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Sexual harassment and violence against women in

Feudal Society with special reference to 0\
)HXGDO/RUGE\7HKPLQD'XUUDQL


Ehsan Mustafah Rajput

B.A (Arts)

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND LINGUISTICS

FACULTY OF SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,
FAISALABAD-PAKISTAN.
2015

To

0\$
$U\DQ6
6LUHV

Acknowledgement
I am deeply indebted to Miss Rabia Tabbasum, my
supervisor, for her extraordinary help, valuable advice and
outstanding
support. I would also like to thank my family members and my pal
Dr. Faiz Rasool Jatt without them this work would
not be at all possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

Contents

Page

Chapter 1

Introduction

08

Chapter 2

Review of Literature

14

Chapter 3

Methodology

31

Chapter 4

Discussion

33

Chapter 5

Conclusion

45

Literature Cited

48

Abstract
This work aims to study the sexual harassment and violence against women in a feudal
VRFLHW\ LQ WKH QRYHO 0\ )HXGDO /RUG E\ 7HKPLQD 'XUUDQL Bulks of examples are
ZLWQHVVHG IURP WKH 1RYHO 0\ )HXGDO /RUG ZKLFK DUH SUHVHQWLQJ VH[XDO KDUDVVPHQW DQG
violence. It spotlights how women live under social restrained destiny; where they suffer
letdown, thwarting, dismay and mocking.
Sexual violence refers to any unwanted or non-consensual sexual touching, victimization
achieved through physical force, threat, deterrence and compulsion. Many acts of sexual
hostility also occur in concert with physical violence. This form of violence may occur in
over fifty percent of physically violent relationship. Acts of sexual abuse include: rape,
incest, forced sex with others, forced oral sex, indecent, molesting in public and private
sphere. Acts of physical violence include slapping, drowning, grabbing, hair pulling,
punching, arm- twisting, pushing, dangling by neck, arms or feet, kicking, hand cuffing,
kneeing, tying up rope, choking, clawing, pushing to ground, threating with gun or knife,
biting, threatening with burning objects and breaking or throwing objects, this type of
violence is the widest one because we can notice and discover it. Physical violence is
usually accompanied by psychological abuse and in many cases by sexual assault. Wife
beating is a century old phenomenon; which transcends all natural, ethnic and class
boundaries, ZHFDQVHHWKHVDPHFRQGLWLRQLQ'XUUDQLV0\)HXGDO/RUG Women are not
only ill-treated by their husbands but also by the feudal lords of their areas. All these
SUREOHPV DQG LQFLGHQWV DUH GDQJHURXV IRU ZRPHQV LGHQWLW\ This report is giving various
dimensions to see the things and to highlight the required aspects. Research deals with
major aspects of hegemonic masculinity, sex harassment and violence against women.
7KLV UHSRUW ZLOO VWXG\ WKH WKUHDWV WR IHPDOH LGHQWLW\ LQ WKH OLJKW RI .ULVWHYDV IHPLQLVWLF
views (1980, 1983, 1986, 2008).
Key Words: Sexual harassment, violence against women, feudal society, 0\)HXGDO/RUG,
sexual hostility, sexual abuse, .ULVWHYDVIHPLQLVWLFYLHZV.

CHAPTER-1

Introduction

'XUUDQLV7KHZRUNLVWKHVWXG\RIVH[XDOKDUDVVPHQWDQGYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQRI
7HKPLQDVPHPRLUMy Feudal Lord LQWKHOLJKWRI)UHQFKIHPLQLVW-XOLD.ULVWHYDV
notion of semiotic and symbolic distinction. In our feudal society women are consider
LQIHULRUWRPHQEHFDXVHRXUIHXGDOVRFLHW\GRHVQWDFFHSWWKHLUULJKW+DELEet al., 2013).
Sexual harassment is intimidating of a sexual nature, or the undesirable or improper
promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. According to the most modern legal
contexts, sexual harassment is illicit. The US Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) defined, "It is illegal to harass a person because of that person's sex."
Harassment can include "sexual harassment" or unwanted sexual advances, desires for sexual
favors, and other physical or verbal harassment of a sexual nature (Girshick, 2002).
The World Health Organization defined violence as "the deliberate use of power
or physical force against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which
either results in or has a high possibility of resulting in injury, psychological harm, death, or
deficiency" (Krug et al., 2002). ,W VDLG ZRPHQV W\UDQQ\ XQGHU PDOH VXSUHPDF\ QRW RQO\
consists of solely in depriving women of legal and political rights but also extends into the
formation of our society and the contents of our culture and permeates our awareness
(Barkty, 1990).
The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women states that:
9LROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRPHn is a symptom of historically unequal power relations between
males females" and that "violence against women is one of the vital social mechanisms by
ZKLFKZRPHQDUHIRUFHGLQWRDLQIHULRUSRVLWLRQFRPSDUHGZLWKPHQ (A/RES, 2014).
Violence against women can fit into some wide categories. These consist of violence
carried out by individuals as well as states. Some of the forms of violence committed by
individuals are rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence, female infanticide, obstetric
violence and mob violence, as well as harmful habitual or traditional practices such as honor
killings, female genital mutilation, dowry violence, marriage by abduction and forced
marriage. Several forms of violence are condoned or perpetrated by the state such as war

rape, sexual slavery, sexual violence, forced abortion, forced sterilization, violence by the
police and authoritative personnel, flogging and stoning (Seth, 2002).
Women are organized by Islam as a full and equal partner of man in the procreation
of human kind, he is father, and she is mother and both are essential for life. Hole is not less
vital than this; she is equal to men in bearing personal and common responsibilities and in
receiving reward for her deeds. She is acknowledge as an independent personality in
possession of human equalities and worthy of spiritual aspirations. Her human nature is
neither inferior nor deviation from that of man. Both are members of one another (Akhbar-eJahan, 2002).
2SHRSOHYHULO\\RXKDYHJRWFHUWDLQULJKWVRYHU\RXUZRPHQDQG\RXUZRPHQKDYHFHUWDLQ
right over you. It is your right upon them to honour their conjugal rights and not to commit
acts of impropriety, which if they do you are authorized by Allah to separate them from your
beds and chastise them, but not severely, and if they refrain then cloth and feed them
SURSHUO\ (Akhbar-e-Jahan, 2002).
The Holy Quran says, :RPHQDUHJDUPHQWVIRUPHQLQDVPXFKDVPHQDUHJDUPHQWV
for womeQ (Q.2:187). 0HQDQGZRPHQDUHERUQRIWKHVDPHVXEVLVWHQFH. (Q. 4:1).
Historically in most cultures the institution of family has been patriarchal and male
GRPLQDWHG 0DOH FRQWURO DQG KXVEDQGV SRZHU RI FKDVWLVHPHQW RI WKHLU ZLYHV LV XVXDOO\
sanctioned by religious and cultural norms. Even after the wedding ceremony if she declared
that she did not assent to it, the marriage is dissolved. While in Pakistani society women do
not participate in decision making concerning her own marriage. In one way or another way
Pakistani feudal society do not allow them to make decision (Batool, 2002).
Women had different roles such as mother, wife, daughter and sister which she
performs at different stages of her life. The women being a wife had the only duty of
bringing up children and she was forced to do everything. A husband could not force his wife
to prepare food for him or to wash his cloths. These all duties were a carry-over of the tribalcum-feudal society, where in the women were considered as property. Men firmly believe
that women are made for them. That they wish to keep women under their thumb all the time.
In My Feudal Lord Mustafa Khar did with women as women are made for him. He called
himself a Shikari, ,DPD6KLNDUL (Durani, 1995, p.41). It spotlights that how women live



under socially restrained destiny; where they suffer letdown, thwarting, dismay and mocking.
Tehmina divided this book into three parts: Lion of the Punjab, Law of the jungle and
Lioness. Lion of the Punjab presents with Mustafa who destroys the lives of simple and
innocent women without any uncertainty the typical feature of a lion. Tehmina says in My
Feudal Lord, ,KDGQRSRZHUQRULJKWDnd no self-FRQWURORIP\RZQLaw of the Jungle
VWDUWVZLWK7HKPLQDDQG0XVWDIDVPLJUDWLRQWR(QJODQG7KHUHKLVDIIDLUZLWKKHU\RXQJHVW
VLVWHU SUHVHQW VH[XDO KDUDVVPHQW ,Q /LRQHVV 0XVWDID LV FDPSDLJQHG E\ 7HKPLQD DQG KH
ZLQVWKHHOHFWLRQV%XW/LRQLVD/LRQDWHYHU\FRVWKLVYLROHQFHEHFRPHVPRre severe. All
that shows women have no power, no identity and no will power in feudal society. Now a
days with the increasing feminist consciousness, women started breaking the silence by
bringing in to the public their experience of violence in the family unit (Shree, 2002).
Violence is an act carried out with the intention of physically hurting another person.
Schuler expanding the term violence by including sexual, psychological, emotional and
verbal violence and also the threats of violence and all those traditions and customs which
deprive women from liberty (Schuler, 1992).
Any act of verbal or physical, coercion or life threatening deprivation, directed at an
individual, women or girl, that cause physical or psychological harm humiliation or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty and that perpetuates female subordination (World Bank, 1997).
The term 9LROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ refers to many types of harmful behavior directed
at women and girls because of their sex. Violence against women includes: $Q\ DFW of
gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or
DUELWUDU\GHSULYDWLRQRIOLEHUW\ZKHWKHURFFXUULQJLQSXEOLFRUSULYDWHOLIH (UN, 1993).
)DPLOLDO YLROHQFH RU EHDWLQJ RI ZLYHV LV WKH PRVW HQGDQJHULQJ HYHQW WR WKH ZRPHQV
physical safety, and emotional mistreatment by their male partners. A National study carried
out in the United States estimated that about 21-30 percent of women were beaten at least
once in their lives by male partners and the feudal lords of their areas. At least half of these
women were subjected to beating more than three times every year. Studies in this field are
few, but if they are found, they reveal a pattern of violence that is widely spread. Under-

representation of women in power politics, limited consideration of women as a political

force, lack of decision power, limited rights of expression have also increased the violence
against women (Mishra, 2006). It was observed that despite tremendous changes in the 20th
century, discrimination and violence against women and girls remained firmly rooted in
FXOWXUHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG6HWLGHDVDERXWUHDOPHQDQGDZRPHQVSODFHZKHUHKDQGHGGRZQ
from one generation to the next instilled at an early age (UNFPA, 2000).
$Q\DFWRIJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHWKDWUHVXOWVLQRUOLNHO\WRUHVXOWLQSK\VLFDOVH[XDO
or psychological harm or suffering to women including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivation RIOLEHUW\ZKHWKHURFFXUULQJLQSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHOLIH (GA, 1993).
Every other day papers report rape cases, including Zimindars. Around the world at
least one woman in every three has been beaten and coerced into sex or otherwise abused in
her life time. The status of women remain low in our society due to a number of factors:
Women were kept subjugated under the male dominant feudal system. This causes violence
against women. Women are being denied of the right to inherit property, which Islam has
given to her. Physical abuse of wives, daughters-in-law are very common. This can take the
form of physical beating multination and stove burning (Human Security Report, 2012).
If we look in the present sexual harassment in the workplace affects millions of
women around the world regardless their profession, but legal systems offer virtually no
protection. Even when they do have legal resource, the fear of being fired, penalized or
ridiculed or else the promise of much wanted promotion keeps many women silent. The
tautology of the secretary/mistress might be a cliche, but when management has to choose
between losing a highly qualified and competent male executive and a dispensable female
secretary, the choice is obvious (ICRC, 2013). Sexual harassment in the workplace typically
ranges from mildly distasteful sexist comments and joke, pornographic pin-up posters,
provocative electronic male and X-rated computer software all the way to our right assault
and rape in extreme cases. Sexual favors rather than merit and hard work often remain the
GHWHUPLQDQWVRIDZRPHQVSURIHVVLRQDOFDUHHULQDPDOHGRPLQDWHGZRUN-place. For example
in England sexual harassment affects one in seven women and one in five professional
women, according to a recent survey by the London School of Economics (UN, 1991).

