Laboratory work Nr.

Design and geometry of a twist drill

Aim of the work
Practical acquaintance with geometrical elements of a twist drill and devices that are used for
measurements.
Devices for work
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Microscope Dormer;
Dividing head;
Magnetic stand for indicator;
Micrometer with sharp points;
Micrometer;
Indicator;
Twist drill;
Horizontal milling machine;
Caliper.

Order of the work

1. Draw draft of a twist drill. Show basic geometrical elements and angles (Fig. 4.1);

Fig. 4.1 Elements of a twist drill: l1 is length of a point; l2 is flute length; l3 is length of a neck; l4 is length of a shank; l5 is
length of a tang; f is width of a margin; 2 is a point angle; is a flute helix angle; is a chisel edge angle; is a
relief angle; is a rake angle

2. Measure by caliper dimension of following parts of the drill: length of a point l1, flute length l2, length of a
neck l3 (if it exists), length of a shank l4, length of a tang l5 (if it exists). Present measured dimensions on
the draft;
3. Establish material of the drill cutting edges and its nominal diameter by marking on the neck. Present
results in table 4.1;

4. Measure diameter of drill near the top (with margins) and near the shank (Fig. 4.2, b) by micrometer.
Calculate auxiliary plan approach angle a by following formula:
D1 D 2
2l

a arctg

(4.1)
where a is auxiliary plan approach angle, deg; D1 is diameter of the drill near the top (with margins), mm; D2 is
diameter of the drill near the shank, mm; l is distance, mm between points, where were measured diameters D1 and D2.

Present results in table 4.1;

5. Measure diameter of the drill core near the top and near the shank (Fig. 4.2, a) by micrometer with sharp
points. Present results in table 4.1;

Fig. 4.2 Measuring of diameter of the drill core by micrometer with sharp points (a) and measuring of outer diameter of
the drill by micrometer (b)

6. Measure width of the margin of the drill by caliper. Height of the margin can be calculated by formula:

D1 D0
2

(4.2)
where h is height of the margin, mm; D1 is diameter of the drill near the top (with margins), mm; D0 is diameter of the
drill near the top without margins, mm (measure it by micrometer);

Present results in table 4.1;

7. Flute helix angle of the drill is unstable and acquires its minimum value near the core of the drill. We
can calculate it by formula:

tg x

D x
H

(4.3)
where x is flute helix angle on the distance x from axis of the drill, deg; Dx is diameter, where we calculate angle x,
mm; H is pitch of the helix line of the twist drill, mm (measure it by caliper).

Calculate the biggest flute helix angle when Dx = D1. Present results in table 4.1;
8. Measure the chisel edge angle by microscope Dormer. Put the drill on the prism of the microscope
drill holder and support with the center. Turn the drills holder to match the axis of the drill and axis of an
objective. Set scale of eyepieces angle measuring dial to zero position. Regulate distinctness. Look in
the eyepiece, turn drill by hand, turn the transverse feed handle and match one of the intersecting lines
(without scale) with drill lip (cutting edge). Then turn the longitudinal feed handle and match the
intersection point of threads with the end of chisel edge (Fig. 4.3, a). Then turn the scale (clockwise) and

