Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

CHNG 1

1.1

TM HIU TNG QUAN V OFDM

Gii thiu
K thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing) l k thut iu ch a sng mang c s dng

rng ri trong cc ng dng v tuyn ln hu tuyn. u im ca OFDM l kh nng
truyn d liu tc cao qua knh truyn fading c tnh chn lc tn s v s dng
bng thng c hiu qu. Ngoi ra qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch a sng mang c
th c thc hin d dng nh php bin i Fourier thun v nghch.Trong chng
ny chng ta s i su vo tm hiu tng c im ca OFDM .
1.2

Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM

1.2.1 Khi nim

K thut iu ch OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), v c
bn, l mt trng hp c bit ca phng php iu ch FDM, chia lung d liu
thnh nhiu ng truyn bng hp trong vng tn s s dng, trong cc sng
mang con (hay sng mang ph, sub-carrier) trc giao vi nhau. Do vy, ph tn hiu
ca cc sng mang ph ny c php chng ln ln nhau m pha u thu vn khi
phc li c tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu ny lm cho h thng
OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch thng
thng.

Hnh 1.1 Ph ca sng mang con OFDM

S lng cc sng mang con ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v
mc nhiu.

Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

1.2.2 S trc giao (Orthogonal)

Tn hiu c gi l trc giao nu chng c lp vi nhau. Trc giao ch ra mi
quan h ton hc chnh xc gia cc tn s ca cc sng mang trong h thng OFDM.
Cc sng mang c sp xp sao cho cc di bin ca chng che ph ln nhau m cc
tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c s can nhiu gia cc sng mang.
Mun c nh vy cc sng mang phi trc giao v mt ton hc. OFDM t c
s trc giao bng cch cp pht cho mi ngun thng tin mt s sng mang nht nh
khc nhau. Tn hiu OFDM l tng hp ca tt c cc sng sin ny. Mi mt sng
mang c mt chu k sao cho bng mt s nguyn ln thi gian cn thit truyn mt
k hiu (symbol duration). Tc l truyn mt k hiu chng ta s cn mt s
nguyn ln ca chu k.
V mt ton hc, tp hp cc hm c gi l trc giao nu tha mn biu thc:

(1.1)
Ta s xt hm Si(t) tha mn tnh trc giao c s dng trong k thut OFDM.
Cc dng sng sin v cosin c gi tr trung bnh trn mt chu k bng 0 v tha
mn tnh trc giao gia cc sng nn c s dng lm sng mang ph trong iu ch
tn hiu.
Xt tnh trc giao ca hai sng sin sau:
si = sin(mt) v sj = sin(nt)

=
(1.2)
Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng,
gi tr trung bnh ca n lun khc khng.
1.3 Cu trc ca h thng OFDM
Cu trc min tn s OFDM gm 3 loi sng mang con :
Sng mang con d liu cho truyn d liu.
Sng mang con dn ng cho mc ch c lng v ng b.
Sng mang con v dng (null) khng truyn dn, c s dng cho cc bng
bo v v cc sng mang DC.

Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

Hnh 1.2: Cu trc OFDM trong min tn s

Trong mt h thng OFDM, ti nguyn sn c trong min thi gian chnh l cc
symbol OFDM v trong min tn s chnh l cc sng mang con. Cc ti nguyn ny
c t chc thnh cc knh con (sub-channel) cp pht cho ngi dng.

Hnh 1.3: Cu trc knh con OFDM

Hnh 1.4: Cu trc lt OFDM

Cu trc knh con OFDM c pht ho hnh (1.3). Trong k t OFDM th 1 v
th 3, nhng sng mang con bn ngoi ca mi lt u l nhng sng mang con dn
ng v c th c lng p ng knh ti nhng tn s ny bng vic so snh vi
nhng sng mang dn ng tham chiu bit trc. p ng tn s ca hai sng
mang bn trong c th c c lng bng php ni suy tuyn tnh trong min tn s.
tnh ton p ng tn s ca nhng sng mang lin kt vi k t OFDM th hai, ta
c th ni suy trong min thi gian t s c lng cho k t OFDM th 1 v th 3.
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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

