Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Introduction to Materials Science

Material
Reference [1]
1. Cloth used for making clothes.
Fabric etc.
2. A substance that things can be
made from. Building material.
3. Things that are needed in order
to do a particular activity.
Teaching material.
4. Information or ideas used in
books. Literature (material).
5. Items used in a performance.
Band material.

Metallurgy
1. The Scientific study of metals
and
their
uses.
[1]
2. Metallurgy,
science
and
technology of metals, including
the extraction of metals from
ores, the preparation of metals
for use, and the study of the
relationship between structures
and properties of metals. [2]

[1] Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, International Students Edition, 7th Edition.
[2] Microsoft Encarta 2006. 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation
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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Introduction to Materials Science

Materials
Metals

Ceramics

Polymers

Composites

Semicond.

Ferrous

Thermoplastics

Particle-Reinf.

Non-Ferrous

Thermosetting

Fiber-Reinf.

Elastomers

Fig 1.1

Hierarchy of Materials according to their

Physical, Chemical, Mechanical & other Properties.
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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Introduction to Materials Science

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Introduction to Materials Science

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Introduction to Materials Science

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Introduction to Materials Science

Introduction to Materials Science

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Materials

Crystalline

Amorphous

Crystalline Material :

Is one in which the atoms are arranged in a repeating or

periodic array over large atomic distances. All metals,
many ceramic materials and certain polymers form crystalline structures under normal
solidification conditions.

Unit cell

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Amorphous Material :

Introduction to Materials Science

Noncrystalline solids lack a systematic and regular

arrangement of atoms over relatively large atomic distances.

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Crystal Systems

Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Quartz, dolomite (carbonate mineral), transformation in CuAlNi alloy (cubic to trigonal)

Epsomite (magnesium sulphate), Arogonite (carbonate mineral), transformation

in CuAlNi and AuCd alloy

Orthoclase (silicate mineral), gypsum (sulphate mineral), transformation in NiTi

alloy

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

E.g. Al, Cu, -iron

Unit cell/lattice structure/crystal

structure of FCC

Atomic arrangement in FCC

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Atomic Packing Factor (APF) : How much volume fraction of unit cell
occupied by atoms
Coordination Number (CN) : Number of nearest neighbor atoms
APF of FCC = 0.74
CN of FCC = 12

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Face atom of (bekh) plane is

attached with b, e, h, and k
corner atoms and with face
atoms of (abhg), (abef), (ghkl),
(eklf), (ijkh), (bcih), (bcde), and
(djke) planes

Crystallography

Corner atom e is
attached with face
atoms of (ABCD),
(EFGH), and (IJKL)
planes

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

E.g. Cr, W, -iron

Crystal structure of BCC

APF of BCC = 0.68

CN of BCC = 8
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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Hexagonal Closed Packed (HCP)

E.g. Mg, Co, -Ti

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Hexagonal Closed Packed (HCP)

Exercise: Calculate the APF and CN for HCP crystal

Hint: c/a = 1.633
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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Metals having FCC crystal structure have

less strength than BCC !!
WHY ??
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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Bonding Forces and Energies

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Crystallographic directions and planes

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Important aspects of crystallographic directions

1. Directions are vectors, so a direction and its negative are not identical e.g. [100] is not
equal to [-100]
2. Direction and its multiple are identical e.g. [100] is the same direction as [200]

3. In a cubic system, [100] is same as [010] if the coordinate system is redefined. These are
refer as equivalent directions and write with < > brackets.

Important aspects of crystallographic planes

1. Planes are their negatives are identical
2. Planes and their multiples are not identical
3. Equivalent planes are represented by { } brackets

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Crystallographic planes for HCP crystal

A special set of Miller indices has been devised for hexagonal unit cell due to unique
symmetry of the system
The coordinate system uses four axes (a1, a2, a3, z) instead of three with four intercepts
(hkil)

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Crystallographic directions for HCP crystal

Directions in HCP unit cells are denoted either with the three or four axes system
With the three-axis system, the procedure is same as for conventional Miller indices
A more complicated procedure where the direction is broken into four vectors is
needed for four-axis system (hkil)
The three-axis notation can be converted into four-axis through the following
procedure

1
2 h k
3
1
k 2 k h
3
1
i h k
3
l l
h

Where h, k, and l are the indices in the three-axis system

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

Significance of Crystallographic directions and planes

Slip activity in FCC crystal (Activation
of slip systems) [1]

Stress-strain behavior of FCC crystal [1]

[1] R. Khan, Modeling and simulation of Transformation and Twinning Induced Plasticity Phenomena in
Austenite Based Steels using Finite Element Method, Ph.D Thesis, 2014, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

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Chapter # 1(ME-209)

Crystallography

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