Assignment 1 IE 655 Concurrent Engineering

What is Concurrent Engineering (CE) and Green PLM (Product Lifecycle Management)
and why is this subject important for our future? DVD video exercises

Full Name: Pavan Patel

Student ID: 31321594
Student e-mail: pp488@njit.edu
eLearning Pack ID: IE655-Fall 2016-33-15
My Company: AquaDrive, Inc.
4 Collaborating Companies: Land Rover
Discovery , BMW Group (Mini), California
Motors, LLC, Cognex Corporation

Statement of Work
The following work was completed by Pavan Patel. The material used was that from the
eLearning pack, which has various resources such as the 3D eBook.
Contents
I.
II.
III.
IV.

V.
VI.
VII.

Introduction
Objectives
Methodologies
Main Body of the Project
a. Study of the CE / PLM Lecture and Software Demo Videos (in the DVD)
i. Question and Answers based on videos in on DVD
b. 3DeBook on the DVD (Q & A, Chpt 1-3 & Social Networking Content)
Summary
Future Work Proposed
References

I.

Introduction

The AquaDrive organization is the future of tomorrow. From land, sea or air, we strive to
move towards a cleaner, safer and efficient world of transportation. By utilizing what we
consider a vast resource, water, we can leave an enormous & effective global footprint for our
generation and generations to come.
At AquaDrive, we manufacture high quality modes of transportation that run on clean
and pure H2O. We also Research and Develop ways to replace or reduce the use of natural gas
to power transportation. Through our persistent and economic approach weve been able to
build a foundation that upholds and administers the ISO standards: 9001, 14001, 50001
amongst others.
II.

Objectives

The objective of this project is utilize the concept of Concurrent Engineering, using
resources such as the 3D eBook and eLearning pack, to successfully make AquaDrive a fully
sustainable and economically sound organization while maintaining profits.
III.

Methodologies

The methodologies in this project that were applied are as follows:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

TQM (Total Quality Management):

Lean Six Sigma
ISO 9001, 14001, 50001
GMP & cGMP
PLM (Product Lifecycle Management)

These are the main methods that we apply to our process so that we can become the worlds
number one suppliers of sustainable and environment friendly transportation.
IV.

Main Body of the Project

a. Study of the CE / PLM Lecture and Software Demo Videos (in the DVD)
(Question and Answers based on videos in on DVD

Baumer Electric Racing Car

1. What is the customer requirement?
Answer: The customer was experiencing issues with their racing car: this
includes their motor performance and gear ratio which are caused by the
tires. The biggest impact to the tires are heat and weight. The obvious

solution or the most common would be to build non-contact tires however

Baumer Electric came up with another solution.
2. What is Baumer Electric proposing to fix the customers issue?
Answer: They utilized creative technology to come up with a self-contained
laser light measuring unit. As seen in the video, the device is very robust and
has a long life cycle even though in comes in a small size and weight. The
adaptability of this device, in that it is small and lightweight, proves to be
useful to be used in an environment of heavy use (during racing).
3. What are some of the specifications for the laser they are using?
Answer: The type of laser they are using is a diode laser that is contained in a
small black box. The way it works is that it projects its light on the floor to
monitor position and height of car. The laser sensor retains information
through the box and sends it to an onboard computer located in the cockpit.
This information is then used to make optimal changes to the car such as
change gear ratios increase/decrease tire pressure.
4. Is the system self-sufficient?
Answer: The correct answer is yes, the system is very self-sufficient and does
not require human interaction. For example in the course of a race, if the tire
pressure falls short, the computer onboard will make the necessary changes
to add pressure to the tires. Based on methodical data (algorithms,
calculations) the device can send messages to optimize things throughout
the car.
5. What are some challenges the company faces with the device?
Answer: One of the challenges it faces is the surface target of laser beam,
meaning how accurate the light is beaming back from the surface from which
it is glowing on. Another challenge is the surface type, for example if the road
on which the laser beam is shining on is uneven or the color of the road.
However, the device has an algorithm built in to shape and condition the
target the laser beam is shining and compare it to a standard.
California Motors Vehicle Designs
1. What is the companys objective/product?
Answer: This Company designs vehicles using comprehensive quantum
technology. Specifically they develop transportation for the Army for use in
non-tactical operations such as base operations. The Army, as the customer,
needed something to replace the use of their current vehicles (Humvee).

