INTEGRATION

BASIC

The Indefinite Integral

RULE

integrand
antiderivative

Integrate :
i) Trigonometric Function
ii) Exponential Function
iii) Rational Function

f ( x ) dx F ( x ) C

Integral sign
means the
integral of f(x)
with respect to x

arbitrary
constant of
integration

INTRODUCTION

BASIC RULES

Integration

1.Integration of a constant

- reverse process of differentiation.

differentiate

dx a x C

Not same
variable

2x

Where a , C = constant

integrate
2

Example 2

Example 1 :
a)

3 dx

3x c

b)

dy

y c

c)

d)

e)

a)

dx

b)

e d t e tc
k dx kx c

1
1
2

ds

same

s
3

C 2s

3
2

2. Integration of STANDARD FORM

of a polynomial

REMINDER: DONT DO THIS

n 1
n 1

x8
x 7 1

C C
8
7 1

same

7.4 dz 7.4 z c
2

c)

x
x dx
C
n 1
Same
n

c)

variable

dx

k8
k 7 1

C C
8
7 1

7
k dx

k7x C

Not same

Where C, n = constant;
6

Where

k 7=

constant ;

x =variable

Formula 3 :

EXAMPLES 3

Take out
coefficient

b)

n
n
a
x
dx

a
x

dx

2
5
dx

2
x
dx
x5
5

dx

x 5 1
2
C
(

1
)

4
1
x
2 C 4 C
2x
4

n 1

2 x

ax
C
n 1
9

11

EXAMPLES 3

a)

5y

Take out
coefficient

1 5
x5
c)
dx x dy
2
2

dy 5 y dy

Take out
coefficient

31

5
C
3

5
y4 C
4

10

1 x 51

C
2 (5 1)

x6

C
12

12

EXP : use law of exponent

2
d ) 5 dx
3x
2 1
5 dx
3 x

2
x 5 dx
3

2 x 51

C
3 (5 1)

f)

1
C
6x4

3 x 51
2
C
(5 1)

1
dx
3x 5

2 3 x 5 dx

6 x 4

WRONG

3 1
x5

C
3
1
5

13

3
C
2x4

(WRONG ANSWER14)

x x

a
b

85
x
C
8
5

x 3 dx

x dx

REMINDER: DONT DO IN THIS WAY

2
e) 5 dx
3x

3
5

2 x 4

12

x x

a
b

85
5x

C
8

5 5 x8

C
8
15

EXAMPLES :
g)

dx

x3

1
x

3 x

dx
2

dx

3 1
2
2
x
2

C
x

3
3
C

1
3
( 1)

2
1 C

12
1x 2
x

3
C
1
2
6

C
x
16

EXAMPLES :
h)

2
r h dr

EXAMPLES :
b)

where h cons tan t

2
(3 4t )5 dt

h r 2 dr

2(3 4t ) 5 dt

r 21
hr 3
h
C
C
2

1
3

2 (3 4t ) 5 dt
17

a x b n1 C
n

a
x

dx

c)

( n 1)( a )

(ax+b) is the linear function

Where C, n = constant ; except for n = -1

a)

2 x 3
4 1 2

(1 2 x ) dx

(1 2 x) dx
c

2 x 35

c
10

3
2

4 1

2 x 3

(3 4t ) 4
2
C
16

1
C
8(3 4t ) 4

EXP :use law of exponent

4. Integration of GENERAL FORM of a polynomial

Example 4:

(3 4t ) 5 1
2
C
(

1
)(

4
)

18

3
(1 2 x ) 2 1
C

3 1(2)
2

x x

19

a
b

2
(
1

2
x
)

( 5 )(2)
2

2
(
1

2
x
)

(1 2 x) 5

C
5

20

n1

(axb)
axb dx
n

REMINDER: DONT USE

d)

(n1)(a)

2 1

( x 4 6 x 2 9) dx

3
c
x 3 dx
2 1 2 x

Not Linear
function

3
6x

x 4 1

x 2 1
9 x C

6
(4 1) (2 1)

