

In table 2 above, regarding to the indicators that causes corruption, 9(30%) of the respondents
agreed that the most frequent indicator that cause corruption is lack of accountability, 4(13.3%)
of the respondents responded that lack of public information is the indicator which cause
corruption in the municipality, 6(20%) of the respondents agreed that lack of transparency is one
of the indicator which cause corruption in the organization, another 6(20%) of the respondents
responded that low level of institutional control in the organization is the indicator that cause
corruption. 4(13.3%) of the respondents agreed on the attitudinal problem as one of the indicator
that cause corruption in the organization and only 1(3.3%) of respondent agreed that lack of
understanding of its consequences on the development of a nation may be regarded as an
indicator that cause corruption. The participants of the study also responded that corruption may
be caused due other factors like a poor follow up from the government, lack of authorization
organization, low level of democratic culture and tradition in the municipality, lack of devotion
of workers and manager for the public need, low level of good governance and administration,
lack of adequate salary for the employees and absence of strong strategy in the organization to
25

reduce corruption. According to the information given above, the researcher concluded it as lack
of accountability is one of the major cause of corruption in Dilla town municipality and lack of
transparency and low level of institutional control are another major causes of corruption next to
lack of accountability.
3.3.2 Forms of Corruption More Rampant in the Organization
Table 3 below shows the forms of corruption which are more rampant in the Dilla town
municipality. Accordingly, out of 30 respondents 9(30%) of the them agreed that bribery is one
of the form of corruption which is existed in the organization which mean offering of something
which most often money can also be goods and service in order to gain unfair advantage. 3(10%)
agreed that embezzlement as another form corruption which mean illegal appropriation of money
or property that has been interested to a person but actually owned by another. 15(50%) majority
of the respondents agreed that nepotism is the major form of corruption which has been
manifested in Dilla town municipality, means the practice inclination to favor a group or a person
who is relatives when given promotions jobs raised salary and other benefit to the employees.
3(10%) of the respondents agreed that theft and fraud as other form of corruption which mean
doing something improperly. Generally, from the above information when arranged according to
the number of respondents nepotism, bribery and embezzlement and theft and fraud are the
major forms of corruption manifested or more rampant in Dilla town municipality.
Table 3: forms of corruption more rampant in the municipality
No
2

Item
Which form of corruption is
more
rampant
in
your
organization?

Alternative
A. Bribery
B. embezzlement
C. Nepotism
D. theft and fraud
E. favoritism
Total

Frequency (F)
9
3
15
3
30

Percentage (%)
30%
10%
50%
10%
100%

Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

3.3.3 Organs Working on Corruption in the Municipality

As table 4 below shows that, 6(20%) percent of respondents agree on the existence of organs that
actively works on corruption, 21(70%) of respondents disagree on the existence of organs that
26

actively work on corruption and 3(10%) of the respondents dont known about the issue that
either someone or organ works on corruption or not. From the above information the researcher
concludes that, some of the organs were worked on the corruption in the municipality.
As indicated in table 4, below, the majority 18(60%) of the respondents believed that, the
municipality work closely with other public organization and anti corruption agencies and
9(30%) of the respondents believe that there is no close relationship of municipality with other
public organization and anti-corruption agencies and 3(30%) of respondents dont know either
the municipality works with other public organizations or not. From the above information the
researcher concludes that, there is strong and enough relationship between Dilla town
municipality and public sectors as well as anti-corruption commission. This implies that,
strengthening close relationship of municipality continuously with other public organizations
may be a mechanism for controlling and reducing corruption in municipality.
Table 4: organs working on corruption in the organization and the relationship the organization
have with other public organizations
No

Item

Alternatives

Is there any organ or body that A. yes

works on corruption in your B. No
organization?
C. I dont know
Total
4
Does your organization work A. yes
closely
with
otherpublic B. No
organization and ant corruption C. I dont know
agencies
Total
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

Frequency(F) Percentage
(%)
6
20%
21
70%
3
10%
30
100%
18
60%
9
30%
3
10%
30
100

3.3.4 Level of Transparency in the Municipality

Table5: level of transparency in the organization
No

Item

Alternatives
27

Frequency
(F)

Percentage(%
)

Do you believe that there is A. yes

transparent way of doing things in B. No
your organization?
C. I dont know
Total
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