2. What are some of the advantages associated with their product?

Answer: As mentioned before, these vehicles can be used in non-tactical
operations, so they are not as heavy and boxy as Humvees are. Therefore,
getting in and out of these cars are easy, and there is sufficient space for
soldiers to sit in the front and back. Another advantage is that the cars are
hybrid, they use both diesel and electric, this can prove be too useful in
operations in the Middle East where fuel prices are high.
3. Is the product easy to use and maintained properly?
Answer: As per the companys representative, since the engine is lightweight
and similar to that of a John Deere engine, it is relatively easy to maintain.
Soldiers are already used to this kind of engine so to work on them during
maintenance times would be a breeze. They also come with spare parts
should a need arise during transportation between bases or other
operations.
4. How is the CE/PLM concept applied in this product?
Answer: As per PLM, the company produced a product that meets all of the
customers requirements. That is, they built something that can be used for
non-tactical operations which the Army wants. They also built, as per CE,
something that is eco-friendly (hybrid engine), which speaks to the green
phase of CE.
5. What was the need to build the American Chariot?
Answer: So in the pursuit of meeting customer needs, the American chariot
was built for the need of an individual personal mobility vehicle. This was
also done to replace or reduce the use of Humvees and larger vehicles that
proved difficult to maneuver constantly. An advantage of this vehicle is that
it is easy to use and maneuver, it is also 100% electric so no fuel cost and
eco-friendly.
Cognex Vision Inspection
1. What are the four key areas of vision inspection as applied to machines?
Answer: Dimensional gauging, defect inspection, robot guidance and robot
identification. The company only addresses three of these areas:
Dimensional gauging, which can locate screws in a machine and at the
correct height/distance); Defect inspection, which locates geometric shape of
the insight tool; and lastly the Identification mechanism, which is a Laser
etched 2D data matrix code that is on the component which tells us what can
of part it is and when it was made.

2. How does the computer system work?

Answer: The inspection system is connected to a computer that has its own
software. The software has the ability to read the equipment being
scanned and through human interface, can be adjusted. For example if there
was a component being produced that had screw in specific areas, the
software can learn (through human input) where those screws should be.
3. What are the advantages of this system?
Answer: Mainly all manufacturing companies strive for a six sigma level, to a
point of zero or almost no defects. This system provides statistical trending
and relevant data (Mean, max, standard deviation, etc.). That can be relied
on to make adjustments and theoretically produce parts before they become
defective.
4. What are some real life applications of this system?
Answer: An example of how this system can be used is if a company wants to
find a defect in their product, such as color & chips/breaks. The way the
vision system works is that it can catch imperfection as parts pass through
the camera, the image is enhanced by a strobe light which is a necessity for
accuracy.
5. How can this system benefit the manufacturing industry?
Answer: As explained before, this vision system has the ability to find
defective parts before they can proceed to later stages of a single unit
product. For example, if this was part of an airplane manufacturing plant, the
vision system would be able to pull away defective parts thus reducing the
failure of airplanes during transit or maintenance.
DynaSim Multi Engineering Analysis
1. What does the company produce or what are its objectives?
Answer: DynaSim developed software (Dymola) for modeling in simulation,
which is a tool than can simulate a dynamic system For example, as shown in
this video, it can simulate the production and use of a vehicle. It can also
create models that contain components from different engineering domains
like mechanical, electrical, control, pneumatics, and thermodynamics
amongst others
2. How does DynaSim differ from the competition?
Answer: Dynasim is truly open source network using modern computer
language. All of the libraries are open to the public, therefore roles such as