(WRONG ANSWER )

x5

2 x 3 9 x C
5

21

REMARK :
EXPAND THE FUNCTION FIRST

REMINDER:
DONT EXPAND IN THIS WAY

x
x

x 3( x 3) dx
( x 3 x 3 x 9) dx

d)

3 dx

3 dx

32 dx

x 4 9 dx

( x 6 x 9) dx

2( 2)

23

22

x5
9x C
5

(WRONG ANSWER )
24

Properties Of Integrals

Sum and Difference

f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) dx

3
2

g ( x) dx

Constant Multiple of a function

c f ( x) dx c f ( x)

x
x

2x C
5 3
2

x 5 2 x3

2x C
5
3

dx
25

27

Trigonometric Functions

EXAMPLES 5 :

GENERALFORM

Rewrite :

4
(
x
x 2) dx
1

cos f xdx

x dx x dx 2 dx
4 1

1
1
2

x
x

2x C
( 4 1) 1
1
2

sin f xdx
sec

f x dx

f(x) must
be a
linear
function

cos f x
cos(ax b)
c
c
f ' x
a
tan f x
tan( ax b )

c
c
f ' x
a

csc f x cot f x dx
csc

f x ax b

sin f x
sin(ax b)
c
C
f ' x
a

sec f x tan f xdx

26

Where :

f x dx

sec f x
sec(ax b)
c
c
f ' x
a

csc f x
csc( ax b )
c
c
f ' x
a

cot f x
cot( ax b )
c
c
f ' x
a

28

3.2 Exponential Functions

Examples 6:

GENERAL FORM (2 steps) Where: f x ax b

a) 4 sin(2 x 3)dx
Rewrite :

4 sin(2 x 3)dx

Step 1: copy
exponential function

f x
e
f x
e
dx f ' x cStep 2: differentiate

cos( ax b)
sin(ax b)dx
a

cos( 2 x 3)
4
c
2

exponential function

2 cos(2 x 3) c

29

( axb )

e( axb)
dx
c
a

31

Examples 7 :
b)

2
sin d
3

2
3 d sin d
3
2
cos
4

3 c

2
4
3

2
3 cos
4

3 c

4
2

a)

8x
3e dx 3 e8 x dx

b)

3
e8 x
c e8 x c
3
8
8

e 5 x
2
5 x
5 x

2
e5 x dx 2e dx 2 e dx 5 c

30

2
c
5e 5 x

32

Integration of the form

1
x

Conclusion :
Integration formula

Must be 1

1.

1
dx ln x c
x

Not same
variable

ln f x
ln ax b
1
dx
c
c
f x
f ' x
a

n 1

2.
f x ax b

33

3.

Example 8:
4
1
y dy 4 y dy

a)

c)

2 z 5 dz

x n 1
x dx
C
n 1
n

Same variable

a x

dx a x dx

Trigonometry
function

ln 2 z 5
c
2

5.
34

Exponential
function

cosax bdx

ax b

35

x n 1
C
a
n 1

sinax bdx

3
1
ln4 2 x
4 2 x dx 3 4 2 x dx 3 2 c
3
ln 4 2 x c
2

Take out
coefficient

4 ln y c

4.
b)

a dx a x C

sin ax b
c
a

cosax b
c
a

e ax b
dx
c
a
36

Examples 9:

Must be 1

6.

a)

1
dx ln x c
x

f x ax b

3 dx

3x 12

ln ax b
1
7.
dx
c
ax b
a

sin

Upper limit - Lower limit

Upper limit - Lower limit

37

cos d

b)

3(2) 3(1)
63
3

sin 90 sin 0

1 0
1
Remark :

180

90
39

The Definite Integral

Upper
limit

b)

b
f (x)dx F(x) a
Lower
limit

4 x dx
3

x3
4 x

3 2

F(b) F(a)

Upper
limit

(3)3
(2)3
4(3)

4
(

2
)

3
3

Remark : C term always cancels out

when limits are applied. So the
answer is an constant

Lower
limit

38

16
27
8

12
8 (3)

3
3
3

1
3

40

10