1.4 S khi ca h thng OFDM

Hnh 1.5 S khi ca h thng OFDM

u tin, d liu vo tc cao c chia thnh nhiu dng d liu song song tc
thp hn nh b chuyn i ni tip/song song (S/P:Serial/Parrallel). Mi dng d
liu song song sau c m ha ( Cov.Encoder) v c sp xp theo mt trnh t
bng b xen k (Interleaver). Sau khi c m ha v xen k, cc dng bit trn cc
nhnh s c iu ch s ( nh x vo bin v pha ca cc sng mang ) bng b
MQAM mapping v c a n u vo ca khi IFFT. Khi IFFT c nhim v
bin i ph ca d liu t min tn s sang min thi gian. Sau tin t lp CP
c chn vo gim nhiu xuyn k t ( ISI), nhiu xuyn knh ( ICI) do truyn
trn cc knh v tuyn di ng a ng. Cui cng thc hin iu ch cao tn,
khuch i cng sut v pht i t anten.
Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s xut hin cc ngun nhiu tc ng n
nh nhiu Gausion trng cng v p ng ca knh truyn di ng. bn thu c th
khi phc li tn hiu ban u, ngi ta cn chn thm cc polot xen k vo tn hiu
pht i phc v cho vic c lng knh truyn v nhiu ti my thu.
pha thu, tn hiu thu c chuyn xung tn s thp v tn hiu ri rc nhn
c sau b A/D thu. Tin t lp CP c loi b v cc mu c chuyn i t min
thi gian sang min tn s bng php bin i DFT dng thut ton FFT ( khi FFT ).
Sau , ty vo s iu ch c s dng bn pht m bn thu gii iu ch
tng ng. Cc symbol thu c s c sp xp ngc tr li v c gii m
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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

( decoder). Cui cng, ta nhn li c dng d liu ni tip ban u sau khi chuyn
t song song v ni tip.
Tip theo chng ta s tm hiu r hn v chc nng ca mi khi.
1.4.1 M ha knh
Trong thc t, yu cu ca vic thit k l phi thc hin c mt tc
truyn s liu yu cu (thng c xc nh bi dch v cung cp) trong mt bng
thng hn ch ca mt knh truyn sn c v mt cng sut hn ch ty ng dng c
th. Hn na, cn phi t c tc ny vi mt t s BER v thi gian tr chp
nhn c. Nu mt tuyn truyn dn PCM khng t c t s BER yu cu vi cc
rng buc ny th cn phi s dng cc phng php m ha iu khin li, cn c
gi l m ha knh.
M ha knh c s dng pht hin v sa cc k t hay cc bit thu b li,
bao gm m pht hin li v m sa li. C hai loi m ny u a thm d vo
d liu pht, trong d thm vo trong m sa li nhiu hn trong m pht hin
li. L do l i vi m sa li, d thm vo phi cho bn thu khng ch pht
hin c li m cn sa c li, khng cn phi truyn li.
C hai loi m iu khin li chnh l m khi (block code) v m chp
(convolutional code). Trong phn m phng ca n ny, ta s dng m chp m
ha knh cho h thng OFDM.
1.4.2 Khi xen k Interleaver
Trong OFDM, theo mt s khuyn ngh, ngi ta cn kt hp m ha vi k
thut xen r (interleaving) khc phc li chm (burst error) thng xut hin trong
thng tin a sng mang do hin tng Fading la chn tn s. Cc li chm khng th
c sa bi cc loi m ha knh. Nh vo k thut xen r, ngi ta chuyn li
chm (nu c xy ra) thnh cc li ngu nhin v cc li ngu nhin ny d dng c
khc phc bi cc loi m ha knh.
1.4.3

iu ch v gii iu ch s bng c s
Sau khi c m ha v xen r, cc dng bit trn cc nhnh s c iu ch
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, hoc 64-QAM. Dng bit trn mi nhnh c sp xp thnh
cc nhm c s bit Nbs (1, 2, 4, 6) khc nhau tng ng vi cc phng php iu ch
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM.
1.4.4 IFFT/FFT
Nh cp trong phn khi nim v OFDM, ta bit OFDM l k thut
iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu c truyn song song nh rt nhiu sng
mang con. lm c iu ny, c mi knh con, ta cn mt my pht sng sin, mt
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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