engineers can open models of the vehicles and change the models
components freely. This also helps engine designers or system designers
perform dynamic analysis which cannot be done by competitor products.
3. How can Dymola be used for the innovation of products?
Answer: For any manufacturing industry, one can say that modeling is a key
part of production. If this software can model real products before they are
produced, a company would have significant advantage. For example, this
software would be a great idea for designs of hybrid electric vehicles where,
using Dymola, a designer can model components using pre-existing libraries
of equations/parameters.
4. How does the development tool fit into the design process?
Answer: The tools include user models, a library of models called Modelica
and Model parameters. Then the model goes onto the editing stage
(graphical and equation editor) and coding stage. This is followed by
experimentation stage and plotting & animation phase with the final stage
being reporting (model documentation, etc.)
5. What are the multi-engineer aspects of the system?
Answer: As mentioned before, with this system we can build a full system of
integrated models. The different aspects of Dymola for a Vehicle include:
Control, Electronic, Hydraulics, Gearbox, Wheel Suspension, and Engine. One
last key thing to note is that the use of all these mathematical models and
real live simulation, we can reduce the opportunity of making mistakes.
Gibbs CAM
1. What is the goal of this company? What requirement are they fulfilling
Answer: Gibbs CAM manufactures software packages for ANSCII
programming, which involves complex multi access/spindle machines. They
are fulfilling a customer need for a specific programming solution to use in
there process, this can reduce downtime and maintenance costs.
2. How is the software utilized?
Answer: They run the program on a dual monitor set up where one screen is
used to define the geometry of the part they are manufacturing as well
machine configurations. For example, with the software Gibbs CAM can
define a multi-spindle machine using the in program tool list library. The
advantage to using the program is to utilize time more efficiently by
programming every action the machine is going to take.

3. What is the Synchronization Graph?

Answer: The graph is something that is introduced into the program where
time is a part of the process. The graph shows how two or more parts can
simultaneously run, and they can show correlation. The purpose of the time
factor in this graph lets the user see the synchronicity and overlap between
two things that are being made, which on a normal basis would be hard to
gauge.
4. What issues/problems can the synchronization graph solve?
Answer: This Company is trying to solve the issue of spindle control in the
process. Normally during the operation of cutting spindle at the same time,
the control of rpm is limited. Therefore a control function, which monitors
constant surface speed, enables the user to control rpm and constantly
change the rpm at a variable feed rate.
5. What is the end goal that the company is striving for?
Answer: One of the most basic yet most important need is to have
collaborative approaches between various roles in a company. With the
functionality and ease of use of this software, a designer can work with the
production floor operators and engineers to unify the production process.
H Roman -Service Robotics
1. What does this company strive to do?
Answer: This Companys primary goal is to show how robot technology can
be used within the manufacturing world. For example, there are several ways
an inspection of product can be done, although sometimes they are more
difficult than what they try to accomplish. With the use of service robots,
inspections of finished products can be done quickly and accurately.
2. What can be some of the challenges design engineers can face?
Answer: During the manufacturing of product, engineers must pay close
attention to the complexity of the part. As the part becomes more complex
so does the inspection process and thus can have a higher chance of failure
or waste. Using robotics, parts that are more complex and bigger, the ease of
inspection would be higher.
3. What kind of robot does this company produce?

Answer: One of the examples shown in the video was of a robot with four
durable wheels, attached lights and a camera. Using the mobility and
functionality of this robot, companies can inspect hard to reach areas easily.
4. What type of situations would limit the use of robots?
Answer: The most catastrophic to a robot would be its use in an aquatic
terrain. Not to say that they cannot be used there, but for example if the
robot was being used in an environment with high chlorine content, this can
degrade the casing of the device and anything in there.
5. What are some issues associated with the robot?
Answer: There are some questions that need to be explored when making
these robots, for example: what type of material would be used on the
device? We would also have to look at the material type of the wheel, design
of the casing. Whether or not the device will be used in the air, submerged in
water, or in possible explosive situations.
Hexel, Fanuc, Okuma & Makino System Designs
1. What does the company produce?
Answer: Hexel has invented the worlds only reasonably priced 5 axis milling
device. In reality it is a 6 axis machine tool that is capable of doing 5 axis
machining. The advantage here is that a customer can take CAM
programming instructions for a 5 axis model and utilize in their system.
2. What are the specifications of repeatability and accuracy? How is
calibration performed?
Answer: The 5 axis milling machine has a repeatability of 5 to 10 microns,
whereas the accuracy is 25 microns. The machine is calibrated by putting
machine in an indicator and with the use of gauge blocks.
3. How is the machine programmed?
Answer: The G&M code or robotic code is used for programming, which is a
tool that many programmers are not aware of. The code used in the
programming can be utilized with any manufacturing facilities programming
language which speaks to user friendly functionality. The idea of cross
platform function makes this product unique and innovative.
4. What is Makino?
Answer: Makino is a modular manufacturing cell, it is a system that is used to
produce parts for high and flexible machine. It has a work setting station,