Domestic violence is a learned pattern of physical, verbal, sexual and emotional

behavior in which one person in a relationship uses force and intimidation to dominate or
control the other person. The patterns may be married or not married, heterosexual, living
together, separating or dating (OCHA/IRIN, 2007). Historically physical abuse of women
brushed aside as a private family affair. However, domestic physical abuse of women is a
beginning to receive attention as public health issue. It has becoming an important socialissue as how different factors lead to different forms of domestic violence in different socioeconomic classes. The present study is an attempt to look into various economic, social and
cultural factors which have become the basic cause of violence in our society and to assess
the impact of this violence on women and their family structure. Violence against women
and girls has been described as the most pervasive violation of human rights. It has become a
major area of concern in Pakistan in recent years as more information has become available,
and particular forms of violence appear to have been on the increase. Violence against
women occurs at all levels of society and has diverse forms. It range form the more covert to
the more explicit forms of violence (Saddique, 2004).
My Feudal Lord has caused many debates among the male-dominant societies of
Pakistan. This work shows the real picture of women in third world countries on one hand
while on the other hand it depicts ruling of patriarchate. This novel is giving various
dimensions to see the things and to highlight the required aspects. Historical study gives
away that a lot of work has been through on the novel 0\ )HXGDO /RUG E\ 7HKPLQD
'XUUDQL Novel deals with major aspects of hegemonic masculinity, sexual harassment and
violence against women (Durrani, 1995).
7KLVUHSRUWLVEDVHGRQ.ULVWHYDVIHPLQLVWLFYLHZV 1983, 1986, 2008) have
been employed to examine and construe the life of a woman in a male jingoistic society,
applying on the novel 0\ )HXGDO /RUG. KrLVWHYDV IHPLQLVWLF FRQFHSW RI 6HPLRWLF YV
6\PEROLF GLVWLQFWLRQV DUH DSSOLFDEOH WR GLVVHFW WKH WH[W RI 'XUDQLV PHPRLU ,Q 'XUUDQLV
memoir (1995) it is the male social order which created a chauvinistic figure, Mustafa Khar.
Khar, the male character of memoir was not a born autocrat, but society taught him the art of
autocracy against women. There are many occurrences in the story which display that the
VRXUFHRIZRPHQVVXSSUHVVLRQDQGPHQVGRPLQDWLRQOLHVLQVRFLDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQ+DELEet
al., 2013).


Different types of violence are herewith;

i) Sexual abuse as rape, incest, indecent, molesting in public and private
sphere.
ii) Domestic violence like beating, killing, burning to death
iii) Prostitution, abduction, physical multination and trafficking of women (G A, 2006).
These are the major objectives:

To identify the socio- religious determinants of women status

To study the types and causes of violence against women

To find out the awareness of women about their rights

To suggest appropriate measures to reduce gender based violence

against women




CHAPTER-2

Review of Literature

Historical and literary studies reveal that much has been done to make women
QRWLFHDEOHDQGYLVLEOH7KHSURPLQHQWZRUNVDUH6KHLOD5RZERWKDPV+LGGHQIURP+LVWRU\
 (OOHQ 0RHUV /LWHUDU\ :RPHQ 7KH *UHDW :ULWHUV  (ODLQH 6KRZDOWHUV $
Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing (1977). Feminist
approach accentuated not only the differences but with also the hierarchy. Men, the more
dominant than women, impose their own concepts and definitions on the masculine/feminine
identities.
Violence is not an easy act to define. He generally perceived it as, $QDFWFDUULHGRXW
ZLWK LQWHQWLRQ RI SK\VLFDOO\ KXUWLQJ D SHUVRQ. The promulgation of state backed
discriminatory legislation from 1976, and systematic media campaign that focused on
woPHQVUHSURGXFWLYHOLYHUROHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\UHLQIRUFHGWKHPDOHELDVLQVRFLHW\KDGWRDQ
increase in incidence of violence against woman and encouraged the erosion of their rights.
(Gelles and Stains, 1978).
.KL]UD LQ KHU VWXG\ HQWLWOHG FRQVWUDLQV RQ ZRmen participation in development
process: $ IRFXV RQ WKH WUDGLWLRQDO LPDJH RI ZRPHQ found that although a woman is a
useful citizen of any country and has a separate entity yet in Pakistan she has no mental and
SHUVRQDOIUHHGRP0DMRULW\RIWKHIHPDOHVSRLQWRIYLHZZRPHQVSRVLWLRQZDVFRQVLGHUHG
inferior to man. She is suppressed by the male of our society. She is dominated by men and
their dominance is a hindrance for their movements. A woman is expected to be a good
mother, a good wife, a good daughter who took interest in the house hold activities only and
nothing else. (Khizra, 1981).
Physical violence is more common in lower socioeconomic classes than educated
middle and upper classes which use more of psychological violence expressed both verbally
and non-verbally. According to her findings physical violence exist in all strata of society
and main targets are wives. The ratio of sisters, mothers and other females in family is much
less. (Shaheen, 1991).
There is growing evidence that crime against women is rising the world over. For
example in Trinidad and Tobago the number of men charged with rape increase by 134
percent between 1970 and 1980, even though the population rate by 30 percent in that time.
In United States three out of four women were victim of at least one violent attack in their



life time, sexual crime was more unreported crime in most of societies. Virtually all sexual
assaults are against women. In United States rape is increasing four times, one woman is
raped in every six minutes. The chilling statistics becomes even more shocking considering
that only one in rape cases are ever reported. (United Nations, 1991).
Although more women are aware of the offenses being committed against them, there
is no articulate nationwide feminist movement in Pakistan. Where it is the law of inheritance,
family laws, citizenship or residence, there is more institutionalized disrespect for the women
of Pakistan than before (Asma & Janangri, 1992).
Many recent publications in the interdisciplinary field RI 0LGGOH (DVW ZRPHQV
studies have focused on the contemporary manifestation of political Islam, or Islamic
IXQGDPHQWDOLVP that have appeared in the last several decades throughout the Middle East.
Their gender conceptions of culture, tradition, and modernity and mobilized, educated,
ZRPHQVUHVSRQGHQWWRSDWULDUFKDODQGPLVRJ\QLVt claims to power and authority (Kristine,
1992).
Gender race and the environment have received little attention in main stream
international relations scholarship. Great strides have been made however, in interrogating
the inadequacies of the field in these areas and similarly in demonstrating the necessities of
expanded definitions of security and violence in (IR). Gender class, nation and race are
crucial to the political mobilization of identify and the enemy creation process characteristics
of IR (Haroon, 1992).
Woman activist in the country have raised the issue of violence against woman as
violence of human rights and redefined the concept of human rights. It is written in the
3RVLWLRQ3DSHURQ8QLYHUVDO'HFODUDWLRQRIKXPDQULJKWVWKDWKXPDQULJKWVDUHGHILQHGLQ
terms of false dichotomy between public and private spheres, not surprisingly result in
serious gaps and omission in the Universal Declaration of human rights, (WAF Position
3DSHU  7KHUHIRUH WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ ZRPHQV ULJKW DV KXPDQ ULJKW KDV
questioned by feminists in the country. It is argued that crime against woman should be
considered as crime against humanity and not as private family affairs. (HRCP, 1993).
7KH ELWWHU WUXWK RQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RPHQV 'D\ LV WKDW WKH WRWDO LQYLVLELOLW\ RI
Pakistani women is women is evident in all sectors. Crimes and human rights violations




DJDLQVWZRPHQLQFUHDVHGDFFRUGLQJWRVXUYH\VRIWKH+XPDQ5LJKW&RPPLVVLRQ of Pakistan
(HRCP). (Mirza, 1993).
It is stated that gender-based violence and all forms of sexual harassment and
exploitation including those resulting from cultural prejudice are incompatible with the
dignity and worth of human person and must be eliminated. This can be achieved by legal
measures and national action international co-operation. (World Conference on Human
Rights, 1993).
The decade of 1980 has truly been the decade of the women of Pakistan. A power
ZRPHQV PRYHPHQW PDGH D GUDPDWLF LPSDFW RQ 3DNLVWDQV SROLWLFDO VFHQH $ QXPEHU RI
ZRPHQVRUJDQL]DWLRQVFDPHWRJHWKHULQWKLVVWUXJJOHZKLFKLQFOXGHGWKH:RPHQV$FWLRQ
Forum (WAF) that has been leading other groups. March 8 was International Women Day.
The struggle that started on this day in 1857 still continues. As more and more women are
being made aware of their rights, several organizations are pressing the Government to being
about much needed changes and help elevate women to a higher status in society (Alvi,
1994).
Bari stated that basis of male power seems to emanate from sexual division of labor
ZKHUHE\ZRPHQVUROHDUHULJLGO\GHILQHGPDLQO\DVPRWKHUVDQGZLYHVZLWKLQWKHIRXUZDOOV
RIWKHLUKRPHVDQGPHQVUROHDVEUHDGHDUQHUVLQWKHSXEOLFDUHQD'XHWRWKLVSULYDWHSXEOLF
dichotomy the violence against woman starts from the day when the birth of female child is
mourned by the family. In some cases before she is born, when after knowing the sex of
unborn female fetus is aborted. Women are considered social and economic liability and are
trained right from their childhood, for occupation of marriage, where their husband would be
+DMDUL.KXGD. They are told at the time of marriage that their dead body should come out
RIWKHLUKXVEDQGVKRPH7KHLQVWLWXWLRQRIPDUULDJHLVFOHDUO\KLerarchical and patriarchal. It
establishes husEDQGVDXWKRULW\RYHUZLYHV7KDW is why, in the marriage is always inflicted
on woman. Due to this cultural pre-domination of gender role in Pakistan, women are denied
access to education and other marketable skills. The inferior social and economic position of
woman vis--vis men there own socialization and internalization of gender ideology lack of
alternatives available become the basis for male power and violence against woman. (Bari,
1994).




Unfortunately society has always victimized women, in some cases it is simply a

social criminal assault, whereas at others it may be political to pressurize those whom one
wants to influence or subjugated into submission. Whatever the case, it is women who are
left to bear the burnt and be punished for what men stir up. For the past decade rape and
sexual assault have been on the increased in our society (Rizvi, 1995).
Gender-based violence generally encompasses physical, sexual or psychological
suffering to women including threats and coercion. Gender-based violence endives from
women subordinate status in society and is often referred to as wife beating, battering and
domestic violence, it is more common where gender roles are rigidly defined and where male
have control over resources and decision making power with in the family. Many forms of
gender based violence and honor killings are culturally determined and specific programmes
are needed to be developed to reduce the issue both at national and international level.
(Hassan, 1995).
Is it because she is physically weaker? Women are perceived as helpless objects.
Women signify beauty, grace, warmth, gentleness and frailty. Women are mothers, sisters,
wives, daughters and yet barbaric men take advantage. Despite making up almost 51 percent
of the population, women continue to face a discriminatory status within society. Most
alarmingly, it was found that violence against them in almost every form was on the rise. A
woman was raped every two hours somewhere in the country, while hundreds others became
violence of KRQRXU killings domestic violence, burnings and murder. (Shirin Niazi, 1995).
Violence against women is a global phenomenon which cuts across class, race,
ethnic, religion and cultural boundaries. It is PXOWLIDFHWHGDQGHIIHFWVDOODVSHFWVRIZRPHQV
lives. Women in Pakistan face the threat of multiple forms of violence, including sexual
violence by family members, domestic violence including spousal murder and being burned,
disfigured with acid, beaten and threatened; ritual honor killings. Pakistani women suffer
from high rates of rape, sexual harassment and sexual assault by the feudal. Domestic
violence or spouse abuse physically or emotionally is a harmful act between husband and
wife or between other individuals. Domestic violence referred to as intimate violence.
Violence is a teasing behavior that gives others pains whether mental or physical. The major
reason of the domestic violence is that many of the culture hold that men have the right to
control their wives behavior and women who challenged their rights may be punished. In