b iu ch v mt b gii iu ch. Trong trng hp s knh con l kh ln th cch

lm trn khng hiu qu, nhiu khi l khng th thc hin c. Nhm gii quyt vn
ny, khi thc hin chc nng bin i DFT/IDFT c dng thay th ton b
cc b to dao ng sng sin, b iu ch, gii iu ch dng trong mi knh ph.
FFT/IFFT c xem l mt thut ton gip cho vic thc hin php bin i
DFT/IDFT nhanh v gn hn bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi thc hin php
bin i DFT/IDFT.
1.4.5 Tin t lp CP (Cyclic Prefix)
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca thng tin v tuyn l s tri tr a
ng. OFDM gii quyt c vn ny rt hiu qu. Lung d liu vo c chia
thnh cc lung song song c tc thp hn v truyn trn cc sng mang ph trc
giao. Nh m chiu di k t tng ln v hn ch c nh hng ca tri tr a
ng.
Nhiu xuyn k t ISI cng c hn ch hon ton bng cch chn thm
khong bo v cho mi k t OFDM. Chiu di ca khong bo v c chn sao cho
n phi ln hn thi gian tr ca tn hiu fading. V mt thng tin, khong bo v c
th khng cha tn hiu no c nhng iu ny s gy nhiu lin sng mang ICI. V
vy, k t OFDM s dng khong bo v l tin t lp CP, sao chp on cui ca k
t v chn ln u ca k t . Bng cch ny, tr ti a cng vn nh hn chiu
di ca CP. V tn hiu a ng vi thi gian tr nh hn khong bo v th khng
th gy ra hin tng ICI. Mt khc, nh s lp vng ca mi k t, n chuyn php
nhn chp tuyn tnh ca knh truyn fading la chn tn s thnh php nhn chp
vng v c th thc hin min tn s nh php bin i Fourier ri rc IFFT v FFT.
1.4.6 Bin i cao tn RF
tn hiu c th truyn c i xa v t b suy hao th sng mang phi c tn
s cao. Tn hiu ra khi cc b x l trn mi ch l tn hiu bng tn c bn nn cn
phi nng tn trc khi a n anten truyn i nh b bin i cao tn RF.
gim phc tp v ch tp trung vo cc k thut x l tn hiu bng c s,
n ny khng kho st v m phng tn hiu cao tn
1.5

Cc k thut iu ch s trong OFDM

Trong cc h thng OFDM tn hiu u vo dng bit nh phn cn phi c

iu ch s, tc l chuyn sang tn hiu phc a vo b bin i IFFT. Cc dng

iu ch s c s dng ph thuc vo yu cu tc truyn dn v cht lng
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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

truyn dn. Dng iu ch c th qui nh bi s bit ng vo log 2M v s phc dn= an

+ jbn ng ra.
M
2

Dng iu ch
BPSK

QPSK

16

16-QAM

64

64-QAM

an, bn

, , ,
Bng 1.1: Cc phng thc iu ch s
1.6 u nhc im ca h thng OFDM
1.6.1 Cc u im c bn ca k thut OFDM:
K thut OFDM s dng cc sng mang ph c tnh cht trc giao nn cc
sng mang ph ny c th chng ln ln nhau m khng gy ra nhiu, lm tng
hiu qu s dng ph.
Hn ch c nh hng ca fading la chn tn s v hiu ng a ng bng
cch chia knh truyn fading chn lc tn s thnh cc knh truyn con phng
tng ng vi cc tn s sng mang ph khc nhau.
Loi b c hu ht nhiu lin sng mang ICI v nhiu xuyn k t ISI nh s
dng tin t lp CP.
Nh s dng cc bin php xen r (interleaver) v m ho knh thch hp nn
h thng OFDM c th hn ch v khc phc c li trn k hiu do cc hiu
ng chn lc tn s knh gy ra. C th s dng phng php gii m ti u
vi phc tp gii m mc cho php. Qu trnh cn bng knh c thc
hin n gin hn so vi vic s dng cc k thut cn bng thch nghi trong
cc h thng n tn.
H thng OFDM s dng thut ton FFT/IFFT thc hin php bin i
Fourier ri rc mt cch n gin v hiu qu.
K thut OFDM thch hp cho h thng khng dy tc cao v rt hiu qu
trong cc mi trng a ng dn.
1.6.2 Cc nhc im c bn ca k thut OFDM:
H thng OFDM c hai nhc im ln l:
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR ln. Tn hiu OFDM l
tng hp tn hiu t cc sng mang ph, trong trng hp xu nht khi cc sng
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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

