Structural Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

Cairo University Faculty of Engineering

Graduate Course
2015/2016
STR651

STR651
High-Rise Building
Lecture # 5
Wind Loads
in Building Codes

Prepared by:

Prof. Mohammed Sorror

Dr. Hazem Elanwar
1

Chapter 1: Loads
1.1 Vertical (Gravity) Loads
Rain, Snow, Dead, and Live
1.2- Lateral Loads
Wind, and Seismic

 Wind Load Characteristics

1. Variation of Wind Velocity with Height.

2. Turbulent Nature of Wind.

3. Probabilistic Approach.
4. Vortex Shedding Phenomena.
5. Dynamic nature of Wind-Structure interaction.

1. Variation of Wind Velocity with Height.

Z
Vz Vg
Z
g
Vz Mean Wind Velocity @ Height Z
Vg Gradient Velocity
Z g Gradient Height
Z Height above Ground
Power - Law Coefficient

2. Turbulent Nature of Wind

Method 1
Vt V v
V Mean Wind Velocity
v Instantanous Velocity Fluctuation about V

Method 2
Vg GVV
Vg Gust Velocity
GV Gust Factor From Wind Tunnel Test (Dyn. characteristics)
V Mean Wind Velocity

Turbulence Dynamic Effect More Pressure

3. Probabilistic Approach.
- Average Wind Velocity in 50-Year means Prob.
Of Occurrence 1/50 = 2%
- i.e., Prob. To exceed the average velocity is 2%
- Return Period = Recurrence Interval

4. Vortex Shedding Phenomenon.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JI0M1gVNhbw

4. Vortex Shedding Phenomenon.

Laminar Wind Flow

Turbulent Wind Flow

5. Dynamic Nature of Wind Structure Interaction

1. Time Dependent Velocity and Pressure

2. Natural frequency of Structure and Frequencies of Wind

5. Dynamic Nature of Wind Structure Interaction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XggxeuFDaDU

10

 Wind Load in Codes

1. Egyptian Code for Loads (2003).

2. Egyptian Code for Loads (2012)

3. Uniform Building Code (UBC).
4. American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
5. Standard Building Code (SBC).
6. National Building Code of Canada (NBC).

7. American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE).

11

Egyptian Code for Loads (2003)

12

1. Egyptian Code for Loads (2003)

P Cekq
Ce External Pressure Coefficient (geometry - dependent)
k Exposure - with - height Coefficient 1.0~2.3
q Basic Wind Pressure (location - dependent) 50~90 kg/m2
120~140 km/hr

13

1. Egyptian Code for Loads (2003)

Egyptian Code 2003 is not Applicable for Buildings:
1. Height > 60m
2. Height > 4-times of smaller dimension in plan
3. Irregular shapes
4. In abnormal locations

14

1. Egyptian Code
for Loads
(2003)

15

Egyptian Code for Loads (2012)

16

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs

17

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs

18

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs
(Topography Factor)

19

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs
(Structural factorflexibility & resonance)

20

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs

21

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs

22

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs

23

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
zr=0.6xh=0.6x94=56m
zo=0.05 (open exposure)
Izr=1/ln(zr/zo)=1/ln(56/0.05)=0.142 (1)

24

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
zr=0.6xh=0.6x94=56m
zo=0.05
zt= 200m (given)
Lt=300m (given)
=0.67+0.05ln(zo)
=0.67+0.05ln(0.05)=0.52
L(zr)=Ltx(zr/zt)

L(zr)=300x(56/200)0.52=154m

25

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
L(zr)=300x(56/200)0.52=154m
B2 =

1
6+94 0.63

1+0.9 154

= 0.63 (2)

26

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
b=0.01
Vm(56)=0.67x30xsqrt(1.85)=27.34 m/sec

V=30 m/sec (table 3-1)

K=1.85 (table 3-3)

FL(56,0.32)=0.32x154/27.34=1.818

L(zr)=154m

n1=30/h=30/94=0.32
6.81.818

SL(56,0.32)= 1+10.21.818 1.67 =0.086

27

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
1

Rh=5.1 25.12 (1

25.1)
=0.176

h=94, L(56)=154, FL(54,0.32)=1.818

h=4.6x94x1.818/154=5.1
1

Rb=0.32 20.322 (1

20.32)
=0.816

h=94, L(56)=154, FL(54,0.32)=1.818

b=4.6x6x1.818/154=0.32
28

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
R2=p/(4x0.01)x0.086x0.176x0.816=0.97 (3)

b=0.01

SL(56,0.32)=0.086

Rh=0.176

Rb=0.816

29

Example
Find Cs factor for the following structure:
h=94m

b=6m
zo=0.05

Required factors
g, B2, R2, Izr

Parameters calculations
0.97

v=0.32xsqrt(0.63+0.97)=0.25 hz

n1= 0.32, R2=0.97, B2=0.63

g=sqrt(2xln(3600x0.25)
+0.6/sqrt(2xln(3600x0.25)=3.85(4)
Cs=

1+23.850.142(0.97+0.63)
1+70.142

= 1.195

g=3.85, Izr=0.142, R2=0.97, B2=0.63

30

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

31

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

32

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

33

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

34

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

35

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

36

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

37

ECOP 2012

External Wind Pressure

Pe=Ce K q

38

ECOP 2012

Internal Wind Pressure

Pi=Ci K q
q=0.5x10-3V2CtCs
Same as calculated in External Wind pressure

39

ECOP 2012

Internal Wind Pressure

Pi=Ci K q

40

ECOP 2012

Internal Wind Pressure

Pi=Ci K q
Sign convention

41

ECOP 2012

Internal Wind Pressure

Pi=Ci K q

42

ECOP 2012

Internal Wind Pressure

Pi=Ci K q

43

ECOP 2012

Other Topics

Fences and Billboard (CL-7-6-5)

