Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Single-Phase Motors
Introduction
1 motors are small motors, mostly built in the fractional horsepower range.
Extensively used in home appliances, portable devices, offices, shops & factories.
There are 3 types of single-phase motors: induction motors, synchronous motors & series
(universal) motors
a smaller auxiliary/starting winding (that operates for a brief period when the motor starts
up)
Auxiliary winding is required because the motor does not develop any starting torque &
therefore will not rotate when the stator winding is connected to an ac supply (i.e. this motor is
not self-starting).
However, if the rotor is given a spin or started by auxiliary circuits, it will continue to run and
torque will be developed.
The rotor accelerates until it reaches a speed slightly below synchronous speed, ns.
nr < ns
and
ns
nr
ns
= supply frequency in Hz
= number of poles
120 f
p
The operation can be explained by the double revolving-field theory or cross-field theory.
According to the theory, a revolving magnetic field is produced by forward & backward rotating
fluxes.
How?
The main winding is supplied by a 1 ac current that produces an ac flux s that pulsates
back & forth (a pulsating magnetic field is equivalent to 2 rotating fields of half the
magnitude but rotate at the same synchronous speed in opposite direction)
This flux induces an ac voltage in the stationary rotor which, in turn, creates large ac rotor
currents.
The interaction between the fields & the current induced in the rotor bars generates
opposing torque.
The motor will not start (no starting torque is developed. The torque cancels out each
other).
However, if we spin the rotor in one direction, the rotor will rotate in the direction of the spin
& quickly accelerates until it reaches a speed slightly below synchronous speed.
As the rotor begins to turn, it cuts the stator flux s producing an induced emf in the rotor
conductors.
The combined action of the s and r produces a revolving magnetic field (similar to that in
a 3 motor).
The interaction between this field & the current induced in the rotor bars generates resultant
torque that keeps the motor rotating in the direction of the spin.
Assume that the rotor is rotating in the direction of the forward rotating field. The slip, sf with
respect to the forward field is given by
sf
ns nr
s
ns
Thus,
nr n s (1 s )
The rotor rotates opposite to the rotation of the backward field. Therefore, the slip, sb with
respect to the backward field is
sb
n s ( nr )
2s
ns
Based on Faradays Law, the voltage induced in the stator winding (or air gap voltage) can be
split into halves according to the double revolving field theory.
Eb 4.44 fN b
E f 4.44 fN f
Thus,
E 4.44 fN
The value of
0.5 Rr'
can be replaced by two resistors in series
s
0.5 Rr'
1 s
0.5 Rr' 0.5 Rr' (
)
s
s
0.5 Rr'
s 1
0.5 Rr' 0.5 Rr' (
)
2s
2s
0.5 Rr'
s
replaced)
To simplify the calculations, the simplified equivalent circuit of Figure 4 can be used.
jX m
0.5 Rr'
j 0.5 X r' ] //
Z f R f jX f [
s
2
j 0.5 X m ( j 0.5 X r' 0.5 Rr' / s )
Zf
0.5 Rr' / s j 0.5( X m X r' )
jX m
0.5 Rr'
Z b Rb jX b [
j 0.5 X r' ] //
2s
2
Pin V1 I 1 cos
The air gap powers due to the forward field and backward field are:
Pag ( f ) I 12 R f
The total air gap power is
Pag ( b ) I 12 Rb
The rotor copper loss is the sum of the losses produced by each field. It occurs across
0.5 Rr' resistances. The rotor copper losses produced by the forward and backward field are:
PRCL ( f ) sPag ( f )
PRCL ( b ) ( 2 s ) Pag ( b )
The mechanical powers developed by the forward and backward field are:
Pm ( f ) (1 s ) Pag ( f )
The total mechanical power is
Pm ( b ) ( s 1) Pag ( b )
Pm (T ) Pm ( f ) Pm ( b )
Tm (T )
Pm (T )
Pm (T )
s (1 s )
r s (1 s )
2n s
60
Tf
where
Pag ( f )
I 12 R f
Tb
Pag ( b )
I 12 Rb
From total mechanical power and corresponding torque equations, we can conclude that
Tm (T ) T f Tb
The output is
Pout Pmech P
Where P is the rotational losses and it is assumed that core losses are also included in the
rotational losses.
Example 1:
A single-phase, hp, 120 V, 60 Hz, four-pole, 1730 rpm induction motor has the following
equivalent circuit parameters
R1 = 2.9
R2 = 2.7
Xm = 55.72
Determine the
a) input current and power factor
b) input power
c) developed torque
d) output power if the rotational losses is 72.94 W
e) efficiency
f)
X1 = X2 = 3.26
These motors are known by various names according to the methods used to start them.
resistance-start (split-phase)
capacitor-start
capacitor-run
shaded-pole
a) Split-phase motors
The auxiliary winding has a higher resistance to reactance ratio than the main winding, so
the two currents are out of phase as shown in Figure 5b).
This motor has low to moderate starting torque with low starting current, which depends on
phase angle between the winding currents.
The starting torque can be increased by inserting a series resistance in the auxiliary
winding.
b) Capacitor-start motors
When a capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding, it increases the phase angle
between the winding currents.
o
c) Capacitor-run motors
The capacitor and auxiliary winding are not cut out after starting.
o
This simplifies the construction and decrease the cost because centrifugal switch is not
needed.
The PF, torque pulsation and efficiency are also improved because the motor runs as a
two-phase motor. It will run more quietly.
This motor is expensive, of course, compared to others; however, it provides the best
performance.
e) Shaded-pole motors
Shading coil consisting of a short-circuited copper turn is used on one portion of each pole.
Synchronous motors run at constant speed and are used in applications such as clocks.
reluctance motors
hysteresis motors
a) Reluctance motors
Essentially similar to shaded-pole induction motors except that some of the rotor teeth are
removed at the appropriate places to provide the required number of poles.
o
These motors can start as an induction motor, which auxiliary winding is cut out at about
75% of the synchronous speed.
When the speed is close to the synchronous speed the rotor tends to align itself into
synchronism and continues to rotate at synchronous speed.
They have low PF because they require a large amount of reactive current for their
excitation.
10
b) Hysteresis motors
The rotor has a ring of special magnetic material such as magnetically hard steel & cobalt.
These motors can be used with either a dc supply or single phase ac supply.
They provide high starting torque and can operate at high speed (1500 to 10,000 rpm).
Therefore, both the rotor and stator structures are made of laminated steel to reduce core
losses and eddy current.
Speed Control
In any applications of single-phase motors, speed must be varied over a certain range.
A convenient and economical way of achieving speed control is to control the voltage applied
to the motor terminals.
In the classical method, speed is changed by changing the value of an external resistance
connected in series with the motor.
This method is easy to implement but the power loss in the resistance, its physical size and the
problems of durability and maintenance of the resistance are some of the disadvantages of this
method.
Recently, a solid-state controller has been widely used to vary the speed.
11