12
15
3
30

40%
50%
10%
100%

From the table 5 above, 12(40%) of the respondents agreed that there is a transparent way of
doing things in the organization, 15(50%) of the respondents replied that there is no transparent
way of doing things in the organization while the remaining 3(10%) of the respondents dont
know about the issue. From this the researcher concludes that there is less transparent way of
doing things in the Dilla town municipality. This indicate clear and free information to the people
is less, so, the municipality required to enhance transparent way of doing things to reduce corrupt
practice in an organization.
3.3.5 Customer Appeal
Table 6: the customer appeal in the Dilla town municipality
No
6

Item

Alternatives

Is there clear and non bureaucratic

ways for the customer to appeal about
the organizations corrupt acts and
official?
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

A. yes
B. No
C.I dont know
Total

Frequenc
y (F)
9
18
3
30

Percentag
e (%)
30%
60%
10%
1oo%

As indicated in table 6 above, 9(30%) of respondents agreed that there is clear and nonbureaucratic ways to appeal corrupts acts and officials while 18(60%) of respondents replied that
there is no clear and non-bureaucratic ways to appeal and 3(10%) of respondents dont know
about the issue. From this the researcher concludes that there is poor and inappropriate ways in
terms of responding to different corrupt acts and officials. This indicate in the organization there
is no clear and non-bureaucratic to appeal corrupt acts, so, the municipality should reduce these
unclear practice by promoting and enhancing accountability and transparent In the municipality.
3.3.6 Challenges of Corruption in the Organization
As indicated in table 7 below, 21(70%) of respondents believed that corruption is the major
challenge or problem to the organization and only 9(30%) of respondents do not consider
28

corruption as a major challenge or problem to the organization. Therefore, from the given
information the researcher concluded that corruption is the major problem or challenge for Dilla
town municipality because of lack of accountability, transparency, clear public information and
attitude as well as understanding to its consequence.
Table7: challenges or problems corruption to Dilla town municipality
No

Item

Do you believe that

corruption is the major
challenge or problem to
your organization?
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

Alternatives
A. yes
B. No
C. I dont know
Total

Frequency
(F)
21
9
30

Percentage (%)
70%
30%
100%

Those respondents who responded that corruption is not a major challenge or problem to the
organization were asked their reasons behind. Accordingly, the respondents responded that in the
organization there is accountability, transparency, clear public information, high level of
institutional control, high attitude and understanding of its consequences, strong and enough
relationship of municipality with other public organization and non-bureaucratic ways for the
customer appeal about corrupt acts.
3.3.7 The Relation that the Municipality has with the Public
From table 8, below, the majority 18(60%) of the respondents agreed that, the municipality is
closely working with the public to deter corruption. 9(30%) of respondents believed that, the
municipality is not closely working with the public to deter corruption and the remaining 3(10%)
of respondents dont know either the municipality is working closely with public to deter
corruption or not. Generally, from this, the researcher concludes that, the municipality is closely
working with the public to deter corruption. This implies that , for the future if this closely
working condition of the organization had continued with public, corruption could easily
combated.
Table 8:` close relation of Dilla town municipality with the public to deter corruption
No

Item

Alternatives

29

Frequency
(F)

Percentage (%)

Do you believe that

municipality is working
closely with the public to
deter corruption?
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

A. yes
B. No
C. I dont know
Total

18
9
3
30

60%
30%
10%
100%

Frequenc
y (F)
9
21
30

Percentage (%)

3.3.8 Ways of Combating Corruption

Table9: ways of combating corruption in Dilla town municipality
No

Item

Alternative

10

Do you believe that accountability A. yes

is the only way of combating B. No
corruption?
C. I dont know
Total
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

30%
70%
100%

From table9above indicates, 9(30%) of respondents agreed that, accountability is the only way of
combating corruption and 21(70%) of respondents responded that accountability is not the only
way of combating corruption. From the above information observed, the researcher concludes
that accountability is not only way of combating corruption. There are also other measures other
than accountability to combat and control corruption, such as transparency, clear public
information, high level of institutional control, good attitude and understanding.

3.3.9 Challenges of Corruption on Socio economic and Political Spheres

Table 10, major challenges of corruption on both socio economy and political sphere
No

Item

Alternative
30

Frequency
(F)

Percentage
(%)

11

What are the major

challenges of corruption
on both socio- economic
and political spheres?