Pakistan violence against women is rooted in the social relations of patriarchy. Which are
based on a system of male domination and female subordination, (Fourth World Conference
on Women at Beijing, 1995).
Bari reports that all forms of violence against women is actually the articulation of
male power over women. As it already been mentioned that patriarchal values operative in
social construction of gender establishes male power over women. The unequal
socioeconomic position of women in society and institutionalization of male power over
women continues to play a determining role in the incidence of gender violence. Women are
treated as property of men. Due to indoctrination of gender ideology, socially constructed
socioeconomic dependency on men and lack of viable alternatives makes women vulnerable
and defenseless to various forms of violence with in the family and out side it. In our cultural
FRQFHSWRI,]]DWDQGKRQRUZKLFKLVORFDWHGLQZRPHQVERGLHVLVWKHPHFKDQLVPWKURXJK
ZKLFK ZRPHQV VH[XDOLW\ LV FRQWUROOHG DQG YLROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRPHQ LV OHJLWLPL]HG (Bari,
1996).
It reports that as far domestic violence is concerned, it is the most unreported crime
because it is generally condoned by social customs and considered as private family matter.
Domestic setting is fraught with violence which exposes women to physical abuse, marital
rape, burning to death, psychological torture, and depravation of basic needs and threats of
violence in their families. (News Letter, 1996).
Women of poor and middle classes. The most endemic forms of violence is faced by
women violence in the home. HRCP reported that domestic violence remained pervasive
phenomenon. The supremacy of the male and subordination of the female assumes to be the
part of culture. (HRCP report, 1997).
Violence against women is a major issue that lies in the spheres of those who are
interested to study the right of women. Violence against women is a widespread crosses all
cultures. Is affects women of all classes and is not just a women, she is that little daughter,
wife, mother, working women, whether poor or rich, name it and the list is endless not
forgetting their responsibilities (Kong, 1997).
Gender based violence including rape, domestic violence, murder and sexual abuse is
profound health problem for across the globe. Although gender violence is significant cause
of female morbidity and mortality, it is almost never seen as public health issue, female



focused violence also represent a hidden obstacle to economic and social development, by
VDSSLQJ ZRPHQV HQHUJ\ XQGHUPLQLQJ WKHLU FRQILGHQFH DQG FRPSURPLVLQJ WKHLU KHDOWK
JHQGHUYLROHQFHGHSULYHVVRFLHW\IURPZRPHQVIXOOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ (World Bank, 1997).
Gender based domestic violence against women is mostly committed due to social
values that attribute low status of women and devalue their lives and activities (Govt. of
Pakistan, 1997)
Hafeez puts forward before us different causes of domestic violence against women
from different cultures around the world. He stated that according to United Nations the list
of cause for domestic violence against women includes structural inequalities, discrimination,
alcohol and drugs, familial cycle of violence, mental illness, stress, frustration and unique
cultural factors. Gender based domestic violence against women is mostly perpetrated due to
social values that attribute low status to women and devalue their lives and activities.
Physical abuse is more common form of violence against woman and is rooted in patriarchal
social system, psychological and economic dependence on men throughout their lives. Wife
beating is common but its frequency and intensity vary across different groups and
communities. (Hafeez, 1998).
Every fifth women appears to have been physically or sexually assault by a man at
some point in her life. Evidence suggests that the incidence of violence against women is on
the increase. (UNIFEM, 1998).
Amnesty in its first investigation report into honor crimes committed against women
begins to unrevealed the web of repressive social norms and traditions in which millions of
Pakistani women remain caught, often with state authorities out right support. Violence
against women is a worldwide problem which manifests itself differently according to
societies and cultures. Amnesty International said, in Pakistan honor crimes are justified in
some cases. (Amnesty International, 1999).
Domestic violence victims have virtually no access to judicial protection and redress.
Officials at all levels of criminal justice system do not consider domestic violence a matter
for the criminal courts. Domestic violence is routinely dismissed by law enforcement
DXWKRULWLHV DV D SULYDWH GLVSXWH DQG IHPDOHV YLFWLPV ZKR DWWHPSW WR UHJLVWHr a police
complaint of spousal or familial physical abuse are invariably turned away (Laura Loana
Rusu, 1999).



Around the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten, coerced into
sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Most often the abuser is a member of her own
family. Increasingly, gender-based violence is recognized as a major public health concern
and a violation of human rights (Population Report, 1999).
All over the world, one of the most common forms of violence against women is
abuse by their husbands. Partner violence occurs in all countries and transcends social,
economic, religious and cultural groups often referred to as ZLIH EHDWLQJ, or GRPHVWLF
YLROHQFH Justification for violence frequently evolves from gender norms that is, social
norms about the proper roles and responsibilities of men and women. World wide, studies
identify consistent list of events that are said to WULJJHU violence. These includes not
obeying her husband, talking back, not having food ready on time, failing to care adequately
for children or home, questioning him about money or girl friends, going some where with
out his permission, or expressing suspicions of infidelity. (Population report, 1999)
Women in Pakistan face spiraling rates of gender-based violence, a legal framework
that is deeply biased against women, and a law enforcement system that retraumatizes female
victim instead of facilitating justice. (Burney,1999).
Women in Pakistan face spiraling rates of gender-based violence; a legal framework
is deeply biased against women. Violence against women has risen to staggering levels.
:RPHQVODZVRFLDOVWDWXVDQGDORQJHVWDEOLVKHGSDWWHUQRIDFWLYHVXSSUHVVLRQRIZRPHQV
right by successive government has contributed to the escalation of violence. (Samya Burney,
1999).
A strong attack against culturally-sanctioned homicidal violence directed at women
and girls around the world. She said sexual harassment, physical violence, female infanticide
RUVHULRXVO\LQMXULQJIHPDOHIDPLO\ DQGFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVZLWK LPSXQLW\,WLVWLPHIRU
governments and local communities to acknowledge these actions as crimes and to act
decisively to prevent the continuing murder and disfiguring of thousands of girls and women.
6XFK FULPHV VKRXOG EH VZLIWO\ SURVHFXWHG 81,&() KDV DOVR KHOSHG ODXQFK DZDUHQHVV
programmes and organized sensitization workshops on violence against women in Pakistan,
India and Bangladesh. (Carol Bellamy, 2000).
Women are found systematically the victim of various forms of gender violence. It is
social, cultural and economic processes, which are at work in constructing all forms of



gender violence, the articulation of male power over women. The unequal socio-economic
position of women in society and the institutionalization of male power over women continue
to play a determining role in incidents of gender violence (Muhammad Anwar, 2000).
A few studies indicates that the less education a person has, the more likely he or she
is to approve of and he support of violence. The reasons for more violence are feudalism and
male dominancy (Encyclopedia of Women, 2000).
No one society can progress unless women become equal partners in almost all the
national activities. Generally in developing countries this natural source of man power is
rendered in effective due to certain factors like traditional and cultural values, prejudice
attitude against female, deprivation of social and economic opportunities. Like many other
third world countries, Pakistan also has a male dominated society but inspite of that an
unavoidable fact that women who constitute; about half population of the country their
cooperation or participation in different fields of life is very important. (Mehmood, 2000).
It indicates that countless women suffer from battery, rape, burning, and acid
throwing. Estimates of the percentage of the women who experience spousal abuse along
range 70 to upward of 90 percent. (The human right, 2000).
Much of the violence against women takes place within the private sphere of the
family or in the community. Women are targeted in their homes with battering, rape, incest,
and traditional practices, including honor killings, female genital mutilation, son preferences
and early marriages. Additionally, women are targeted with violence in the community (rape,
sexual abuse, trafficking in women, forced prostitution, pornography, and violence against
migrant women (OMCT, 2000).
Heise reported that violence against women and girls regardless of where and how it
occurs is best understood within a JHQGHU framework because it stem in parts from
ZRPHQV DQG JLUOV VXERUGLQDWH VWDWXV LQ VRFLHW\ ,W LQFOXGHV SK\VLFDO YLROHQFH VXFK DV KLWV
kicks, slap, beating, burning and sexual violence, psychological violence and discrimination
at any stage of life in community and society, dowry related violence, sexual harassment at
ZRUN SODFH HWF $OO WKHVH IRUPV RI YLROHQFH KLQGHU ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ GLIIHUHQW
development projects and lesson their contribution to social and economic development. This
is due to cultural attitudes towards female chastity and honor and dominance that enable men
to justify violence against women, which continue their control over women. Therefore, they



never allow them to work because they perceived that a growing empowerment of their
wives as a treat to their control and bent them to stop it. (Heise, 2000).
HRCP explained the concept of domestic violence types and data analysis. It said in
parts of the country, women were considered second-grade citizens, not a partner of life.
According to HRCP, the gender discrimination had become a way of life and women were
burdened with all sorts of violence and contempt that was contrary to the basic human rights.
The equal opportunities were essential for the development and progress of the women.
Dialing upon various forms of violence, pelting, curbs on the basic human rights paved way
for violence on women. When women are denied of their rights like respectable way of
liming expression and movement, it is defined as violence. Women were forced to undergo
various forms of domestic violence, including physical, psychological or mental and sexual.
The last one when they were treated like saleable commodities and went form hand to
another hand physical violence, including limb chopping, acid throwing, beating and killing
taunting, hurling accusations and treating as inferior changed their psyche. Quoting Human
Watch Report (1999), from 70 to 90% women had been target of one or their sort of
violence. (HRCP. 2000).
The most endemic form of violence is violence against women and the most endemic
form of violence against women is the spousal abuse or abuse of women by initiate male
partners and feudalists. Violence against women and girls occurs in every segment of society,
regardless of class, ethnicity, culture or country. Gender-based violence is a violence of
ZRPHQVKXPDQULJKWVDQGDIRUPRIGLVFULPLQDWLRQWKDWSUHYHQWVIURPSDUWLFLSDWLQJIXOO\LQ
society and fulfilling their potential as human being. For the purpose of analysis violence has
been divided onto four types i.e. withdrawal, psychological, verbal and physical. Withdrawal
stands for, stoppage of normal communication, not eating, crying or going out of the hoses
and drinking. 3V\FKRORJLFDO violence means mental torture or agony which may be
sometimes more damaging for the conjugal relations. This violence stands for humiliation,
etc. 9HUEDO violence stands for use of abusive language or calling names or even verbal
threat of restoring to physical violence. 3K\VLFDO violence stands for the use of physical
force with intent to harm or inflict injury on the other person. (Encyclopedia of women,
2000).