match the line without sections with the chisel edge. Count readings from the scale of the eyepieces
angle measurement dial. Present results in the table 4.1;
9. Check concentricity of the chisel edge using microscope Dormer. Orientation of a drill with respect to
an objective is the same as for measuring chisel edge angle (see s. 8). Set scale of eyepieces angle
measuring dial to zero position. In this case match the line without scale with the chisel edge (Fig.
4.3, b). Then turn by hand drill in the holder to 180 angle. Line must match with the chisel edge.
Otherwise, turn the drum of the microscope micrometer and prop up the end of the screw in horizontal
slide. Count readings of the micrometer. Then turn the transverse feed handle and match the line without
scale with the chisel edge. Turn the drum of the micrometer of microscope and prop up again the end of a
screw in horizontal slide. Count readings of the micrometer. Difference of micrometer readings is double
eccentricity of the chisel edge. Present results in table 4.1;
10.Check concentricity of a core diameter using microscope Dormer. In this case orientation of the drill
with respect to objective is the same as for measuring chisel edge angle (see s. 8). Scale of the
eyepieces angle measuring dial have to be in zero position. In this case match the line with scale with
the chisel edge and another line with hollow tangent (Fig. 4.3, c). Turn by hand the drill in the holder to
180 angle. Line with the scale must match with the chisel edge or must be parallel and the line without
scale must be tangent to the hollow. Otherwise measure deflection by the microscope micrometer (see s.
9). Difference of micrometer readings is double eccentricity of a core diameter. Present results in table
4.1;
11.Check concentricity of diameter of the margin by means of microscope Dormer. Orientation of the drill
with respect to the objective is the same as for measuring chisel edge angle (see s. 8). Set scale of the
eyepieces angle measuring dial to zero position. Match the line with scale with the drill lip (cutting
edge) and another thread with the margin (Fig. 4.3, d). After that turn by hand the drill in the holder to
180 angle. Line with the scale must match with another drill lip (cutting edge) or must be parallel and
another thread must match with the margin. Otherwise, measure deflection by micrometer of microscope
(see s.9). Difference between readings of the micrometer is double eccentricity of diameter of the margin.
Present results in the table 4.1;

Fig. 4.3 Measuring and checking of following elements of the twist drill by microscope Dormer: a) chisel edge angle
; b) eccentricity of the chisel edge; c) eccentricity of the core diameter; d) eccentricity of the margin diameter; e) plan
approach angles 1 and 2; f) sameness of height of drill lips (cutting edges); g) the smallest relief angle

12.Measure plan approach angles 1 and 2 of first and second drill lip (cutting edge) by means of
microscope Dormer. Turn the drills holder with a drill by hand for 90 angle. Set scale of the
eyepieces angle measuring dial to zero position. Regulate distinctness. Then match the line without
scale with chisel edge and another line with edge of the chisel edge and the edge of the land of the drill
(Fig. 4.3, e). Then turn the scale of the eyepiece angle measuring dial (clockwise) and match the line
without scale with the drill lip (cutting edge). Count value of angle 1 from scale of the angle measuring
dial. Then turn by hand the drill and measure by analogy angle 2. Calculate plan approach angles 1 and
2 of the first and the second drill lip (cutting edge) by formula:
i 90 i

(4.4)
where i is the plan approach angle, deg of the first or th second drill lip (cutting edge); i is measured angle, deg
between the chisel edge and the first or the second drill lip (cutting edge).

Present results in table 4.1;

13.Calculate the point angle of the drill 2 by formula:
2 1 2
(4.5)
where 2 is the point angle of the drill, deg; 1 is the plan approach angle, deg of the first drill lip (cutting edge); 2 is
the plan approach angle, deg of the second drill lip (cutting edge).

Present results in table 4.1 and on the draft of the drill;