where parts came in to the area and are clamped to the pallet, all of this
involves a manual setup
5. How is the machine integrated?
Answer: The first step in doing this is to put another design on front end of
the machine to make it compatible to the rail guiding shuttle/mechanism.
The next step would be to connect the communication wires from the pc and
machine, and then schedule that parts in question in the tool data program.
Land Rover Discovery 2
1. What are some new features on the Discovery 2 model?
Answer: One of the new features involved in the new model is the ABS
system, which has been improved with each wheel containing an inductive
speed sensor. It also has four wheel traction control, which regulates overall
traction when navigating difficult terrain. With the traction control system,
each wheel can be monitored individually through a central computer that
can provide diagnostic information.
2. What is the benefit in have a Four Wheel ATC?
Answer: With ATC, Land Rover has been able to develop a system known as
central differential system. This essentially means that car can automatically
lock the differential through the ABS when a problem arises. This feature
benefits the drivability of the vehicle and the driver can put his or her mind
at ease and does not have to change anything.
3. What is the electronic rear brake pressure control valve?
Answer: The rear brake controls can be operated and managed through a
software. The rear brakes can be heavily used in certain situations therefore
a great deal of pressure is added to them. Conventionally, the rear brakes
were controlled by a mechanical valve; with the ABS system this mechanical
valve has been substituted by a software system.
4. How has Land Rover made the use of the vehicle easy for customers?
Answer: If a customer were to introduce a heavy load into the vehicle, the
vehicle contains a central locking part which would make the load space
much more accessible, therefore reducing the center of gravity. The vehicle
can also detect when its going off road, to adjust for this, the car
automatically raises itself so that it can offset the mobility.
5. What makes the Land Rover vehicle unique from others?

Answer: The vehicle has what is called an active cornering enhancement,

which essentially deals with how the vehicle turns and shifts on corners. Land
Rover, through customer feedback, developed an electronic system to fix the
way the vehicle turns corners without shifting too much or leaning.
Mini Cooper - Assembly
1. What kind of product does Mini Cooper make?
Answer: Mini Cooper is a division of the luxury car brand BMW, minis are an
iconic remake of the 2 door mini cars produced by the British Motor
Corporation. Although the size and shape is small, the mini cooper can be
considered a sports car of sorts.
2. How is the Mini assembled?
Answer: Through the use of automated systems, requiring human input, the
cars are built with small and big robotic machines. As with many
manufacturing industries, the parts are added to the base of the car on an
assembly line with several operators working on each car.
3. What is the importance of using cardboard in the sunroof?
Answer: The assembly of these cars is somewhat fast paced and sometimes
complex by the use of moving parts. Therefore when these parts are moving,
the issue of vibration arises which can cause defects. To solve this, the
company has added a system, which is cheap yet effective, of gluing
cardboard to the roof of the car.
4. Why is wood used for the assembly line floor?
Answer: Wood is generally expensive, so to put it on a moving part in a key
area is big question. The operators working on the line are there for about 13
hours a day, so the company has decided to take into account the ergonomic
health of their workers. The reasoning behind implementing the wood not
only makes sure their people are comfortable but that their products are
being made with care and comfort.
5. What is a VIN?
Answer: VIN stands for the vehicle identification number, this number is
unique to each individual car that is made in the shop. It is interesting to note
that the location of the VIN is in a place where it can be easily accessed even
though it is engraved. Also, the VIN is used when the vehicle changes owners
or when specific maintenance is to be performed.

Mini Cooper - Body

1. What is Plant Oxford?
Answer: Plant Oxford is a car company owned by BMW which originally was
part of the Land Rover series back when BMW & Rover were one company.
This plant only makes the body of the Mini Cooper before it goes into the
painting stage. The Mini body is highly focused in this plant, they make sure
every car has been given full attention to detail.
2. What are some key features of the Mini body?
Answer: The design and manufacturing of the mini is done with a clear focus,
one of the focus is the torsional rigidity of the body. The body has high
rigidity as well as a compact structure and stuff body.
3. What are some methodologies applied in this process?
Answer: In the interest of having perfect body structures with the highest
level of quality maintained, the company applies various methodologies to
their process. This includes: use of lean technology and JIT (just in time)
principles which are used in a highly automated area.
4. How does the company ensure the sustainability of the process and the
people?
Answer: The company has employed some ideologies such as WinGs
(working in groups) where the idea of everyone working equally together in a
group is encouraged. An important part of this employee
engagement/empowerment idea is the use of CIP (Continuous Improvement
Process). These tools ensure the people and the product being made are of
high value and standards.
5. How does the body shop floor run?
Answer: The body shop contains an area where there is a central
programming center which has all the program switches and information is
exchanged through an Ethernet link. There is one master PC or PLCs that
controls all sub PLCs on the line and the master PLC tells these sub PLCS what
it needs to be doing.
b. 3DeBook on the DVD (Q & A, Chpt 1-3 & Social Networking Content)
1. What is CE and PLM?
CE is concurrent engineering which has to deal with the
engineering of products simultaneously. PLM is product