It is said that at least 60 million girls who in ordinary circumstances would be

expected to be alive are PLVVLQJ from various populations, mostly in Asia, as a result of
sex-selective abortions, infanticides or neglect; and that domestic violence is widespread in
most societies and a frequent cause of suicide among women. +RQRXU .LOOLQJV take the
lives of thousands of young women every year, mainly in western Asia, North Africa and
parts of South Asia. (UNFPA, 2000).
Violence does not occur as an isolated incident in the lives of abuse married women
and young girls. Physical brutality as well as mental torture usually occurs on a regular basis
FDXVLQJ GHHS VHDUV RQ WKH YLFWLPV WKH YLFWLPV IDPLO\ DQG RQ VRFLHW\ DV ZKROH :RPHQV
physical health and mental health is often permanently damaged or impaired, and in some
case violence can have fatal consequences (Women Aid International, 2000).
It concluded, although more women are aware of the excess being committed against
them. There is no articulate nation-wide feminist movement in Pakistan. Whether it is the law
of inheritance, family laws, criminal law, citizenship or evidence, there is more institution a
ODFHGIRUWKHZRPDQRI3DNLVWDQWKDQEHIRUH violence against women is rooted on a global
culture of discrimination which denies women equal rights with men and which the
appropriDWLRQ RI ZRPHQV ERGLHV IRU LQGLYLGXDO JUDWLILFDWLRQ RU SROLWLFDO HQGV (YHU\ \HDU
violence in the home and the community devastates the lives of millions of women (Amnesty
International, 2001).
He rejected the domestic violence against women in the height of religious teachings.
Islam had granted all basic human right, which they had not been enjoying in the pre-Islamic,
era. (Muhammad, 2001).
Women in Pakistan is facing the domestic violence at high rate. According to the
Women Right Commission the women in Pakistan are facing the many types of domestic
violence by their husbands and also by in-laws. They are also facing sexual harassment by
the feudal lords of their areas. According to the HRCP report the worst victims were the poor
or middle class women. +5&3DOVRUHSRUWHGWKDW'RPHVWLF9LROHQFHUHPDLQHGDSHUYDVLYH
phenomenon. The supremacy of the male and subordination of the female assumed to be part
of the culture and even to have sanction of the religion made violence by one against the
other in a variety of its forms an accepted and pervasive feature of domestic life.
Comprehensive studies on domestic violence indicates that domestic violence is structural



rather than causal problem. It is the structure of the family that leads to or legitimizes the
DFWVHPRWLRQVRUSKHQRPHQRQWKDWLVLGHQWLILHGDVWKHFDXVHVRIGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHXQGHU
WKHFDXVDO DQDO\VLV7KLVIDPLO\VWUXFWXUHLVDVWUXFWXUHWKDWLVPLUURUHGDQGFRQILUPHGLQ
the structure of the society, which condones the oppression of the women and tolerates male
violence as on of the instruments in the perpetuation of this power balance. (Sanghu, 2002).
Women in Pakistan are severely disadvantaged and discriminated against. Violence
against women, which includes physical abuse, rape, acid throwing, burning and killing, is
widespread in Pakistan. Few women would complain under legal provisions relating to
physical injury. For those who do take the step, police and judiciary usually dismiss their
complaints and send them back to their abusive husbands. Very poor women, women from
religious minorities and women bonded labourers are particularly vulnerable to violence in
the community and home. According to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, over 90%
of married women report being kicked, slapped, beaten or sexually abused when husbands
were dissatisfied by their cooking or cleaning or when the women had failed to bear a child
or had given birth to a girl instead of a boy. Another organization stated that one women is
murdered and one women is kidnapped in Pakistani feudal society every day. (Amnesty
International, 2002).
Violence against women is disturbingly persistent and pervasive in the ESCAP
region. Given the culture of silence the surrounds domestic violence, incidents of wife
beating and other gender-based violence such as female feticides and infanticides and abuse
of elderly women can often remain undetected. Because of the common perception that
domestic violence is a private matter, women often encounter disbelief and blame when they
seek redress. Gender-EDVHG GLVFULPLQDWRU\ SUDFWLFHV VXFK DV GRZU\ RU EULGHJURRP SULFH
and KRQRXUNLOOLQJV and gender-based attitudes such as son preference also contribute to
violence against women. (United Nations Organization, 2002).
Naz says that only tough laws and their implementation in letter and in spirit could
bring violence against women to an end. (Naz, 2004).
'RPHVWLFYLROHQFHZKLFKLQFOXGHVSK\VLFDODEXVHUDSHDFLGWKURZLQJEXUQLQJDQG
NLOOLQJLVZLGHVSUHDGLQ3DNLVWDQ. Few women make official complaints and those who are
often sent back to their abusive husbands. The law is equally applied and verdicts often
reflect the gender bias of individual judges. According to their report, very poor women,



women from religious minorities and women bonded laborers are particularly vulnerable to
violence in the community and home by feudal lords (Anonymous, 2002).
It states that, XQOHVVWKH*RYWWDNHVVHULRXVDFWLRQDJDLQVWSHUSHWUDWRUVRIGRPHVWLF
violence, the women will continue to suffHU DW WKH KDQGV RI XQIDLU VH[. Amnesty
,QWHUQDWLRQDODQQXDOUHSRUWUHYLHZLQJWKHVWDWHRIZRPHQLQ3DNLVWDQLQVD\VWKDWWKH
*RYW LV IDLOHG WR WDNH DGHTXDWH PHDVXUHV WR UHSRUW ZRPHQ IURP DEXVH 7KH QXPEHU RI
women who become victim of honor killings and domestic violence during last runs into
several hundred. Their crime wishing to marry men of their own choice or seeking a divorce
led them to domestic violence. Quoting the figures released by the Human Rights
Commission of Pakistan, the report says that some 62 women fell victim to honor killings in
the first quarter of 2001 in Sindh alone (Rizvi, 2002).
US Secretary of state Colin Powell addressed violence against women and *RYW,
proposed changes to the constitution during his visits to Pakistan. According to this is an
HQRUPRXVRSSRUWXQLW\WRSXVKIRUDFFRXQWDELOLW\IRUZRPHQVULJKWVDEXVHDQGDGKHUHQFHWR
democratic principles. In the letter to Secretary Colin Powell, Human Rights Watch said,
,VODPDEDGVUHVSRQVHWRYLROHQFHDQGGLVFULPLQDWLon against women had been inadequate. If
for repealing certain provision of Hudood Ordinance (Anonymous, 2002).
It is stated that being Muslims, the people of Pakistan, by and large are continuously
accepting certain social crimes as compulsion. Bribery is worst of them. But there are certain
more crimes which bear more hazardous repercussion to last long. Illegal abortions are also
becoming a major factor of killings. In our country where the female proportion of
population is almost equal to male women are abused, harassment and victimized by men.
Feudal Lords after fulfilling their lust of sex disappear from the scene, leaving their partners
behind to bear the worth of cruelties of others. To the dismay of all and Sundry these
DIIHFWHGIHPDOHVIDOOSUH\ to endure more hardships, this time not from the opposite side but
their own houses. (Haider, 2002).
Yasmeen States that women who constitute the half of population of the country, their
corporation or participation in different fields of life is very important but they are not only
exploited by men outside the family but now a days she is frequently facing violence within
the self esteem and destroys their health and the fear of sexual assault in the public domain




deprives them from their full participation in their all aspects of development. (Muqadas
Yasmeen, 2002).
The later half of 20th century has been acknowledged as the prevalence of violence in
all societies around the world. Violence behavior is becoming vicious and bloody due to the
increased values in the minds of people. In our society the vicious circle of torture of women
by men is continuing. The leader, law-makers enforces, influential persons and few voluntary
organizations are failing to inspire the people in the society to end the evil customs as they
are showing big gaps between their reached precept and in the real practice (Moeen, 2002).
Throughout the world the greatest source of danger to women is within the family
within their homes, either by the spouse, their fathers or their brothers. This has been referred
to as domestic violence and it has been shown that violence exists in various forms in
everyday life in all societies (Shamillah Wilson, 2002).
Our legal culture is quite unfriendly to women. Unless women are effectively
represeQWHG LQ SDUOLDPHQW EXUHDXFUDF\ JRYHUQLQJ ERDUGV FRRSHUDWLRQV DQG RWKHU VXFK
bodies where decision affecting the, lives of people are made, not much will improve
(Kumar, 2002).
Today women in Pakistan are virtually invisible in the National and Provincial
$VVHPEOLHV WKH MXGLFLDU\ DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ ,W LV RQO\ LQ WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU WKDW ZRPHQV
professional expert and skill are coming to be recognized. But compared to the women of the
other states of South Asia, women in Pakistan have been relegated to the back yard by
religious orthodoxy encouraged by the state structure. (Aziz, 2003).
Patel states that in Pakistan violence within the home is inflicted in various ways,
including mental torture by threat of divorce or by taking another wife, separating the women
from in marriage especially to much older men. Violence may include physical assault force
verbal abuse ravaging, burning and sexual abuse, rape and forced prostitution. It is not only
the husband who inflicts violence in the home often in extended families the wife is violated
by her in-laws the girl child or the women may be subjected to incest and rape in own home
and even forced to keep her lips sealed. Women can suffer violence in the home from the
men of the family father, brother, husband, uncles, cousins and at times from the women of
the family mother in law, sisters in law mother and sisters (Patel, R. 2003).




Pakistani women are subjected to the most atrocious forms of violence within their
homes by their family members. A fact that is commonly ignored and overlooked by the
Pakistani government and society as a whole. The effects of domestic violence can be
GHYDVWDWLQJ ZRPHQV KHDOWK DV ZHOO DV WR RWKHU DVSHFWV RI WKHLU SK\VLFDO DQG PHQWDO ZHOOEHLQJ,WKLQGHUVZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLon in public life and their participation in development
projects and lessens their contribution to designed social and economic development
(Darakhsan Yousaf, 2003).
Violence against women is the most universal and unpunished crime of all, despite
progress in raising awareness about women globally, the challenges to eliminating violence
are more complex and the resistance to change, the backlash against the empowerment of
women more blatant and the methods used to upheld the status quo more sophisticated and
insidious according to the report. Violence against women is linked to the status of women
worldwide. To date, at least 45 nations have specific legislation on domestic violence, 21
more are drafting new laws, and many others have amended criminal assault laws to include
abuse. But the report status, legislation and policies alone are insufficient tools to eliminate
gender-based violence because it is linked to systemic gender discrimination and societal
norms that devalue women. Solving the problem of violence requires solving the problems of
gender inequality (Ruchi Ahuja, 2003).
In Pakistan, women are victims of inhuman customs and discriminatory laws. This is
evident from the large incidence of cases during the first two months of 2004. From the 564
reported cases of physical and sexual violence, there were 183 cases of murder, 128 cases of
injury, 95 cases of rape, 27 cases of stripping, 54 cases of severe torture and 32 cases of
sexual harassment. Madadgaar data showed most of the cases of violence against women
were perpetrated in the Punjab (379) in Sindh there were 134 cases, in NWFP 37 and in
Balochistan there were 14 cases. It also showed that during the last two months of the year
2004, fifty cases of women abuse were reported in Karachi, 37 in Lahore, 8 in Quetta, 34 in
Multan, 11 in Gujranwala, 11 in Hyderabad and 21 cases in Rawalpindi. The report added
that during the first two months of 2004, prominent national and regional newspapers
displayed 106 cases of honor killing. Madadgaar research also shows that during the first two
months of 2004 two hundred and thirty seven women were kidnapped in different parts of the
country (Madadgaar Research, 2004).



Condescending attitudes lead only to provocation and hardening of stances.

In

appropriate methods adopted to create awareness about rights can in fact alienate intended
beneficiaries from their own families and the society. Even education and economic
empowerment seem suspect goals if activists stress that poor or illiterate people are more
prone to violence against women (Syed Mohammad Ali, 2004).
It is generally believed that different classes of women experience different kinds of
violence. The women from the educated classes would experience more psychological or
emotional abuse while women belonging from rural, tribal, feudal classes would be victims
of more physical abuse. Like elsewhere domestic violence in Pakistan cuts across all socioeconomic lines and is not frequent. But Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) in
1997, reported, 7he worst victims of domestic abuse were women of poor and middle
FODVVHV Saira Saddique, (2004).
*HQGHU YLROHQFH FDQ RFFXU WKURXJKRXW D ZRPDQV OLIH F\FOH 7\SH LQFOXGH VH[selective abortion, battering during pregnancy, coerced pregnancy through rape, female
infanticide, differential food and medical care for girls, dating and courtship violence,
psychological abuse, marital rape, sexual harassment, trafficking in women, dowry abuse and
murder, and abuse of elderly women (UN, 2004).
It is observed that domestic violence is the common form of violence. In her report,
she observed that 84% respondents reported frequent domestic quarrel, 58% reported that
males use weapon of taunts and stirring attitude, In 50 cases became abusive, 27% suffered
from physical beating, 13% have to face threats of divorce, 45% accepted violence quietly,
ZLWKPLOGSURWHVWVVRXJKWWHPSRUDU\ UHVSLWHE\JRLQJ WKHLUSDUHQWVKRXVH7KH
factors behind were poverty, male dominance, illiteracy etc. (Safdar, S. 2004).
It is says that women should be given equal rights of freedom for the benefit of men
in the country; a woman is a mother, sister, daughter, wife and above all, a sensitive
companion. Then, why is she forced to lead a life of sordid imprisonment? (Prabhakar,
2004).
It VWDWHGWKDWVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLVWDNLQJSODFHRQDPDVVLYHVFDOHLQ
countries in conflict, the international response remains inadequate (United Nations, 2005).
The experience or threat of violence affects the lives of women everywhere, cutting
across boundaries of wealth, race, and culture. In the home and in the community, in time of



