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further examination. A detailed energy audit, which requires more time and
expertise, may cover equipment or processes for which energy-savings
opportunities were identified during a walk-through audit or where a
benchmarking process has identified savings potentials. Detailed audits can be
carried out at various levels, e.g. at the equipment, system, or process level.
Benchmarking involves identifying an aspect or process to examine and a
suitable benchmark, or reference point, against which performance can be
compared. Benchmarking can be done on various levels and can be conducted
internally within a company (comparing with past performance), externally by
comparing with other companies, or theoretically (comparing performance with
what is theoretically or technically feasible). Benchmarking can also involve
simulating different configurations or operating modes.
Energy performance benchmarking is the comparative analysis of energy use
per unit of physical production. This analysis involves the calculation of energy
intensity by different fuel types or activities, and comparison with intensities
achieved in the sector via reference to appropriate benchmarking guides.
Similarly, energy best practices benchmarking involves comparing processes,
operations and systems to sectorial best-in-class operations.
Key performance indicators are measures that can be used to track energy
system behaviour over time. Although absolute indicators, e.g. energy
consumption, provide insights into changes in absolute terms, measuring energy
performance requires the use of relative indicators, e.g. energy use per unit of
product. Establishing an indicator system requires setting system boundaries,
putting in place a framework for measurement, establishing a baseline, and
conducting regular measurement and analysis. Benefits include improved
understanding of energy use, identification of trends, finding energy losses and
waste, as well the ability to track progress and report results to stakeholders.
Trend analysis involves the identification of trends and correlation of these
trends to factors that affect energy use. This analysis is useful in cases where
variations occur in energy use. Trend analysis may identify, for example, that
energy use of a certain process fluctuates during the week; further investigation
could lead to the discovery that the fluctuation is caused by differences in
operating practices by different operators.
Energy-mass balances are analysis technique to systematically understand
where and how energy is used throughout a system. The technique involves
analysis of energy inputs and energy outputs, tracking of energy and material
flows, and identification of losses and waste. The use of balances typically leads
to enhanced understanding of processes and systems and the identification of a
range of improvement opportunities.
Theoretical analysis can be used in cases where it is not possible to make
direct measurements or estimates. It can also be used to stimulate creative
solutions or set ambitious goals. Focus is placed on estimating theoretical ideal
energy requirements for a given function, e.g. the delivery of a service or task,
and exploring how this can be achieved through changing operation, processes,
products, etc.