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

lifecycle management which in its names is how the process of

a product is managed from start to finish.
What is the difference between CE and PLM?
The difference between these two areas is that CE focuses on
how to optimize the production phases (e.g. design,
development) with a goal of reducing time to market value.
PLM focuses on the areas of innovation and utilizing resources
in a way that helps build better product.
What is green sustainable PLM?
Green sustainable PLM deals with how products and the
environment react. During a products lifecycle it is necessary
to control negative impacts on the environment while
maintaining a quality product.
What is digital design & manufacture and why is this such a huge
opportunity?
In todays digital age, the need for technology has risen. This
includes the use of software such as CAD, CAM, ERP, etc.
Technology that utilizes software such as previously
mentioned helps keep the PLM costs low. For example, it can
aide in reducing manufacturing or lead time costs.
How is digital design integrated with digital manufacturing in
PLM?
These two areas are integrated by the use of software. Design
engineers can test out proposed models in real life by using
software such as CAD to produce a finished product.
What is frontloading, and why is it critical to understand this
process?
Frontloading is a very key process to CE and PLM. Ensuring
products are right the first time is key in reducing waste and
defects. When investing in the foundation, or the front of the
process, products and processes tend to become efficient.
Chpt 1-3 Q&A:
Chapter 1
Question: What is TQM? Answer: TQM is total quality
management. It is an approach taken to focus on the
customers needs since the success or failure of a product
require a customer interest.
Question: What are the advantages of CE? Answer: As
previously mentioned, CE aims to reduce the factor of time,
that is in the manufacturing of a product and off to the

market. Implementing CE saves a company time and

resources
Question: What is QA, QC, and QE? Answer: Respectively,
quality assurance, quality control and quality engineering.
QA is a system that aims to reduce or prevent defects. QC
deals with establishing specified quality standard. QE is how
the quality standards are tested against product quality
specifications and acceptance criteria.
Question: What are the 6 rules of brainstorming? Answer:
1) Clarify the objectives. (In this case focus on CE, TQM and
TQC).2) Identify all the tasks you have to accomplish as
individuals as well as a team, at the beginning of the session.
3) Put the agreed tasks into a logical order. 4) Estimate
the time and additional resources you will need (e.g. web
searching and research time, or meeting time) to accomplish
the job. 5) Allocate responsibility and 6) Review the entire
plan before you start and adjust as necessary.
Question: What is the purpose of CE Answer: The main
purpose of CE is so that companies can cut or reduce the
lead times of their products, waste, and cost of design
changes, improve quality and to create a sustainable process
that is lean & green.

Chapter 2
Question: What are the 8 quality management principles
Answer: Customer focus, Leadership, Involvement of people,
Process approach, Systems approach to management,
Continual improvement, Factual approach to decision making
and Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Question: What is ISO? Answer: ISO stand for the
International Standardization Organization. It is worldwide
set of standards that cover the different areas of a
manufacturing facility. For example ISO 9001 is a set of
standards a company must follow to cover quality design &
management.
Question: What is QS-9000 Answer: QS-9000 is a US quality
standard which contains specific requirements and
recommendations to develop a quality system. It was
created by and used by companies such as Ford, GM, etc.
Question: Why is customer focus important? Answer: Any
products success is dependent on customer interest. If a

customer doesnt invest in a product, the product has no

value and therefore a company would have to scrap it.
Customer feedback is especially important in PLM to ensure
nothing needs to be changed.
Question: What is the need for quality standards? Answer:
Quality standards are needed to make sure finished
products are up to par according to internal and external
requirements. Establishing standards ensures high value and
long life span of products.