war and peace, women are beaten, raped, mutilated and killed with impunity (Amnesty
International UK, 2006).
Beauvoir (1949) claims that man has fabricated and constructed woman as The
Other; as the one who is not oneself. Whatever characterizes men, in their own view indeed,
women are defined as the opposite. ,I PHQ DUH DFWLYH ZRPHQ PXVW EH SDVVLYH LI PHQ
represent good, then women must represent evil. In other words, all the negative
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIKXPDQLW\DVPHQSHUFHLYHWKHPDUHSURMHFWHGRQWRZRPHQ. Mishra (2006)
says about feminism, 7KHQRWLRQRIEHLQJDZRPDQVKRXOGQRWEHJXLGHGE\WKHGLFWDWHVRI
WKH SDWULDUFKDO VRFLHW\. Shree (2002) mentions, ,W LV GLIILFXOW IRU ZRPHQ WR H[SUHVV WKHLU
IHHOLQJVLQDODQJXDJHZKLFKLVFKLHIO\PDGHE\PHQWRH[SUHVVWKHLU. While speaking about
My Feudal Lord (1995), she argues, 7KH ERRN LV D PLOHVWRQH IRU WKH FDXVH RI ZRPHQ LQ
Pakistan. It should be recognized as a stepping stone for women, who are mothers, sisters,
ZLYHVDQGGDXJKWHUV (Shree, 2002). Khar is infact the product of the feudal society where
women are no more than just material articles and objects. He is a person possessed with
absolute authority and power and that power needed to be practiced to confirm its existence.
The safest territory and zone was his own place, i.e. his home, where no one ventured to deny
his authority. He would beat up and punish the servants if the food was not hot enough, his
wife if she was late after his first call, and his children if they threw a tantrum (Shree, 2002).
At a place, talking about same phenomenon, Shree says, 7KLV EHKDYLRU LV QRW OLPLWHG WR
Pakistan only. Domestic violence is probably one of the worVW FXOWXUDO XQLYHUVDOV (Shree,
2002).
Numerous articles have also been written on this issue. Sunday Times (cited in
Durrani, 1995) wrote about Durranis work: 7HKPLQD 'XUDQLs story provides extra
ordinary insights into the vulnerable position of women caught in the complex web of
VRFLHW\ (N.P). In 2013 Baseer, Alvi and Zafran have written a paper applying Kristevas
perspective of semiotic and symbolic language to explore Ibsens 7KH'ROOV+RXVH. The
paper concludes that SDWULDUFK\ HVWDEOLVKHV WKH LGHDV RI PDQV DVFHQGDQF\ DQG ZRPDQV
relegation on the basis of symbolic concepts associated with male-dominated linguistic code,
DQG QRW RQ WKH EDVLV RI VHPLRWLF XVH RI ODQJXDJH (Baseer, Alvi & Zafran, 2013: 622).
Several PhD theses applying Julia Krietevas notions on novels and short stories are
completed at the well-known universities of England like University of Liverpool, University



of Sussex, Queen's University of London, University of Stirling, University of Leeds and

Brunel University. Elaine Catherine has researched on the topic of 5HVLVWDQW VSDFHV LQ
Kristeva and Foucault, and their literary formation in Barnes and Lorde for his doctoral
degree in 1999. Earlier, a research has been carried out in 1983 by Murphy. The title of the
research is The semiology of fiction in the work of Julia Kristeva, 1966-1976. The research
is about the semiology of fiction in the work of Kristeva.
Elishas thesis (2011) A theoretical account of female ethical responsibility:
Emmanuel Levinas with Lucy Irigaray and Julia Kristeva. Nephie, J. s., work 2XW RI WKH
cradle endlessly rocking: Sylvia Plath as mother-creator in light of Julia Kristeva's theory of
subject formation is completed in 2 /RXLVH $QQV GLVVHUWDWLRQ $Q DQDO\VLV RI
7KH
Gold Diggers' (1983) by Sally Potter: feminist film, Julia Kristeva and revolutionary
SRHWLFV is completed in 1994. Ann states in the Abstract of her Thesis: Sally Potter's film
The Gold Diggers (1983) occupies an important place in the cultural politics of feminism.
It poses the question of female subjectivity through a critical exploration of the structuring
linearity of classic narrative film. Casting Julie Christie and Colette Laffont as co-stars, the
film explores the relationship between the female spectator and two cinematic portraits: the
over-exposed white female star and the under-represented black woman. Mobilised by their
mutual desire for change, the white star escapes her pre-given status of screen goddess and
the black woman adopts the role of investigative agent. Bringing together two women who
have been divided by constructs of race, class and culture, Sally Potter is disrupting a
prohibited story and making it possible within the parameters of feminist intervention in the
cinema (Louise Ann, 1994).
$QQD -DQHV GRFWRUDO WKHVLV Endangered bodies: woman and nature in the
conWHPSRUDU\%ULWLVKQRYHOE\ZRPHQ (2004) is a feminist analysis of contemporary British
gynotexts. This project examines the ecofeminist premise that discourses of mastery not only
affect subjugated others such as women, animals and others, but also influence the treatment
of the natural environment. Analyzing novels that employ forms of embodiment that
foreground extreme bodily conditions such as pregnancy, monstrosity and death, I employ
the theoretical constructs of Mikhail Bakhtin (the grotesque body, cannibalization and
dialogism) and Julia Kristeva's notion of abjection as tools of analysis to provide a new
conception of ecological bodies (Anna Jane, 2004).



CHAPTER-3

Methodology

The purpose of this chapter is to describe and explain research design and techniques
of research. According to Nachmias (1981) the scientific methodology is system of explicit
rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which the claims for
knowledge are evaluated. Various techniques and procedure employed for the collection,
analysis and interpretation of data in the present study are discussed in this chapter.
This research is qualitative research; it is a collection of inductive-subjective
H[SHULHQFHVEDVHGSXUHO\XSRQP\SHUFHSWLRQ7KLVUHSRUWLVEDVHGRQ.ULVWHYDVIHPLQLVWLF
views (1980, 1983, 1986, 2008) which have been employed to examine and construe the life
of a woman in male jingoistic society, applying on the novel 0\)HXGDO/RUG by Tehmina
'XUUDQL.ULVWHYDVIHPLQLVWLFFRQFHSWRI6HPLRWLFYV6\PEROLFGLVWLQFWLRQVDUHDSSOLcable to
GLVVHFWWKHWH[W'XUUDQLVPHPRLU.ULVWHYDVIHPLQLVWLFYLHZV RIUHSUHVVHGRUVHPLRWLFZD\
of representation that finally loses its unique identity in patriarchal, male-dominated,
symbolic social order and finally becomes the part of it. Though Kristeva is a linguist yet her
concepts and ideas are of great implication for feminist theories. She says, , DP TXLWH
GHGLFDWHGWRWKHIHPLQLVWPRYHPHQW (cited in Roudiez, 1981). Kristeva offers her feministic
conceptions by providing the notions of Symbolic and Semiotic styles of communication and
representation. Semiotic thread mode deals with typical and natural meaning. She looks at
the symbolic thread mode the language of power and confront and as such is allied and
associated with patriarchal functiRQV LQ KXPDQ FXOWXUH ,Q .ULVWHYDV IRUP WKH GHYHORSLQJ
child turns to the personal approach in relation to the symbolic functions of language. The
child attaches and inserts himself/herself into culture by compromising and submitting to the
IDWKHUVDVZHOODVE\IROORZLQJDQGFRQIRUPLQJWRWKHOLQJXLVWLFUXOHVDQGWKLVSURFHGXUHLV
FRQQHFWHGWRWKHFKLOGVSODFLQJLQWRVRFLDOUXOHV6LQFHWKHRXWHUVRFLDOZRUOGLVPDVFXOLQH
and patriarchal, it is necessary to learn the language of the father to learn the language of the
ZRUOG7KLVVXFFHVVLRQILQDOO\OHDGVWRWKHFKLOGVLVRODWLRQDQGVHSDUDWLRQIURPWKHPRWKHU
7KHOHDUQLQJRIV\PEROLFODQJXDJHWKHUHIRUHQHFHVVLWDWHVDVXUUHQGHUWR mannish functions
and a farewell to feminized space of mother-FKLOG ERQG (Robbins, 2000). Kristeva points
RXWWKDWSDWULDUFK\FUHDWHVWKHGHVLJQVRI0HQVVXSHULRULW\DQG:RPHQVRWKHUOLQHVVRQWKH
basis of symbolic or civilize perception and not the natural ones. While both are in separable,



attached and independent. Oppression or overthrow of one and supremacy and control of
other causes threat to the soft and even operation of social order. Several relevant extracts
from the text of My Feudal Lord (1995) by Tehmina Durrani have been cited and analyzed
to show the plight of women being browbeaten and exploited by men on the basis of
patriarchal cultural concepts constructed around the power of men-folk.
Even though Kristeva does not refer to her own writing as feminist, many feminists
revolve to her work in order to expand and develop various discussions and disputes in
feminist theory and criticism. Three fundamentals of Kristeva's thought have been
particularly important for feminist theory in Anglo-American contexts:
i. Her attempt to bring the body back into discourses in the human sciences;
ii. Her focus on the significance of the maternal and preoedipal in the constitution of
subjectivity; and
,




CHAPTER-4

Discussion

'XUUDQLVDXWRELRJUDSK\0\)HXGDO/RUG (1995) obviously give you an idea about

her worrying marital life with an imperialist feudal lord named Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Khar.
Khar, a prominent politician in the history of Pakistani politics, is a previous chief minister of
Punjab. Actually, he is a prophetic sponsor of democracy while in the private affairs of his
life he is no more than an inoperable wife-abuser. The memoir is divided into three parts
identified as (I) Lion of Punjab (II) Law of Jungle (III) Lioness. All three parts clearly plot
the growth of Tehmina Durrani from a normal and unimportant aristocratic house wife to an
unbound and liberated woman who is struggling for equal rights.
0\ )HXGDO /RUG  LV WKH IDFWXDO SULPH H[DPSOH RI ZRPHQV SUHGLFDPHQW DQG
their introverted condition. It has been written unequivocally and specially in Pakistani
context referring to the difficulty of women in pertaining to male leadership symbolic order.
7KHFKRVHQWH[WKDVDZHLUGDQGGHWDLOHGEDFNGURSZKLFKLVDSSURSULDWHNHHSLQJLQ.ULVWHYDV
notion of symbolic and semiotic order, perpetuation that symbolic social order makes women
remain at the sympathy of what the men in their lives and society regard as best for them.
.ULVWHYDGLVSXWHV6\PEROLFRUGHULVPDQV ZRUOGRQO\ ,WGLFWDWHVHYHQWKHPRVW important
SOHDVXUHVRIZRPHQFLWHGLQ-RQHV$OWKRXJK'XUUDQLVZRUNZDVPDUNHGDV
offensive on certain justifications yet the reality remained firm at its position that her memoir
symbolizes and explains the actual picture of suppression of women in developing countries
on one hand, while on other it conveys to panorama the unfair ruling of patriarchal which is
honestly responsible for the present prejudiced status of women. The book also presents
much strategy to make conflict and create aZDUHQHVV DERXW ZRPHQV TXDQGDU\ 'XUUDQLV
work demonstrates that in third world countries like Pakistan women are in use as own
properties and assets of men while men control every globe of lives of women even their
manners and actions. Men have the right and authority to make decisions for women and
women have to follow their judgments in family, community, tribe and society. We discover
that feudal lord Khar does not let Durrani even to talk to her brother. Once, she talked to her
brother Asim on the phone Khar raised very offend. He cried :K\GLG\RXVSHDNWRKLPIRU
VR ORQJ KH VQDUOHG ,V KH \RXU EURWKHU RU \RXU GHYRWHH" (Durrani, 1995: p. 133). She
looked at her brutal husband and answered back in astounding manner, +HLVP\EURWKHU
Mustafa realO\ (p. 133). On her reply, he gets more scruffy and nasty stating $UH \RX