14.Check sameness of height of drill lips (cutting edges) by means of microscope Dormer. Orientation of
the drill with respect to the objective is the same as for measuring of plan approach angles 1 and 2 (see
s.12). Set scale of the eyepieces angle measuring dial to zero position. Match the line with the scale
with the drill lip (cutting edge) and the intersection point of the lines with the end of cutting edge (Fig.
4.3, f). Then turn by hand the drill in the holder to 180 angle. Line with the scale must match with
another drill lip (cutting edge) and the point of intersection of the lines must match with the end of
another drill lip (cutting edge). Otherwise, measure deflection by micrometer of microscope (see s.9).
Difference of readings of micrometer is the difference of height of the first and the second drill lip
(cutting edge). Present results in table 4.1;
15.Measure the smallest relief angle by means of microscope Dormer. Relief angle of the drill is
unstable and decreases, when the distance from center of the drill is on increase. So, we can measure only
the smallest relief angle on the end of the margin by means of microscope Dormer. Orientation of the
drill with respect to the objective is the same as for measuring plan approach angles 1 and 2 (see s.12).
Set the scale of the eyepieces angle measuring dial to zero position. Match the line with the scale with
the drill lip and the point of intersection of the lines with the edge of the margin (Fig. 4.3, g). Turn the
scale of the eyepieces angle measuring dial (clockwise) and match the line without sections with the end
of the margin. Count value of the smallest relief angle in the plane A-A (Fig. 4.1) from the angle
measuring dial. Present results in table 4.2;
16.Establish relief angle (Fig. 4.1) of the drill on the different distances from the axis (apart of case, when
the distance from axis of drill is maximal (see s.15)) of the drill by means of the dividing head. Fix the
dividing head to the table of the horizontal milling machine. Fix the drill in the chuck of the dividing
head. Fix an indicator to the table of the milling machine and match the axis of leg of an indicator with
the axis of the drill (Fig. 4.4). Turn the handle of transverse feed of the table of the machine and move the
table for desired distance. Then turn the handle of longitudinal feed and stretch the indicator. Set scale of
the indicator to zero position. Now, turn the handle of the dividing head and turn the drill to
conformable angle. Measure fall of the lip relief surface of the drill by indicator. Calculate relief angle
by formula:

tg x

k
rx

(4.6)
where x is the relief angle, rad on the radius rx from the axis of the drill; k is fall of the lip relief surface of the drill,
mm; rx is radius where we measure relief angle x, mm; is an angle of turning of the drill, rad.

Establish relief angle x on the three distances rx from axis of the drill (apart of case, when the distance
from axis of the drill is maximal (see s.15)). Present results in table 4.2;

rx

Fig. 4.4 Measuring of relief angle of the drill on the different distances rx from the axis of the drill

17.Rake angle (Fig. 4.1) of the drill is unstable and increases, when the distance from axis of the drill is on
increase. We can calculate it by following formula:
tg x

rx tg
r sin

(4.7)

where x is the rake angle of the drill on distance rx from the axis of the drill, deg; rx is the distance from the axis of the
drill, mm; is the flute helix angle of the drill, deg; r is the radius of the drill, mm; is the plan approach angle of the
first or the second drill lip (cutting edge), deg.

Calculate rake angle of the drill on the four distances from the axis of the drill (on the same distances,
where was measured relief angle). Present results in table 4.2;
18.Draw graphs of dependencies x = f(rx) and x = f(rx).

Difference

Plan
approach
angle ,
deg

Point angle

Eccentricit

Eccentricit

Eccentricit

Chisel edge

Flute helix

Height of

Diameter
of the
drill core,
mm

Width of

Diameter
of the
drill, mm

Auxiliary

Nominal

Material of

Name of

Table 4.1 Geometrical elements of a twist drill

Radius rx,
mm

Measuring and calculating of relief angle

Angle of drill
Readings of
tgx
indicator k,
turning , rad
mm

Contents of report
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Title of the work

Aim of the work;
Devices for work;
Draft of the drill;
Tables of results (Tables 4.1 and 4.2);
Graphs of dependencies x = f(rx) and x = f(rx);
Conclusions.

Relief angle
x, deg

Calculating of rake angle

Radius rx, mm
Rake angle
x, deg

of height of drill lips, mm

2, deg

Of the second drill lip 2

Of he first drill lip 1

y of the diameter of the margin, mm

y of the core diameter, mm

y of the chisel edge, mm

angle , deg

angle , deg

the margin, mm

the margin, mm

Near the shank d2

Near the top d1

plan approach angle a, deg

Near the shank D2

Near the top D1

diameter of the drill, mm

the cutting part of the drill

the drill

Table 4.2 Results of measuring and calculating of relief and rake angles