Discourage investment
Discourage cooperation
Depletion of national wealth
Hinder political participation
of society
Result social inequality
Total

9
5
3
4

30%
16.67%
10%
13.33%

9
30

30%
100%

Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

According table 10 above, 9(30%) of respondents agreed that, corruption is a major challenge
which discourage in investment, 5(16.67%) of respondents agreed corruption has a challenge of
discouraging cooperation, 3(10%) of respondents replied that corruption depletes the national
wealth, 4(13.33%) agreed that corruption is hindering political participation of society and the
remaining 9(30%) of total respondents agreed corruption results social inequality. And for the
question if others please specify 6(20%) of respondents specified it as corruption affect human
and political rights of the citizens, marginalizing the poor section of the society, affects the value
of democracy such as the rule of law. It affects the transparency, affect economic development
and it may create poverty. Hence, the researcher concludes this as corruption has many
challenging dimensions at the local government level on both socio economic and political
sphere.
3.3.10 Prospects in an Effort to Combat Corruption
Table11: Prospects in an effort to combat corruption in Dilla town municipality.
No

Item

Alternatives

12

What do you think is/are

prospects in an effort to combat
corruption in your municipality?

Accountability
Transparency
Clear attitude
Clear public information
High level of institutional controls
Clear understanding
Total

Frequency
(F)
12
9
6
3
30

Percentage
(%)
40%
30%
20%
10%
100%

Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

According to table 11 above, the majority of 12(40%) of respondents responded that
accountability is one of the prospects in an effort to combat corruption in Dilla town
municipality. 9(30%) of the total respondents replied that transparency is another prospects in an
effort to combat corruption next to accountability 6(20%) of respondents agreed that clear public
31

information could be prospects in an effort to combat corruption in the organization and the
remaining 3(10%) of respondents replied high level of institutional control may an effort to
combat corruption in Dilla town municipality. So the researcher concludes this, accountability
and transparency are most important prospects in an effort to combat corruption in Dilla town
municipality. This indicates enhancing accountability and transparency in different activities in
the municipality might be prospects in an effort to combat corruption.
3.3.11. Strategies to be used to Control Counter Corruption
Table 12: strategies used to better enhance for the counter corruption effort of Dilla town
municipality.
No

Item

Alternatives

Frequency
(F)
13
What strategies do you suggest to better Law
enforcement 6
enhance for the counter corruption effort strategies
of Dilla town municipality?
Institutional building 3
strategies
Prevention strategies 15
Measuring strategies 6
Total
30
Source: survey questionnaire (2016)

Percentage
(%)
20%
10%
50%
20%
100%

According table 12 above, 6 (20%) of respondents suggested that law enforcement strategy is
better to enhance the counter

corruption effort of Dilla town municipality, 3(10%) of

respondents confirmed institutional building strategy is most important to better enhance for the
control of counter corruption effort of the organization, 15(50%) of majority of the respondents
agreed that prevention strategy is better to control corruption in Dilla town municipality and the
remaining 6(20%) of respondents were suggested that measuring strategy is better enhance for
the control of counter corruption effort of Dilla town municipality. From these it is possible to
conclude that prevention strategy is better enhancement to control counter corruption and an
effort in combating counter corruption of Dilla town municipality.
The respondents were also asked regarding what needs to be done to strength the fight against
corruption: accordingly, most of the respondents responded that promoting accountability and
transparency in all government level, using rules and regulations, taking disciplinary actions,
establishing code of conduct and ethics, strengthening legislature and judiciary system, aware all
32

people about its consequences, establishing anti-corruption commission and ethics, balancing the
power between legislative, executive and judiciary, providing equal distribution of public service
to the society, by giving training and performance appraisals, encouraging accountability
transparency of government, encouraging intuitional control, improving salary and benefits of
workers, using law enforcement and prevention strategies and strengthening internal and external
audit of the organizations are needed to strength fight against corruption in every part of the
organization. Therefore, the researcher accepts all the mentioned options by the respondents as
needs to be done to strength the fight against corruption.
Interview Analysis
Interview was conducted with the mayor of Dilla town municipality from different angles. In
this interview the manager of the organization was involved on different points and his
response was as follows.
In the organization corruption caused by different factors and affect socioeconomic and
political development of the society. These factors could be lack of clear transfer of public
service to the society, absence of good governance, lack of adequate resources available to the
municipality and inadequate income salary to the employees working in the municipality, lack
of accountability of respective employees with their respective task of performance, low level
of control in the organization, lack of transparency and poor supervision in the organization.
The challenges of corruption in the organization are decrease investment of the town, affects
political and human rights of the citizens, marginalizing the poor people in the town, affect
economic development of people in the town.
Increasing accountability and transparency, establishing anti-corruption commission and
ethics in the organization, clear and equal distribution of public service to the local people and
continued follow up of tasks performed by the workers in the municipality would reduce
corruption in the organization.
Accountability, transparency, clear attitude and anti-corruption commissions and ethics were
observed in the organization as an effort to reduce corruption. Finally, the municipality