DQVZHULQJPHEDFN" (p.133). Mustafa Khar acts upon the accurate role of a patriarch and of
a mannish tormenter in addition to an undue and boisterous man. In another episode, Khar
GLGQWDOORZKHUWRUHDGDQHZVSDSHUDQGVKHZDVLQYHQWHGWRIROORZZLWKRXWDQ\FRPSODLQW
or else, +LV ILVWV GLG WKH WDONLQJ S (YHQ .KDUV ROG PRWKHU ZDV QRW JUDWLV RI WKLV
charge against women. At the dinner table, he hardened to command his mother, (DWXS.
His mother began to eat. Whenever she mumbled that she had missed her desire, Khar turned
a hatred stare upon her and emit obscenities. Quickly she pecked at her food. She states, $
feudal lord was a complete ruler who could rationalize any DFWLRQ(p. 41). She also states
,IDKXVEDQGEHKDYHVLQDVWUDQJHRUXQUHDVRQDEOHPDQQHU\RXVKRXOGWUHDWKLPOLNHDVLFN
human being. Like someone who needs medical care and treatment. Deal with him like a
SV\FKLDWULVW(My Feudal Lord, p.130).
'XUUDQLVZRUNVKRZVYDULRXVH[DPSOHVRIWKLVW\SHRISDWULDUFKDOUXGHQHVV
violence against women and sexual harassment by the feudal. She is upset and mockery in
her whole life not to reject and go against this social structure, the symbolic order in
.ULVWHYDV H[SUHVVLRQV :KHQHYHU VKH VWUXJJOHG WR FRPH RXW RI LW KHU KXVEDQG EHDWHQ KHU
According to Tehmina Durrani, /DWHULQRXU EHGURRPP\LPSXGHQFHZDVSXQLVKHGZLWK
\HWDQRWKHUSULFNO\VODS. Mustafa called me $QH[KLELWLRQLVWVKDPHOHVVZRPDQ (p. 216).
Khar represents a wild animal who spoils the life of many innocent women with his power
and extraordinary rights. Khar called himself, ,PVKLNDUL,PVKLNDULRIZRPHQ (Durani,
1995, p. 41). Ghulam Mustafa Khar in many cases is known as the male (OL]DEHWK7D\ORU.
Hunting gifted Mustafa with valor, fortitude and tolerance to control his victim trickily.
Through hunting he erudite how to lure, snare, persuade. Tehmina Durani was slighted and
laughed at the whole time of her life and was not permitted to violate the social and cultural
norms and sorts. Tehmina says, ,KDGQRSRZHUQRULJKWVDQGQRZLOORIP\RZQ (Durrani,
1995, p. 107). This state shows lower status of women and violence against women in
petriarchal feudal society.
Writer of 0\ )HXGDO /RUG beautifully and boOGO\ ZURWH DERXW )HXGDO /RUGV
violence, cruelness, brutality thirst for sex with women. From her early days to her location
of supremacy as one of the numerous wives of a well-known and illustrious politician, she
relates her yarn and that of her second spouse Mustafa as is with brazen spirits. 7KHUHLVD
fantasy of a feudal lord as an exotic, tall, dark and handsome man, with flashing eyes and



traces of quick-tempered gypsy blood. Images of him parrying thrusts with the fiercest of
swordsmen and riding off into the sunset on his black steed set the pubescent heart aflutter.
He is seen as a passionate ladies man and something of a rough diamond, the archetypal
male chauvinist who forces a woman to love him despite his treatment of her. But the fantasy
is far from reality, and my country of Pakistan must face up to reality of it is ever to grow
DQGSURVSHU (Durrani, 1995, p. 94).
This analytical outline informs the present study in the following ways. First, the
author used multi coated scrutiny integrate textual language. Second, text is at the central part
of the study. The selected text is therefore, study according to Socio-cultural order. Tehmina
'XUDQLVERRN0\)HXGDO/RUG turn around her own disturbing and awful marriage with
Imperialist, archetypal and conventional feudal lord Ghulam Mustafa Khar. This very
GHVFULSWLRQ RI 7HKPLQDV VHFRQG PDUULDJH JHQHUDWHV D WUHPHQGRXV Dnd fabulous view of a
ZRPDQVOLIHLQDXQDGYHQWXURXVO\GHVLJQHGIHXGDOVHWXS7HKPLQDVWDNHDFWLRQRIOHDYLQJ
her guiltless first husband Anees and tie the knot with praiseworthy ex- chief minister of
Punjab .KDU soon curved into a horrendous. Durrani was victim of sexual harassment by
IHXGDOORUG.KDU6KHOHIWKHUNLGZLWK$QHHV'XUUDQLVPHPRLUVWDNHVWKHUHDGHURQDWRXULQ
a tyrannical society. She frankly articulated the wretched facts of her life like how her
husband behaved her and his despicable liaison with her younger sister (Adila) even as they
were matrimonial which had obsessed her mad due to the mental suffering. Through a very
hard-hitting pursue full of suffering she realized the plainness and worthlessness of her
relationship with her second spouse. She used some expressions to exemplify her
disappointment like no rights, no authority and no will. The selected language explains the
ZRPHQVORFDWLRQLQRXU3DNLVWDQLVRFLHW\PDLQO\LQLVRODWHGFXOWXUHVDQGLQIHXGDOV\VWHP
She just has to do what her male folk states. She does not have her own brainpower and
freedom. Her resolution is slaughtered with the specific customary tackles of male
domination i.e thrashing and bothering women all the time. Durrani has separated book into
three parts: Lion of the Punjab, Law of the Jungle and Lioness. Lion of the Punjab is the label
she has prearranged to her unkind husband Mustafa, who belongs to habitual, conventional
and feudal milieu of Kot Addu. The very section portrays that how he growls and how he
wipes out the lives of guiltless and simple innocent women without any wavering. He has
stays behind the ex-chief minister of Punjab. In fact, he is presented as a ally of democracy,



liberalism and laissez-faire; while in the personal associations of his life he is represented
nothing else but wife-DEXVHU'XUUDQLZDVVL[WKZRPDQZKRFDPHLQ0XVWDIDVOLIH+HXVHG
to get the women as a simulated doll, he ought to exploit them and fling them away. These
HYLGHQFHV OHDGV WR $ULVWRWOHV YLHZV DERXW ZRmen, he stated, :RPDQ DV D VH[XDO GROO
(Aristotle, 2012).
As Durrani affirmed: ZRPHQHQWHUHG0XVWDIDVOLIHVZLIWO\DQGOHIWMXVWDVUDSLGO\
(Durani, 1995, p. 44). She further disputed about the deceived inclinations of her second
husband Mustafa Khar in these expressions: +HSOXFNHG6DILDIURPWKHKHDYHQVDQGORFNHG
KHULQDFDJHHis previously modern bride went behind the cloak, expelled to the oblivion
RI KLV GZHOOLQJ YLOODJH RI .RW $GGX (Durrani, 1995, p. 45). Khar was not an ordinary
Pakistani man. He was presented as a respectable elected official and harsh feudal who
hardened to pluck women on every occasion and from everywhere he wanted and put them
into the cage of restrictions and conventions. He was the real hunter of innocent women who
used them for sexual desire and exploiter of women. In this novel women are revealed as
showpieces for the male dominated embalm. Women are measured more of an ornamentation
than a living body. Mustafa met Naubahar, $TXDOLILHGGDQFLQJJLUOZKRXVHGKHU beauty to
entangle the young politician. Mustafa rented a flat in Lahore and set up Naubahar there as
KLV ZLIH (Durani, 1995, p.  'DQFLQJ JLUO ZDV WKH WKLUG ZKR FDPH LQ 0XVWDIDV OLIH
Durrani used the word installed in the novel; reflected the inconsequentiality of a woman in
WKH OLIH RI IHXGDO ORUG 0XVWDID XVHG ZRUGV LQ 7HKPLQDV PHPRLU VKRZHG 0XVWDIDV ULJLG
nature and authority of manliness. He accustomed to pluck and bed in the women in his life.
She had to bear for the unkindness and treachery of her spouse and it was undoubtedly
against the customs and values of Islam. But in distinction to Islamic law and regulation,
throughout the novel women are always accessible in suffering from disappointment,
disenchantment and disturbance which provoke from social limitations and hegemonic
course of action of feudal organism. In the whole novel Durrani stayed behind an exploited
ZRPDQ,QIDFW0XVWDIDZDVQRPRUHWKDQDIHUDODQLPDOLQFDSDEOHWRLGHQWLI\ZLWKZRPHQV
feelings. He took benefit of his masculine gender to take advantage of feminine gender
through violence, sexual harassment and clout.
It also depicts the brutality against women in such setups. These sour, solid and
brutal words Mustafa learnt from his own milieu and offered his social and cultural



uniqueness with such words. These words facilitate the non native readers to know about the
socio-cultural, racial and emotional structure of feudal landlords. It also elucidates the status
and place of women in the male dominated feudal societies of Pakistan. The chosen wording
gives a comprehensible difference between males and females in Pakistani patriarchal
society. Novel shows the actual depiction of women in third world countries on one hand
while on other hand it portrays the order and poweURISDWULDUFK\0XVWDIDVWUHDWPHQW DQG
UHJXODWLQJGHFODUDWLRQVPDNH7HKPLQDVOLIHGHSUHVVHGDQGUDJJHGKHULQWRSLHFHV+HJRWKHU
as his assets and worn her in malicious manner. Relationship between matrimonial couple is
always stand on love, think about and sympathetic but Mustafa took his wife as a doll, played
with her beauty and when his heart filled with her beauty, thrown her away. Feudal lord
customs claim, a wife is honor-ERXQG WR OLYH KHU OLIH DFFRUGLQJ WR KHU KXVEDQGV GHVLUH $
woman is measuUHGOLNHDPDQVDVVHWVDQGODQG0XVWDID.KDUSUHVHQWHGWKHDFFXUDWHUROHRI
a patriarchal feudal lord and mannish power in treating his wife. He did, whatsoever he learnt
from his environment, from his ethnicity, he himself said: , DP WKH UHVXOW RI GRPLnant,
SULYLOHJHG FODVV (Durani, 1995, p. 58). Durrani acknowledged it in the text by saying 
Feudal law permit a man to perform in such mode, but for a wife to give up a spouse is the
VXSUHPH VLQ (Durrani, 1995, p. 51). Tehmina used language in her book portrayed
0XVWDIDVDXWKRULW\DQGGRPLQDQF\RYHU7HKPLQD0XVWDIDHQWLWOHGKLPVHOIDXWKRULWDWLYHDQG
confidential, it is my right to keep up power over my wives as I am the product of a culture
that had taught me from birth that feudal lords have every right to do whatever they want to.
Khar was also taught that women were quiet beings they were not made to have a word.
Durrani was the prey of her second spouse, she endured too much mutely.
0XVWDIDWKUHZKHULQWRWKHFDJHDQGFXWKHUIURPH[WHULRUZRUOG+HGLGQWDOORZKHUWRODXJK
ZLWKKHUVLVWHUVWROHDYHKRPHZLWKRXWKHUKXVEDQGVSHUPLVVLRQ+HGLGQWDOORZKHUWRUHDG
a newspaper and she was supposed to follow her male folk as a servant.
She argued as: 2QHGD\0XVWDIDWROGPHWKDW,KDGQRULJKWWRUHDGDQHZVSDSHU,IROORZHG
the order without a squeal protest. When he found newspaper in my room, I prayed that he
would not feel that I had really tried to read one of them, my prayers by and large went
XQUHWXUQHG +H DVNHG PH GLG \RX UHDG D QHZVSDSHU" , DQVZHU EDFN LQ WUHPXORXV 1R
&RQVLVWHQWO\KHUDJHGGRQWOLHWRPH (Durani, 1995, p. 106).