Chapter 3
Question: What are Demings 14 rules of management
Answer:
1. Create consistency and continuity
2. Refuse to allow commonly accepted levels of delay for
mistakes
3. Eliminate the need for, and dependence upon inspection to
achieve quality
4. Reduce the number of suppliers and end the practice of
awarding business on the basis of the price tag
5. Search continually for problems in the system and seek ways
to improve it in order to decrease cost
6. Institute modern methods of training and education on the
job
7. Focus on leadership and supervision to help people to do a
better job
8. Eliminate fear
9. Break down barriers between departments
10. Eliminate the use of numerical goals, slogans and posters
11. Eliminate work standards & quotas on the factory floor.
Eliminate management by numbers & numerical goals
12. Remove barriers
13. Institute a vigorous program of regular education
14. Clearly define and demonstrate management's permanent
commitment to quality and productivity, and assure
everyone, that the transformation is everybody's job.

Question: Who was Edward Deming Answer: Dr. Deming

was considered to be one of the creators of quality
standard. He introduced the concept of higher quality

means lower cost. He had helped the design of quality

manufacturing, assembly and service.
Question: What is Muda? Answer: Muda is the Japanese
word for waste. They classify waste as various things, for
example: products that have unnecessary function or
products that are manufactured using expensive materials.
Question: What is Kanri? Answer: Kanri is the Japanese
term that defines continuous check of operations and
processes so that we can be compliant with standards and
instructions. It involves a four step process: Plan, Do, Check,
Action.
Question: What factors should be considered when
planning for manual or programmable, flexible
manufacturing and robotized assembly? Answer: Some
factors could be Market & Design strategy, clearly
understand all processes involved from market analysis or
packaging and maintenance, and apply the most appropriate
rather than latest technology.

8. Social networking content:

Social Networking Assignment:
1) Link 1: http://newatlas.com/smart-windows-electrochromic-utaustin/45050/?utm_source=Gizmag+Subscribers&utm_campaign=d2f0d2823f-UA2235360-4&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_65b67362bd-d2f0d2823f-76679458

Discussion Link:
http://njit2.mrooms.net/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=158822#p449424
My comments: As we enter a more technological age, we also need to
implement a sustainable environment. Developing heat and light
controlling windows proves to be a sufficient and efficient way to control
costs, both for personal and business use.
2) Link 2: http://newatlas.com/carbon-fiber-georgia-techrecycling/45057/?utm_source=Gizmag+Subscribers&utm_campaign=d2f0d2
823f-UA-2235360-4&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_65b67362bdd2f0d2823f-76679458
Discussion Link:
http://njit2.mrooms.net/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=156097#p449435

My comments: Carbon fiber has many uses in todays automotive and

aerospace world, the only problem is that waste isn't easily recyclable. An
overflow of waste means the process isn't lean nor sustainable. The team
at Georgia Tech will significantly improve the waste problem and create a
more green and sustainable future!
3) Link 3: http://newatlas.com/nanoparticles-internalbleeding/45051/?utm_source=Gizmag+Subscribers&utm_campaign=d2f0d28
23f-UA-2235360-4&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_65b67362bdd2f0d2823f-76679458
Discussion Link:
http://njit2.mrooms.net/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=159188#p449449
My comments: Generally it can be said the biomedical world is a very
complex and fast paced area. There are always new or improved
products or processes that can be applied to help patients and doctors.
Being able to control internal bleeding, for something that seems to be
uncontrollable at times, is a huge innovate advantage for the Bio-medical
field.

V.

Summary
Through the various lectures, videos and literature contained in this eLearning
pack, I have developed more insight on CE, PLM, Lean & Sustainable methods. I
grow closer to understanding how quality plays a big role in any companys
success.

VI.

Future Work Proposed

Through all the learning, included principles and methodologies, I believe
AquaDrive will have a stronger foundation in the quality world. By implementing
the strategies learned, AquaDrives product line will have tremendous value and
ensure the life span of the product. As long as quality standards are upheld, the
company will strive to make a footprint in the eco-friendly transportation world.

VII.

References

1. Paul G Ranky Concurrent Engineering 3D eBook

2. Paul G Ranky Software Demo Videos and Lecture Videos
3. http://www.cimwareukandusa.com/All_IE655/IE655Fall2016.html#Anchor26625
4. www.wikipedia.com