33

should promote anti-corruption commission and other watch dog organizations, aware all
people about its consequences and do fair.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
34

4.1 Major Finding

It was discovered by the greater majority of the respondents that the majority of the respondents
responded about the major causes and challenges of corruption on both socioeconomic and
political.
Causes of corruption

Poor follow up from the government

Lack of authorization and organization

lack of democratic culture and tradition in the municipality

lack of devotion of workers and manager for the public need

low level of good governance and administration

lack of adequate salary and income for employs

absence of strong strategy to reduce corruption

lack of adequate resources in the municipality

Major challenges of corruption on both socio economic and political

Retardation on economic, social and political development

It affect human and political rights of the citizens

Marginalizing the poor section of the society

It affects the value of democracy such as the rule of law

It affects the transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the government

It increase poverty

It affects sustainable development of the society

35

Prospects of counter corruption efforts at the local government level

Enhancing accountability

Enhancing transparency in different government activities

Increasing level of institutional control in the municipality

Highly increasing knowledge among the society on the negative consequences of corruption
in the development of the town

Increasing equal distribution of public service to the local people

Enhancing follow-up ( supervision) in every task of organization

Balancing power between government bodies

Enhancing law enforcement and prevention strategies in organizations

4.2 CONCLUSION
The major responsibility of the government is providing service that develops enabling
conditions for both public and private sector to actively participate and work in the overall
development process. The researcher has indicated that corruption problem involved in public
organization can obstacle for the development process of any nation.
The recently local and regional ethics and anti-corruption commission was established, mainly to
ensure that corruption is no longer an impediment to enhancing development and good
governance in the country by creating highly ethical society that is result in combating
corruption. Waveringly and in cooperation with relevant bodies, to prevent corruption offenses
and other impropriety to expose investigate prosecute corruption offense and impropriety. Such
objectives can only be achieved if the major causes behind corruption acts well identified and
prioritized for action.
In general by addressing the problem that arises in the Dilla town municipality, it is possible to
make the activity of the sector smooth and clean from any kind of corrupt practice and
maladministration.
36

4.3 Recommendations
Based on the analysis made the researcher has gave the following recommendation for the future
improvement and in order to satisfy the needs and the preference of the society from the
municipality. The society is to be saved and the municipality as well as the country has to shake
off the tag of failing or failed state urgent and stringent measures need to taken some of which
are recommended as.

Due to severity of the corruption problem the Dilla town municipality and the government
must be alert and sensitive to the problem.

Accountability from the top to be started and corruption and its deep challenge at the local
government of Dilla town municipality should be well identified.

The municipality to be highly recognized to institutional control legally in order to reduce

the problem of corruption in the municipality and enhance accountability and transparency.

Ensure time bound actions in office of the service which delivered by the municipality be
bounded by time.

The municipality should use independent private sector auditors it is because some time the
government lacks to have appropriate expertise for auditing and for other purpose that in the
government.

The municipality must be involving people in diagnosing corruption systems.

All the employees must be transparent and to be well formable to customers and public by
enhancing good governance in the organization.

The problem of corruption is quite severe at the lower level and system of alternative a
dispute resolution needs to be worked out urgently.

The municipality should have to a responsibility to do enforce laws, deregulate, initiate

reform procedures and demonstrate political commitment.

37

Local government should well place to mobilize the people participatory through education
and then help to train people for higher responsibilities.

The municipality should improve salary and benefits of workers and enhance good attitude
for the performance of job in the organization.

The municipality to be highly improves awareness and knowledge among the society on the
negative consequence of corruption on the development of a nation.

The municipality have to encourage organization inter relation and cooperate with other
public organizations to fight against corruption in the organization.