Courageously revealing the cruelty she had to face, Durrani made us understand the
gender politics of feudal modules. For Durrani a feudal is only obtained with an education of
a Feudal lord which builds him unsympathetic. Feudal law trains them gender difference and
gives them the grade of hegemony. Men in feudal societies are be inclined to remain Men,
even if it is the subject of their mothers. My Feudal Lord formed an exact depiction of gender
DEXVHPDOHVXSUHPDF\ DQGZRPHQVZLWKGUDZQVWDWXVLQDSDWULDUFKDOVRFLHW\ RI3DNLVWDQ
'XUUDQVPHPLRUKDVEHHQVSHFLDOO\ZULWWHQLQ3DNLVWDQLPLOLeu where the cultural custom for
ZRPHQ LV WR UHPDLQ KXVKHG DJDLQVW FRHUFLRQ ,Q 0XVWDIDV KRPH WRZQ .RW $GGX D ORZHU
class woman (Ayesha) was a married woman who had fallen in love with another man also
PDUULHG'XHWRORUGRIKLVYLOODJH0XVWDIDVGXW\Zas to give penalty to the corrupt woman.
$V D SHQDOW\ 0XVWDID PDGH $\HVKD QDQQ\ LQ KLV KRXVH EHFDXVH VKH ZDV KHU KXVEDQGV
property. But in his own private affairs, he made bond with a married woman Tehmina and
prepared her to get divorce from her husband Anees.  7HKPLQD , DP G\LQJ WR VHH \RX
MXVWDIDVWRQHRIYRLFHDSSHDOHG,FDQWOLYHZLWKRXW\RX,ZDQWWRJLYHXSHYHU\WKLQJDQG
EHZLWK\RX(Durrani, 1995, p. 7KLVXQFRYHUHG0XVWDIDVGHFHLYLQJQDWXUH
)HXGDO/RUGVODZVZHUHRQO\IRUORZHUmiddle class people but all was right for him.
In actuality, he spellbound women, but it seems that talked about falling in love and getting
over-romantic. Another case of gender domination was eye witnessed in the novel,
FRQFHUQLQJ0XVWDIDVEHKDYLRUZLWK his children, particularly with his daughter Naseeba. He
never showed his attachment with his children. He acted impolitely with everyone. Durrani
lived of inferior quality life after second marriage. She was trodden, assumed and disgraced
by her feudal lord husband Mr. Khar. She notified about some agitated things that she
suffered. Like newspaper reading, laughing and talking with her sisters and brothers on the
SKRQHZDVQRWDOORZHGWRKHU0XVWDIDVSDVVLRQVWRRNZLFNHGIRUPV:KHQHYHUKHVDZPH
smiling or witting with my parents, his frame of mind poorly lit and I recognized that the
subsequently moment he would discover a excuse for an dispute that would show the way to
violence.
, H[SUHVVHG UHJUHW IRU ZKDWHYHU LPDJLQDU\ LQGLJQDWLRQV , KDG GHGLFDWHG DUH \RX UHDOO\
VRUU\"+HZRXOG*RDG<HV$UH\RXVLQFHUHO\VRU\\HV\HV
<RXUWRQHLVZURQJ<RXGRQWVRXQGDVLI\RXDUHVRUU\,UHSOLHG0XVWDID,PH[KDXVWHG
SOHDVHEHOLHYHPH,DPVRUU\%XW



\RX GQW UHDOO\ IHHO WKDW \RX GLG VRPHWKLQJ %XW , GR , GR WZR KRXUV DJR \RX ZHUH
explaining your position . you were
GHIHQGLQJ \RXUVHOI, WKRXJKWBWKRXJKW" WKRXJKW" <RX WKRXJKW \RX FRXOG MXVWLI\ \RXU
actions. Do you still think? No you have
SURYHGWKDW,ZDVZURQJWRWKLQN"(Durani, 1995, p. 159).
0U.KDUVDIIDLUZLWK7HKPLQDVVLEOLQJ$GLODGURYH7HKPLQDQHDUO\EDUP\RXWRIWHUURU
in the part second of the novel Law of the Jungle. He intented her sister when Tehmina refuse
to go along with and disputed him to get estranged. He could never allow her to depart him
because he knew that she was the only frolic that can entertain him whereas he is exhausted.
Second part of the novel is set in London where Mustafa and Tehmina start a chic life as
banishes. He sets up treating as before and KHFRPPHQFHVOXULQJ$GLOD7HKPLQDV \RXQJHU
sister. Her remonstrates turn into frail once she comprehends that her kin will not hold up her
at all. She conceived again and unexpected conditions force her to appointment a male
doctor. This damages his ego and he bangs the conceived Tehmina harshly. In the route of
time, Mustafa matures a liaison with his sister-in-law, Adila, which is afterward found by
Tehmina. He begins thrashing her viciously. So she informs in ferocity when he next
attempts

to

beat

her:

7KH QH[W WLPH \RX OLIW \RXU KDQG RQ PH , ZLOO UDLVH XS D GDJJHU DQG NLOO \RX (Durani,
1995,

p.

131).

Took a woman for enjoyment only was twice nauseating and mortifying, she had to
face this but it allowed her to bravely write and to depict the positions of the females in
HQWLUHO\ IHXGDO DQG SDWULDUFKLF VRFLHWLHV 'XUUDQLV PHPRLU SUHVHQWV GLIIHUHQW SDUDGLJP RI
male dominated society. It spotlights the manly supremacy and domination with the help of
0XVWDIDVFKDUDFWHU,WLVVXUYH\HGWKDW0XVWDIDXVed language in his expressions represents
his dominancy, violence against women and vindictive nature. It additional explores in the
background of Pakistani feudal society. Approximately every woman suffer unsympathetic
truth of life but only one or two stay bold to elevate the tone of voice against it. Durrani
proves valor by writing about the male chauvinism of feudal society and therefore effort to
UHPRQVWUDWLRQDJDLQVWLW7KHUHVHDUFKHUVSODQWRFRQYH\WKHSUREOHPRIZRPHQVW\UDQQ\DQG
male power into the glare of publicity in the traditionally conventional patricentric societies
of Pakistan. Furthermore it illustrates how men get the benefit of gender by bodily and



psychologically violence the women in such isolated societies of Pakistan. The study efforts
to contribute into the feminist perspective in Pakistan by to rising knowledge in the people
DERXWZRPHQVIRUIHLWDQGWKHGLOHPPDWKH\KDYHWRVXIIHULQWKHIHXGDOSDWHUQDOFXOWXUH.
$ULVWRWOHVD\VWKDWZRPDQLVDGHIRUPHG0DOH (Aristotle, 2012), if we look at our
IHXGDOVRFLHW\ZHFDQVHH$ULVWRWOHVYLHZVDERXWZRPHQWKDWZRPDQLQIHULRUWRPDQZKRVH
no identity in patriarchal society. Pakistan is the compensation from British masters to the
Muslim feudal lords for their collaboration and fidelity. Khar is one of that feudal lord who
said Pakistan is my own property and everything of this country relates to me and my
property, so he used this power and exploit the women. In the whole world, particularly in
Pakistan the work of writing is for a woman basically an act of breaking her silence because
her oppressive male dominancy/tribal society has trained her to be racially quiet. Such an
LPPLQHQW LQWR WKH LQVLJQLILFDQW LGHQWLW\ LV SUHVHQWHG E\ 'XUUDQLV My Feudal Lord. My
Feudal Lord explains her painful matrimonial life with Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Khar, who was
WKHGRPLQDQWSROLWLFLDQLQWKH=$%KXWWRVUHJLPHODWHUEHFDPHWKH&KLHI0LQLVWHURIWKH
Punjab. On the other hand he was a chronic wife abuser and violator of women.
7KLUGSDUWRIWKHQRYHOFDOOHG/LRQHVVLQWKLVSDUW7HKPLQDFDPSDLJQVIRU0XVWDID
DQG KH SUHYDLOV WKH HOHFWLRQV %XW D /LRQ LV D /LRQ DW HYHU\ FRVW KLV DJJUHVVLRQ EHFRPHV
more powerful. Eventually, she decides to present in the form of book. In our Pakistani
society, where the Muslim patriarchs rule, the body of females is that of lower creatures, both
rationally and communally. Her core purpose looks like to be a device for the fulfillment of
WKH PDQV VH[XDO ZLVKHV DQG FRQWLQXDWLRQ RI WKH FODVV 7HKPLna writes: "Women in our
VSKHUH GLGQW DSSHDU WR ORRN DIDU WKHLU UDLVH VQRXWV 7KH\ SUDWWOHG HWHUQDOO\ DERXW GHILDQW
servants, dress, ornament and internal festoons. Many a day in the lives of these women were
absolutely faithful to the matter of what to carry that dusk" (Durani, 1995, p. 111). Tehmina
herself was no exception to this rule and fashioned herself mechanically to cater to her
KXVEDQGV SUHIHUHQFHV EH LW LQ DSSHDUDQFH DWWLUH RU PDNHXS 0RUHRYHU VKH UHYHOHG LQ WKH
conventional social expectations of the behaviour expected of a married woman. Part first of
My Feudal Lord, portrays as a man who partying in the entire suppression, subjugation and
tyranny of his female foil. Tehmina's conservative rearing conditioned by her feudal male
dominance soFLDO PLOLHX LQ ZKLFK VKH OLYHG PDGH KHU UHFRJQL]H KHU VSRXVH 0U 0XVWDIDV




sexual violence and physical beating, continuing these assaults as a part of her fortune. She
states, ,DPQRW\RXUVLVWHURU\RXUPRWKHU,DP\RXUZLIH (Durani, 1995, p. 135).
According to Mustafa, a woman like land is SRZHU VWDWXV SUHVWLJH DQG DVVHWV.
Astoundingly, when Tehmina conceived as a effect of Mustafa's fierce rapist anguishes, he
acquires a lot of personal heed of her. However, a attentive reading of this novel makes the
reader understand that it is not out of love for her but in the expect of a male inheritor that
0XVWDID LV DWWHQGLQJ WR 7HKPLQD +HU VXUYLYDO RI 0XVWDIDV DQJXLVKHV LV WKH UHVXOW RI DQ
ancient patriarchate assess which instills a sense of drudgery into the spirit of femininity.
This bestow to sexual ascendancy of the wife by the husband patriarchic talk does not
consider sex as a mode of reciprocal physical delight but somewhat as a tool of domination.
So Tehmina tries to eternalize her matrimonial relationship with Mustafa recognizes fully
well that in her society, a banished woman is the most contemptible of the human genus. Her
heart lacerating portrayal of her marriage without love is discovered as:
"There was not a day that Mustafa did not hit mH  , MXVW WULHG P\ EHVW QRW WR
SURYRNH KLP , ZDV DIUDLG WKDW P\ VOLJKWHVW UHVSRQVH WR KLV DGYDQFHV ZRXOG UHLQIRUFH KLV
image of me as a common slut. This was a feudal hang up: his class believed that a woman
ZDV DQ LQVWUXPHQW RI D PDQV FDUQDO SOHDVXUe. If the woman ever indicated that she felt
pleasure, she was a potential adulteress, not to be trusted. Mustafa did not even realize that
KH KDG FUXVKHG P\ VHQVXDOLW\ , ZDV RQ DXWRPDWLF SLORW UHVSRQGLQJ DV PXFK DV ZDV
important for him but never feeling anything myself. If he was satisfied there was a chance
that he would be in better humour. It was at these times that I realized that prostitution must
be a most difficult profession" (Durrani, 1995, p. 134).
When Mustafa was governor, he violated many women from Heera Mandi in the
bases of his status and feudality. He was the lady killer, no one escape from his sexual thirst.
Mustafa depicted a true picture of feudal and male dominant society where women have no
personal will they are puppets in the hands of males and feudal lords. In case we overlook,
WKLVLVDOVRDSHUVRQVDFFRXQWIURPWKHVLPLODUUHJLRQZKLFKDOVRWHVWLILHGWKHVTXDGUDSHRI
Mukhtaran Mai and is notorious for uppermost number of acid assails on women. One of the
acid assails fatalitieVZDVQRRWKHUEXW)DNKUD<XQLVZKRZHGGHGWR*KXODP0XVWDID.KDUV
son Bilal. In accord with Fakhra, Bilal carried out the monstrous act in front of her five years