mang ph ny ng pha th tn hiu OFDM s xut hin nh rt ln, dn n

PAPR ln. Vn ny i hi phi c b khuch i cng sut ln v tuyn
tnh khng lm mo dng tn hiu. iu ny lm gim hiu qu s dng ca
cc b khuch i cao tn.
Rt nhy vi lch tn s sng mang CFO, c bit l hiu ng dch tn Doppler.
CFO lm cho tn s sng mang trung tm b lch, bn thu phn bit khng
chnh xc tn s sng mang v b FFT khng ly mu ng ti nh cc sng
mang gy ra li khi gii iu ch cc tn hiu.
1.7 ng dng ca OFDM
K thut OFDM c pht minh t nhng nm 60 ca th k 20, nhng h thng
khng th thc hin c vo thi im , do h thng phn cng cha p ng kp
cc k thut iu ch, tch sng, gii m Mi n 20 nm sau, vi s ra i v pht
trin ca php bin i Fourier nhanh FFT/IFFT, k thut OFDM c hin mt
cch d dng vi chi ph r v ng dng rng ri. ng dng u tin ca OFDM l
trong lnh vc qun s v sau c nghin cu v ng dng trong modem tc
cao v trong thng tin di ng.
K thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM l mt phng php
iu ch c nhiu u im vt bc v c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc.
1.8 c tnh ca knh truyn v tuyn
Knh truyn tn hiu OFDM l mi trng truyn sng gia my pht v
my thu. Trong knh truyn v tuyn l tng, tn hiu nhn c bn thu c
truyn theo tm nhn thng. Tuy nhin trong thc t, knh truyn tn hiu v tuyn
b thay i. Vic nghin cu cc c tnh ca knh truyn l rt quan trng v cht
lng ca h thng truyn v tuyn l ph thuc vo cc c im ny.
1.8.1 S suy gim tn hiu (Attenuation)
S suy gim tn hiu l s suy hao mc cng sut tn hiu trong qu trnh
truyn t im ny n im khc. iu ny c th l do ng truyn di, do cc
ta nh cao tng v hiu ng a ng. Hnh 1.6 cho thy mt s nguyn nhn lm
suy gim tn hiu. Bt k mt vt cn no trn ng truyn u c th lm suy
gim tn hiu.

Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

Hnh 1.6 nh hng ca mi trng v tuyn

1.8.2 Hiu ng a ng
1.8.2.1 Rayleigh fading
Fading Rayleigh l loi Fading phng sinh ra do hin tng a ng
(Multipath) v xc sut mc tn hiu thu b suy gim so vi mc tn hiu pht i tun
theo phn b Rayleigh. Loi fading ny cn c gi l fading nhanh v s suy gim
cng sut tn hiu r rt trong khong cch ngn (ti cc bc sng): 10 30 dB.
Trong mi trng a ng, tn hiu thu c suy gim theo khong cch do s
thay i pha ca cc thnh phn a ng (thay i pha l do cc thnh phn tn hiu
n my thu vo cc thi im khc nhau dn n tr lan truyn) .

Hnh 1.7 Cc tn hiu a ng

Fading Rayleigh gy ra do s giao thoa (tng hoc gim ) bi s kt hp ca
cc sng thu c. Khi b thu di chuyn trong khng gian, pha gia cc thnh phn a

Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

ng khc nhau thay i gy ra giao thoa cng thay i, t dn n s suy hao

cng sut tn hiu thu c.
1.8.2.2 Fading la chn tn s
Trong bt k ng truyn v tuyn no, p ng ph khng bng phng do
c sng phn x n u vo my thu. S phn x c th dn n tn hiu a ng
ca cng sut tn hiu tng t nh tn hiu trc tip gy suy gim cng sut tn
hiu thu do nhiu.Ton b tn hiu c th b mt trn ng truyn bng hp nu
khng c p ng tn s xy ra trn knh truyn.C th khc phc bng hai cch :
Truyn tn hiu bng rng hoc s dng phng php tri ph nh CDMA
nhm gim bt suy hao.
Phn ton b bng tn thnh nhiu knh bng hp, mi knh c mt sng
mang, mi sng mang ny trc giao vi cc sng mang khc (tn hiu
OFDM). Tn hiu ban u c tri trn bng thng rng, khng c ph xy
ra ti tt c tn s sng mang. Kt qu l ch c mt vi tn s sng mang b
mt. Thng tin trong cc sng mang b mt c th khi phc bng cch s
dng cc k thut sa li thun FEC .
1.8.2.3 Tri tr (Delay Spread)
Tn hiu v tuyn thu c t my pht bao gm tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu
phn x t cc vt cn nh cc ta nh, i niTn hiu phn x n my thu
chm hn so vi tn hiu trc tip do chiu di truyn ln hn. Tri tr l thi gian
tr gia tn hiu i thng v tn hiu phn x cui cng n u vo my thu.
Trong h thng s, tri tr c th dn n nhiu lin k t ISI. iu ny do
tn hiu a ng b tr chng ln vi k hiu theo sau, m bo nhiu ISI vn
mc cho php ta phi c lng c tri tr ca knh thng tin, t ta c th
xc nh c tc k t ti a c th t c.