38

REFERENCES
Alderfer (1995); local government institution in Ethiopia: 2 nd Ed Addis Ababa university, kuraze
publishing press.
Bllias. (2006); corruption as an international crime against humanity: university of Alabama,
tosaloosa press.
Bowman, 2001.concepts of local government: New York, springer
Buscaglia. (1997); factors that affect corruption in society: Boston burridge, Irwin book
company.
E. campos (2007); Challenges of corruption at the grassroots levels of government: Indiana
university press
Endale Nigussie (2011); module for distance learner civics and ethics: Adiss Ababa University,
mega printing and editing press.
Garbis korujian(2003); Good governance, Transparency and Reform measures to enhance
accountability in Ethiopia.Adiss university.
International transparency (TI), 2001, types of corruption: Latin America
Johnston (2003), the growth of corruption in recent year: Rotberg, brooking institution.
Luis Moreno, (1998) pattern of political corruption: University of Albania, New York.
NA lash, (2006); Corruption and economic development: loyal university, Chicago 3rd Ed.
Noonan. Jr, (2003); Historical overview of corruption in different societies: Brighm
Patrick L. (2011). Corruption and the bane of Africa
S.pradhan (2005), the many faces of corruption on politics
Shiferaw beharu and Tasew Asfaw [2002], Democracy and human right
Shiferaw kassaye (2001), Essential notes on civic and ethical education
World Bank, 1998.corruption and it causes in different countries

APPENDIX I
Dilla University
College of Business and Economics
Department of Public Administration and Development Management
Questionnaire to employees of Dilla town municipality
Dear respondents:-.
The aim of this questionnaire is to collect the view of workers of themunicipality on the challenges and
prospects of counter corruption efforts at the local government level; the case of Dilla town municipality.
The information you supply to this inquiry is used for the above mentioned objective only and will be
kept confidential. Therefore, I kindly requested you to deliver genuine and correct response to the
questions.
Thank you for your cooperation!!
General instructions
No need of writing your name
Indicate your response by putting ( ) in the box provided
write your opinion for open ended questions
Section 1: Background information of the respondents
A. personal information
1. Sex: male

female

2. Age (in years): 18-25 26-33 34-41 42-48 above 49

3. Education level: Certificate diploma degreeMasters and above
4. Marital status: single married divorced widowed
5. Work experience: 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year Above 5 year

Section 2: Information related to research questions

1. What are/ is the indicator that cause corruption in your organization?
Lack of accountability

Low level of institutional control

Lack of public information

Lack of transparency

attitudinal problem

Lack of understanding of its consequences on the development of a nation

If other please specify ________________________________________________

2. Which form corruption is more rampant in your organization?
Bribery

Theft and fraud

Embezzlement

favoritism

Nepotism
3. Is there any organ or body that works on corruption in your organization?
A. Yes

B. No

C. I don't know

4. Does your organization work closely with other public organizations and anti corruption agencies?
A. Yes

B. No C. I don't know

5. Do you believe that there is transparent way of doing things in your organization?
A. Yes

B. No

C. I don't know

6. Is there clear and non bureaucratic ways for the customer to appeal about the organizations corrupt acts
and officials?
A. Yes

B. No

C. I don't know

7. Do you believe that corruption is the major challenge or problem to your organization?
A. Yes

B. No

C. I don't know

8. If your answer is "yes" for question No "7" what do you suggest to control the problem of corruption
____________________________________________________________

9. Do you believe that the municipality is working closely with the public to deter corruption?
A. Yes

B. No C. I don't know

10. Do you believe that accountability is the only way of combating corruption?
A. Yes

B. No

C. I don't know

11. What are the major challenges of corruption on both socioeconomic and political spheres?
Discourage investment
wealth

Decrease transparency Discourage cooperation Depletion of national

Hinder political participation of society Result social inequality

If other please specify___________________________________________

12. What do you think is/are prospects in an effort to combat corruption in your municipality?
Accountability Clear public information Transparency
High level of institutional control Clear attitude

Clear understanding

If other please specify________________________________________

13. What strategies do you suggest to better enhance for the counter corruption effort of your
municipality?
Law enforcement prevention strategies Institutional building strategies measuring strategies
If other please specify_________________________________________
14. According to your opinion, what needs to be done to strength the against corruption?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________

APENDIX II
Dilla University
College of Economics and Business
Department of Public Administration and Development Management
Interview questions for the manager of municipality
1. What are the causes of corruption in your organization?
2. What are the major challenges encountering counter corruption efforts of your municipality?
3. What are the mechanisms you should use to reduce corrupt practice in the municipality?
4. What prospects are being observed in your organization in an effort to reduce corruption?
5. What do you recommend as solutions to the challenges or problems of corruption?