old son from another husband. As Shahnawaz put down on the floor being kick viciously, his
two year old girl Sakina fled and hide herself at the spot of her father being choked pitilessly.
Not only Khar was cruel but also his nephew and relatives were most brutal, Saeen to saeen,
saeen ka patvari bhi saeen!
When Mustafa was immediately detained at the airport. Being his wife, Tehmina
absorbs much populace concentration and is for the first time consented as an organizer of
the people. Being a obedient, Tehmina visits the imprisoned Mustafa habitually and tries to
organize public support for him. He has no another exclude her and so he checks his anger.
Finally though his aberration dominates him and his desire for her resurfaces making him
rape her in lockup on his anniversary. Tehmina is bodily plundered by the wounds he metes
out as she is still getting better from operation.
Tehmina Durrani was a westernised woman, a doll in the reflection of the Queen of
Iran. For her amour was part of the way life must be if one is to be liberal and reform
minded. Unfortunately, she fell under the fascination of Mustafa Khar, attractive, affluent,
strong-minded and merciless as the sovereign of gloom himself. It is cynical if most feudal
lords would be similar to Khar in their self-centeredness yet, by looking at him one can
recognize the quality of life Pakistani feudal lords exist or want to live.
Most of the novel is about wife beating. Khar used to bang Durrani almost every day. She
has a glowing remembrance of most of the hitting she received. Truthfully at page 170, one
obtains weary of reading about the whippings she engrossed. Several of these were so violent
that one is shocked even in reading them. One depiction should be sufficient to assist us
recognize the cruelty and violence which is the based on which anti-Islam power is energize
in Pakistan. It is the reason of the absolute authority over the tyrant against the complete
vulnerability

of

the

exploited:

"Unexpectedly he cast me down on to the divan and jumped on me. Sitting spanning my
venter, he slapped me in the face again and again with his open palm, forehand and
backhand. The hum of his whistles appeared too shrill to remain constricted to the
fortifications of the room. I brawled to conceal my howls as he towed at my hair, shoving my
head from side to side. Like lightning, he hop off me. One hand seizes my lengthy, braided
hair and jolted me off the divan and on to the ground. I felt a dampness run down my legs but



had no time to realize that my bladder missing the intensity to defy this kind of terror. He
threw me beside a fortification, pull me up and threw me against another one again and
again and again. I no more knew what was occurrence. Some object erupt in my ears. I felt
an unbearable pain in my eyes, something cleaved, something bulged. Then the pain blended
into one abyss, beguiling apprehend of torment." (My Feudal Lord, P. 102-103).
The cause for this pedantic striking was that Khar was envious that Tehmina might
have countered sexually to her first husband. Generally, it was the part of Khar's extensive
plan to turn his wife traffic in slaves both emotionally and bodily. Why do women return to
the man who hits and mortifies them? The solution must be put in the global milieu of
exploitation of the fragile by the agile. After each beating Khar would express regret to
Tehmina, pledge her of his eternal love, and then wait for the next infringement of his
regulations when he would hit her another time. Although Khar was performing callous
tyranny of his wife, he introduced himself to the populace of Punjab, as their rescuer who
wanted to alteration society and grant the poor and the underprivileged their prerogatives.
This again is right, possibly to a less important amount, about approximately all of Pakistan's
feudal, martial, bureaucratic, powerful business leadership. They lives which rebut Islam, but
they pledge righteousness and law and order to the citizens. In reality they are exploiter of
LQQRFHQW ZRPHQ 'XUUDQL
V QRYHO SRLQWV RXW WKDW .KDU GLGQW VZD\ WR VPDVK DQ\
commandment of Islam if his sexual coerce so provoked him. In addition to fornication, he
also performed questionable incest (sex with his sister in law, which is prohibited in the
Holly Qur'an). At the broad level of the hoi polloi, Pakistan is a morally rigorous society,
where a man has to be cautious to fling with a female. In most of the area of Pakistan, similar
kind of affectionate teasing could have incurable consequences. But Khar, as a envoy of the
aristocrats, could desecrate Islam with exemption. What then does Islam denote to the
Pakistani prevailing privileged? Durrani herself, even after she lastly handled to get Khar out
RIKHUOLIHGRHVQRWUHFRJQL]HWKDWVKHHQGXUHGEHFDXVHVKHGLGQWNQRZZKDWLWZD\VWREHD
Muslim. For example, the Holly Quran says, do not be unsympathetic with them (Sura
Baqarah) even in separation. Durrani should have left her husband after the first thrashing
because he was desecrating a main paradigm of Muhammad (PBUH): "The Prophet (PBUH)
not ever raised his hand to opposite a woman". (Sahih Hadith presented by the best of
womeQ$\HVKD7KLVUDWLQJLVQRWVRPXFKIRUWKHERRNDVIRUWKHZRPDQKHUVHOI In first



part of the novel, Mustafa is depicted as a man who delights in his wife Tehmina. But she
DJUHHV KHU KXVEDQG 0XVWDIDV PDXOLQJ DQG VH[XDO YLFLRXVQHVV 7KLV VWUHWFKHV Wo sexual
dominion of the wife by her husband Mustafa. In the direction of time, she tries to eternalize
her nuptials bond with him. My Feudal Lord describes her plight in the following words:
7KHUHZDVQRWDGD\WKDW0XVWDIDGLGQRWKLWPH,MXVWWULHGmy best not WRSURYRNHKLP,
was afraid that my slightest response to his advances would reinforce his image of me as a
FRPPRQ VOXW+LV FODVV EHOLHYHG WKDW D ZRPDQ ZDV DQ LQVWUXPHQW RI D PDQV FDUQDO
pleasure. If the woman ever indicated that she felt pleasure, she was a potential adulteress,
not to be trusted. Mustafa did not even realise that he had crushed my sensuality. I was on
automatic pilot, responding as much as was important for him, but never feeling anything
myself. It was at these times that I realised that prostitution must be a most difficult
profession (My Feudal Lord, p. 106-107).




CHAPTER-5

Conclusion

The present study has designed to create awareness about the gender based violence
against women. The main purpose of the study was to explain the phenomenon of violence
whether gender based violence is present in our society or not.
Violence against women is rooted in a global culture o discrimination which denies
ZRPHQHTXDOULJKWVZLWKPHQDQGZKLFKOHJLWLPL]HVWKHDSSURSULDWLRQRIZRPHQVERGLHVIRU
individual gratification or political ends. Every year, violence in the home and the
community devastates the lives of millions of women. Violence against women feeds off
discrimination and serves to reinforce it. When women are abused in custody, when they are
raped by armed forces as VSRLOV RI ZDU or when they are terrorized by violence in the
home, unequal power relations between men and women are both manifested and enforced.
Women face physical or mental abuse throughout their lifecycle, in infancy, childhood
adolescence, adulthood or older age. It is often known as gender based violence because it
HYROYHVLQSDUWIURPZRPHQVVXERUGLQDWHVWDWXVLQVRFLHW\
Women who constitute about half population of the country, their cooperation or
participation in different fields of life are very important. But they are not only exploited by
man outside her family, but now-a-days she is frequently facing violence in the family.
Although it is available in every class in one or the other form but the women are not aware
of their rights, they are becoming the victims of violence more than others. The violence in
WKH SULYDWH GRPDLQ XQGHUPLQHV ZRPHQV FRQILGHQFH VHOI HVWHHP DQG GHVWUR\V WKHLU KHDOWK
and the fear of sexual assaults in the public domain deprives them from their full
participation in all aspects of development. The present study was the violence against and
sexual harassment in feudal society of Pakistan. Females as compared to males regarded
inferior and permitted correspondingly low levels of activity in social and economic
domains. They are not only exploited by man outside her family, but now a day she is
frequently facing violence in the family.
In my personal views, the best way to fight against this aggression is for the battered to
take place and for the society to hold up him or her. Overall society begrudges such violence.
Other important object we require to do is teach ourselves more about the wants and wishes




of our cohorts in the family perspective. Only through highly comprehend we can reduce this
wicked conduct.
The second matter I would like to deal is how women are behaved in Pakistan. This
conduct has its roots in the accounts of history. If a girl is born in indigence, she is fated to
befall a maid one day that of her mother or her husband. In sophisticated families, girls are
happier but never regarded alike boys. Hence, the behavior they obtain is often unjust; they
seldom have the same occasions when it reaches to teaching, service or matrimony. In the
bucolic areas of Pakistan, where the feudal structure still predominates, this condition is ten
times shoddier. Yet cultured feudal lords do not let erudition to enter the prosperous brains of
their daughters for terror of revolt, or the nourishment of new, intimidating thoughts. They
are not permitted to state their emotions or departure the fortifications of their homes. The
Feudal lords treat rural community women with disdain. They are trained! about male
supremacy from their lineage. They are not allow to leave their husband except when he is in
a coffin. According to Durrani, women should raise voice against violence and mistreat by
their husbands and Lords. They will have to fight for their rights. She states:
Silence condones injustice, breeds subservience and fosters a malignant hypocrisy. Mustafa
Khar and other feudal lords thrive and multiply on silence. Muslim women must learn to
raise their voice against injustice(My Feudal Lord, p. 362).
The depressors must memorize that this dominion will not last eternally. Revolt is
second nature to the tyrannized. Although might smashed it, it is infectious.
My suggestion would be to instruct our populace not only in the transactions of the humanity,
but that of our enormous religion Islam too. Our religion Islam discusses in great enumerate
about how we should behave women with extreme reverence. We must learn from our
precedent experiences as well as Islam so that we can recuperate ourselves.
The novel "My Feudal Lord" E\'XUUDQLLVDODQGPDUNIRUWKHFDXVHRIZRPHQLQ
Pakistan. It should be identified as a path for building a superior civilization for women, who
are our mothers, sisters, wives and daughters. If these women perform tolerance, this should
not lead to their mistreatment.
All Pakistanis should reaG 0\ )HXGDO /RUG DQG 0XVOLPV LQ JHQHUDO ZKR GHVLUH WR
recognize why Islam is not a veracity in Pakistan in spite of the stable spate of Islam talk
which is emitted out at all levels of public discussion in that bleeding nation.



Violence against women is an anxiety of noticeably significant importance at communal and

kin stages. Conjugal or household sadism performed by both man and woman kin
appendages and relatives deserves particular concentration. Domestic violence is a solemn
PHQDFHWRZRPHQVQHFHVsary human rights and bodily and psychological comfort. Violence
against women is a compound dilemma which requires harmonized elucidation, involving the
contribution of both the state and communal society.
There is a powerful and vital requirement for mobilizing and sufficiently using all
associated division of society for planning policy and plans. These rivet the growth of
community set-ups in order to give care and hold up to people who are sufferers of violence.
These also entail the promotion of non-violent affairs in public and private lives of men and
women. Regressive social practices, established extremely in tribal and feudal norms and
traditions, attached with a theoretician explanation of religious leaders, are the main obstacles
in the way of women, challenging their privileges. Varying social approaches regarding
women in Pakistani society necessitates sustained legal and social efforts.
Pakistan cannot become a modest, liberal, wealthy and a prosperous Muslim state
without intensification civil society. This needs first and leading giving men and women
equal approach to occasions in life, with meticulous importance on the protection of the
rights, protection and well-being of women. If half of the population of Pakistan is spending
life marked by strong feelings of fear and insecurity, directly or indirectly, how can Pakistan
stand among the prosperous countries of the world? How Pakistan, which was created on the
name of Islam, can be a role model for Islamic countries as well. Lack of education,
unawareness, poverty and scarcity are very much linked with violence against women.
Conducting one issue will obviously affect other issues. If Govt. of Pakistan gravely and
honestly wants to do something positive WRZDUGVWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIVWDWHVevidences about
violence against women, it will have to speak relating to issues as well. And unless women
do not situate equivalent to men, side by side in every facet of society, our country will
remain be a country in which women will be existing like mediocre populace.




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