Chimneys and Cylindrical shapes (CL-7-6-6)
Domes (CL-7-6-8)
Sheds (CL-7-6-9)
Towers (CL-7-6-10)

44

ECOP 2012

Wind Tunnel Test

45

ECOP 2012

Wind Tunnel Test

46

ECOP 2012

Wind Tunnel Test

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEa4Ypj5Jmg

47

Uniform Building Code (UBC)

48

UBC

P CeCq Iqs
Ce Combines the effect of Height, Exposure, and Gust
Cq Depends on the Structural Lateral System
I Importance Factor, 1.15 for essential buildings
qs Wind Pressure at H 33ft (10m) for 50 years return period

UBC Code refers to ANSI Code for High Rise

Buildings.

49

UBC

P CeCq Iqs

50

UBC

P CeCq Iqs

51

UBC

P CeCq Iqs

52

American National Standards

Institute (ANSI)

53

4. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

1. Define Structure Category
Category (I): All Buildings except those mentioned
below.

Category (II): Bldgs & Str where primary

occupancy >300 people.

Category (III): Hospitals, Fire Brigade, Police

Stations, etc. (essential buildings).

Category (IV): Low Hazard to Human Life in

event of failure.
54

2. Define Importance Factor

Category

(I)

1.0

Category

(II)

1.07

Category

(III) 1.07

Category

(IV) 0.95

3. Select Basic Wind Velocity

Average Wind Velocity in 50-Years Return Period.

4. Determine H/B Ratio

H=Bldg Height

B=Bldg Smallest Dim. in plan

H/B 5 Rigid Str., H/B>5 Flex. Str.

55

5. Define Bldg Exposure

Exposure

Exposure

Exposure

Exposure

56

6. Determine Exposure Constants (. D0, Zg)

Z
Vz Vg
Z
g
Vz Mean Wind Velocity @ Height Z
V Basic Wind Velocity
Z g Gradient Height
Z Height above Ground
Power - Law Coefficient

57

6. Determine Exposure Constants (. D0, Zg)

Power-Law Factor

Zg Gradient Height
D0 Surface Coefficient Factor

58

7. Determine Gust Factor

If H/B 5 (Rigid Str.)
G 0.65 3.65TZ

Z=Building Height

2.35D0

0.5

TZ

Z

30
G Gust Factor to account for Turbulane
Z Variable Height in ft.

If H/B 5 (Flex. Str.)

p 3.32T1 2 S
G 0.65

0
.
0002
C

Damping Coefficient (0.02)

T1 Exposure Factor at 2/3H

0.5

S,C From Tables based on Exposure Category

p Pressure Factor based on Frequency

59

8. Determine Velocity Pressure qz

qz 0.0025K z IV

qz in psf,
V in mph
K Z Velocity Pressure Coefficient Exposure
Z
K Z 2.58
Z
g

15

K Z 2.58
Z
g

for Z 15ft
2

Z=height
above ground

for Z 15ft

9. Determine External Pressure Coefficient Cp

Based on Wind and face Direction.
10. Determine Wind Pressure P

P C pGqZ

60

American Society of Civil

Engineers (ASCE)

61

Wind Pressure
P=qzxGxC
qz: Velocity pressure
G: Gust factor
C: Pressure coefficient
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
V: basic wind speed S.26.5
Kd: Wind directionality factor- S.26.6
Kz: Velocity pressure exposure coefficient- S.27.3.1
Kzt: topographic factor S.26.8.2

62

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
V: basic wind speed S.26.5
Determined from wind speed maps based on risk category
Determined from regional climate data

63

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
V: basic wind speed S.26.5
Determined from wind speed maps based on risk category
Determined from regional climate data

64

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
Kd: Wind directionality factor- S.26.6

65

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
Kzt: topographic factor S.26.8.2

66

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
Kzt: topographic factor S.26.8.2
Exposure B :Urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, areas with many closely spaced obstructions.
Exposure C: Open terrain with scatter obstructions.
Airports, areas that are generally flat open country.
Exposure D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water
surfaces outside hurricane prone regions.

67

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
Kz: Velocity pressure exposure coefficient- S.27.3.1

68

Wind Pressure
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
Kz: Velocity pressure exposure coefficient- S.27.3.1

69

Wind Pressure
P=qzxGxC
G: Gust factor
For Rigid Building (freq<1hz)
For SI units different constants should be utilized

Iz: Intensity of turbulence at height

: Equivalent height = 0.6h > zmin
zmin: Factor listed in Table 26.9-1
c: Factor listed in Table 26.9-1
gQ: Factor taken as 3.4
gv: Factor taken as 3.4
h= mean roof height of a building
B: horizontal dimension of building measure normal
to wind direction in (ft)
71

Wind Pressure
P=qzxGxC
G: Gust factor
For Flexible Building

72

Wind Pressure
P=qzxGxC
C: Pressure coefficient

73

Assignment#3
Calculate F1 due to Windward and Leeward
Wind Load using:
1. ECOP
2. ANSI code
3. ASCE code
V=70mph, category=3
Importance factor=1.07
Exposure Urban Area
Assume any missing data
74