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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

Hnh 1.8: Tri tr a ng

Hnh 1.8 cho thy nh hng ca tri tr gy ra nhiu lin k t. Khi tc
bit truyn i tng ln th mt lng nhiu ISI cng tng ln mt cch ng k. nh
hng th hin r rng nht khi tri tr ln hn khong 50% chu k bit (bit time).
1.8.2.4 Hiu ng Doppler
Hiu ng Doppler gy ra do s chuyn ng tng i gia my pht v my thu,
c th l: khi ngun pht v ngun thu chuyn ng hng vo nhau th tn s thu c
l ln hn tn s pht i, ngc li khi ngun pht v ngun thi chuyn ng ra xa nhau
th tn s thu c s nh hn tn s pht i. Tc l tn s ban u ca tn hiu b dch
i mt khong gi l tn s Doppler. S dch tn ny nh hng n s ng b ca
nhiu h thng, c bit trong OFDM vn ng b ng vai tr kh quan trng.
Khong tn s thay i do hiu ng Doppler ty thuc vo mi quan h
chuyn ng gia ngun pht v ngun thu v c tc truyn sng. dch
Doppler c th c tnh theo cng thc:

(2.1)
Trong f l khong thay i tn s ca tn s tn hiu ti my thu.
v l tc thay i khc nhau gia tn s tn hiu v my pht.
f o l tn s tn hiu, c l tc nh sng.
1.8.3 Nhiu trong h thng OFDM
1.8.3.1 Nhiu trng cng Gauss
Mi trng truyn dn thc t khng ch c tc ng ca Fading v hiu ng
Doppler, m cn c s tc ng ca nhiu. Nhiu tn ti trong tt c cc h thng
truyn dn. Cc ngun nhiu ch yu nh l do thi tit, do b khuch i my thu,
do nhit Nhiu ny lm gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR, gim hiu qu ph
ca h thng.
Tp m nhiu trng cng Gauss l loi nhiu ph bin nht trong h thng
truyn dn. Loi nhiu ny c mt ph cng sut l ng u trong c bng thng
v bin tun theo phn b Gauss. Theo phng thc tc ng th nhiu Gauss l
nhiu cng, v vy tn hiu thu c vit li nh sau:
y(t) = x (t)* h( ) + n(t)
1.8.3.2 Nhiu lin k t ISI
ISI l nhiu xuyn k t xy ra khi cc k t khc nhau n my thu cng lc dn
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Chng 1: Tm hiu tng quan v OFDM

n chng ln ln nhau v lm cho k t b mo dng v my thu c th gii m sai v

k t ny. Nh gii thiu trn, ISI gy ra do tri tr a ng. gim ISI,
cch tt nht l gim tc d liu. Nhng vi nhu cu hin nay l yu cu tc
truyn phi tng nhanh. Do gii php ny l khng th thc hin c. ngh
a ra gim ISI v c a vo ng dng thc t l chn tin t lp CP vo
mi k t OFDM.
1.8.3.3
Nhiu lin sng mang ICI
Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln nhng vn trc giao vi
sng mang khc. ICI xy ra khi knh a ng tc ng lm dch tn s ca cc
sng mang ph v ph hy tnh trc giao ca chng, ng thi cn lm mt tnh ng
b ca h thng. Dch Doppler trn mi thnh phn a ng l nguyn nhn ch
yu gy ra dch tn s trn mi sng mang, kt qu l mt tnh trc giao gia
chng. ICI cng xy ra khi mt k t OFDM b nhiu ISI. S lch tn s sng mang
ca my pht v my thu cng gy ra nhiu ICI trong h thng OFDM.
1.9
Kt lun
Trong chng ny trnh by nhng vn c bn ca mt h thng OFDM :
m hnh h thng, chc nng tng khi, cc bc thit lp thng s, ng thi cng
gii thiu cc c tnh ca knh truyn v tuyn nh hng n tn hiu khi truyn
i trong khng gian, cc loi nhiu thng gp trong h thng OFDM cng c
nhc n. Tuy nhin, mt h thng thng tin di ng truyn thng s dng mt anten
pht v mt anten thu cng khng th khc phc trit nhng nh hng ca knh
truyn ln h thng. V vy, trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta quan tm n vic ci
tin mi nng cao cht lng ca knh truyn, l p dng k thut MIMOMultiple Input Multiple Output vo h thng. Vn ny s c cp n
chng tip theo ca n.

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