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THE REVOLT OF 1857
The revolt of 1857 is also called the Sepoy munity.
This is the result of a large number of years of suppression
and adverse affects of British rule in India.
All the sections of society including rulers of Indian states,
sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans, pundits,
maulvis, etc. have participated in the revolt.
(You might have seen the revolts in the National and
International level. Every revolt is a result of a suppressed
frustration over a period of time. Now let us try to learn the
causes for the 1857 revolt).
CAUSES OF THE REVOLT:
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Socio-religious
Influence of outside events.
Let us learn each one in detail.
POLITICAL CAUSES:
With the Dalhousie's "doctrine of lapse" theory, satara was
annexed by the British in 1848.
Later Nagpur in the year 1854 and the Jhansi in the year 1853
were annexed to the British power.
The king of Tanjavoure and Nawabs of surat and Karnataka
were snatched off their titles by the British forces.
Nana saheb was denied pension by the British.
In 1849 Mughal emporer Bhadurshah was ordered to vacate the
Redfort of Delhi.
In 1853 Lord Canning has issued an order of not considering
Mughal Kings and their successors as the Princes.
ECONOMIC CAUSES:
British have started imposing a very high taxation on the
farmers.
This heavy taxation led them towards poverty.
India was used as a raw material supplier.
The country was converted into a colonial economy by the
British.
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Soldiers had to use the rifles coated with the fat of cow and pig.
This has sparked the revolt.
SOCIORELIGIOUS CAUSES:
Sati and child marriage abolition acts were implemented.
Widow Remarriage act was enacted.
Western education was introduced.
Government proposed to bring uniform civil code incorporating
all the religions into it.
INFLUENCE OF OUTSIDE EVENTS:
The revolt of 1857 coincided with certain outside events in
which the British suffered serious losses.
The First Afghan War (1883-42).
The Punjab Wars (1845-49).
The Crimean Wars (1854-56).
The Santhal rebellion (1855-57).
All these had obvious psychological repercussions.
SOME IMPORTANT REVOLTS BEFORE THE 1857 REVOLT:
SAWANTHAWADI REVOLT:
This was led by a Maratha chief Sawanth in the year 1844.
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FARAIZI MOVEMENT:
This movement resulted in East Bengal under the leadership of
Haji Shariatulla.
His son Dudumia also participated in the movement.
He converted the movement into an armed struggle.
Dudumia died fighting in 1862 after that the revolt subsided.
SANYASI REBELLION (1780-1800):
This was a movement by some Sanyasis of Bengal.
This movement was against the attitude of the British during the
time of famine.
In Bengal these sanyasis took up looting of factories and
Khazana of the company.
This movement was suppressed by Waren Hastings.
GANJAM REVOLT:
In the year 1935 in Ganjam district (Odisha) under the
leadership of Dhanjawagh the revolt took place.
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KUKA REBELLION:
In the beginning this was a religious movement.
Later it took the form of a political movement.
This emerged in the year 1840 in West Punjab under the
leadership of Bhagat Jawahar Mall or Siyan Saheb.
This is also considered as a Sikh religious reform movement.
WAHABI MOVEMENT:
The primary objective of this movement was the reform of
Muslim religion.
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LEADER OF REVOLT
Delhi
Nana Saheb
Kanpur
John Nicolson
Baraili
Kunwar Singh
Col.Neil
Bihar
Col.Neil
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Derozians lacked any real link with the masses and their
radicalism was bookish in character.
ISWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR:
In the year 1850, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar became the
principal of Sanskrit College.
He opened the Sanskrit College to non-brahmins.
Vidyasagar started a movement in support of widow
remarriage.
He was also a crusader against child marriage and polygamy.
As secretary of Bethune School (established in 1849), he was
one of the pioneers of higher education for women in India.
PARAMHANSA MANDALI :
This was founded in 1849 in Maharashtra.
They were primarily interested in breaking caste rules.
These Mandalis also advocated widow remarriage and women's
education.
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was
taken
up
by
Swami
Vivekananda
after
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA:
He spread Ramakrishna Paramahamsa's message.
Vivekananda advocated the doctrine of service.
At the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893,
Swami Vivekananda made a great impression on people by
his learned interpretations.
DAYANANDA SARASWATHI AND ARYA SAMAJ:
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AHMED
KHAN
AND
THE
ALIGARH
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PAHARIYAS' REBELLION:
The British expansion on the Pahariyas territory led to an
uprising by the martial Pahariyas of the Raj Mahal Hills in 1778.
The British were forced to declare their territory as damni-kol
area.
CHUAR UPRISINGS:
The sufferings caused by famine, led to an uprising by the
Chuar aboriginal tribesmen in 1776.
KOL UPRISINGS (1831):
The Kols of Chhotanagpur resented the extension of British rule
in their areas.
HO AND MUNDA UPRISINGS:
The Raja of Parahat organized the tribals to revolt against the
occupation of Singhbhum.
The revolt continued till 1827.
In 1899-1900, Mundas in the region south of Ranchi rose under
Birsa Munda.
The rebellion that began as a religious movement gathered
political force to fight against introduction of feudal, zamindari
tenures, and exploitation by money lenders and forest
contractors.
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BARDOLI SATYAGRAHA:
This is a no-revenue campaign.
This was organized by the Mehta brothers with Vallabhbhai
Patel's support when the Bombay Government increased
revenue by 22 per cent even after a decline in prices of cotton.
CASTE MOVEMENTS:
SATYASHODHAK
MOVEMENT,
Satyashodak
Samaj,
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PEASANT MOVEMENTS:
TITU MIR'S MOVEMENT, startedunder leadership of Mir
nathar Ali or Titu Mir (1782-1831)in Bengal.
PAGAL PANTHIS MOVEMENT of the Hajong and Garo
tribes under the leadership of Karam Shah and Tipu Shah (18251835; Mymensingh district, earlier in Bengal)
MOPLAH UPRISINGS (1836-1854; Malabar)
INDIGO REVOLT by Bengal indigo cultivators led by
Digambar and Bishnu Biswas (1859-1860; Ndia district)
DECCAN PEASANTS' UPRISING by the Maratha peasants
(1875;Kardeh village and Poona in Maharashtra)
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helped
spread
modern
ideas
of
self-government,
leadership to
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nationalist
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The
rise
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in
unemployment
and
poverty
and
the
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The real motive behind the partition plan was the British
desire to weaken Bengal.
Bengal was the nerve centre of Indian nationalism.
Dividing Bengal
On the basis of language (thus reducing the Bengalis to a
minority in Bengal itself as the new proposal Bengal proper
was to have 17 million Bengalis and 37 million Hindu and
Oriya speakers).
On the basis of the religion, as the western half was to be a
Hindu majority area (42 million out of a total 54 million) and
the eastern half was to be a Muslim majority area.
Anti-Partition Compaign Under Moderates (1903-05):
The leadership was provided by Surendranath Banerjea,
K.K.Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray.
The methods adopted were petitions to the Government,
public meetings, memoranda, and propaganda through
pamphlets and newspapers such as Hitabodini, Sanjibani and
Bengalee.
Objective was to exert sufficient pressure on the Government
through an educated public opinion in India.
The Government announced partition of Bengal in July 1905.
The protest meetings were held all over Bengal.
A pledge to boycott foreign goods was taken up.
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Annulment of Partition:
It was decided to annul the partition of Bengal in 1911.
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