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  • Aramid Fibers PDF

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    Geoffrey Armstrong
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    16 vues5 pages

    Aramid Fibers PDF

    Transféré par

    Geoffrey Armstrong

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
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    Aramid Fibers Karl K. Chang, £1. Du Pont de Nemours & ‘Company, Inc. ARAMID FIBERS held the distinction of having the highest sttength-to-weight ratio of any commercially available reinforcement fiber at the time oftheir fst commercial introduction in the early 1970s. The earliest aramid fibers, produced by EL. Du Pont de Nemours & Com- pany, Inc, under the tradename of Kevlar, were Initially targeted at reinforcement of tres and plastics, The characteristics of ight weight, high Strength, and high toughness have led to the de- velopmeit of applications in composites, balis- ties, tires, ropes, cables, asbestos replacement, and protective apparel. Since those early days @ ° <> : O* yh NH, + cnt Hoc Para phenyl ‘Teepresioy! OS Opus "e907 Fig. 1 Chemis severe of parearnid Xe ite sition one conentration a Tronsom co z& has esate ute salution Cc Fig. 2 lyme sats in sn, a) Rex moe Rid meen other paraaramid fibers have been developed, including Twaroa by Accordis BV, Technora by ‘Teijin, Lid, and improved variations of Kevlar fiers. Fiber Manufacturing, “The chemical composition of Kevlar aramid fiber is poly” pars-phenyleneterephthalamide ‘This fiber also Known as PPD-T, is made from the condensation reaction of paraphenylene di- amine and terephthaloyl chloride (Fig. 1). The aromatic ring structure contributes high thermal Stability, while the para configuration leads to ff, figid molecules. that contribute high strength and high modulus Para-aramid fibers belong toa clas of mate- rials known as liquid crystalline polymers. Be- cause these polymers are very rigid and rodike, in solution they can aggregate to form ordered domains in parallel arrays (Ref 1), This is shown in Fig. 2 and contrasted to more conventional, flexible polymers, which in solution ean bend ‘and entangle, forming random cols. ‘When PPD-T solutions (in concentrated sul- frc acd solvent) are extruded through a spin- ig. 3 Paymr chin orton, Comentnal Hes ‘ganic, characterized by chain folds, misalign- ten an Sng Sl Si gre ae Teej Reaceued yong sigh newts SENSES Shin neret and drawn through an air gap during fiber ‘manufacture, the liquid crystalline domains can orient and align in the direction of flow (Ref 2~ 5), as shown in Fig 3. With PPD“, there is an ‘exceptional degree of alignment of long, straight polymer chains parallel to the Aber axis. This Structure, which has been analyzed and charac- terized extensively (Ref 6-5, is anisotropic and ives higher streagth and modulus in the fber Tongitudinal direction than inthe radial direction. tis alo fibril, as shown in Fig 4, which has 1 profound effect on fiber properties nd failure mechanisms, Subsequent high-temperature pro- ‘cessing under tension can futher inerease the ‘orientation ofthe crystalline structure and result in higher fiber modulus. Fiber Forms and Applications ‘The major fiber forms are continuous Mlament ‘yams, rovings, and woven fabrics, and discon- tinvous staple and spun yams, fabrics, and pup. @ © ig. 4. Flvilar suche of Kevlar aramid ibs. a) Figs 4 (pork Oyen fare eee 42 / Constituent Materials ‘Table 1 Kevlar 49 yar and roving sizes ever “tgp _ Neer a see 16 SLITS 8 we RES es te m™m as samo oo iad "Fass 3816 18 Vaan 63a 3s 100 tao a 2400 to zie 3s 257 boo iiss ers a iss feo hea 3 Go igs om soma foo 0 iss 2a im 128 00 sa tose 28 So sess Aramid lso available as textured yar, needle- punched felts, spuniaced sheets, and wet-lad pa- pers. Yarns and Rovings. Kevlar 49 is a hish~ ‘modulus aramid fiber that is available i 11 yarn ‘izes and four roving sizes as shown in Table 1. Yarns are multifilament products that are spun directly during flber manufacture and range from f very fine, 25.fment yam to 1333-flament ‘yarns. Rovings are produced by combining ends ‘Sf yams ina process similar to that used £ pro- ‘duce glass bers. For example, four ends of T140-denier yarn are combined to make 4560- denier roving, Denier, textile unit linear den- sity isthe weight in grams of 9000 m of yam or roving (I denier = 1-111 10” kpfm). Table 2 ists the yarn and roving sizes of Kevlar 29, ‘which has @ lower tensile modulus than Kevlar 49 and is used extensively in ballistic armor, a ‘estos replacement, and certain composites ‘when greater damage tolerances desired. Kevlar 149, with a tensile modulus 25 t0 40% higher than Kevlar 49, is available as 1420-denier yam ‘Because aramid yarns and rovings are Tela- tively flexible and nonbritle, they ean be pro- {essed in most conventional textile operations, ‘Such as twisting, weaving, knitting, carding, and Fabrics and Woven Rovings. Conventional woven fabric is the principal aramid form used jn composites, OF the wide range of fabric ‘Weights and constructions available, those most ‘commonly used aze identified in Table 3 (Ref 10), Many ofthese aramid fabries of Kevlar were signed and constructed t0 be the. volume ‘squivalent to the same style number of fiberglass fabric. Generally, fabrics made of avery fine size of aramid yarn are tia, ightweight, and rela- tively costly, and they are used when ultralight ‘weight, thinness, and surface smoothness are Cateal, Fabrics. are available from weavers ‘worldwide. Plain, basket, crowfoot, and satin (weave pattems are available. Generally, crow oot and satin weaves are recommended when a high degre of mold conformability is required. Heavy, woven roving fabri are also available land se used in marine applications where hand lay-up is appropriate and for hard ballistic fab- ries, Unidirectional fabrics are used when max- mum properties are desired in one direction, ‘Applications for high-modulus aramid fabrics jnclude commercial srcraft and helicopter se>~ ‘ondary composite pats, particularly facings of honeycomb sandwich constructions, boat hulls, ‘lectieal and plectzonic pat, ballistic systems, and coated fabri. “Textured aramid can be processed through a high-velocity air jet to attain filament loops in the continuous filament yar. This prodeces a botkice yarn thet has more airspace between the filaments and a die, less slick, tactile charac- teristic. The yam is used in asbestos replacement fo give the composite a higher esin-o-aramid ratio and in protective apparel to achieve supe For textile aesthetics. "Althoogh cootinuous filament forms dominate ‘composite applications, the use of aramid in dis- continuous oF short fiber forms is rapidly in- creasing. One reason for dhe increase is thatthe {inherent toughness and fibrilar nature of aramid flows the ereation of fiber forms not readily available with other eeinforcing fibers. ‘Staple and Spun Yarns. Staple or short ar- amid fiber is available in crimped or unerimped form in lengths ranging from 64 to 100 mm (025-40 in). Crimped versions that are 25 mm. (CLO in) of longee are used to make spun yarns fn conventional cotton, woolen, or worsted SYS- fem equipment, Spun yarns formed inthis way lve not as strong of a8 sti as continvoes aramid filament yarns, but are bulkier pick up more resin, and have tactile characteristics similar to fotton or wool. They are used in asbestos re- placement (for example, clutch facings) and as Sewing thread, The shorter aramid fibers, frimped and unerimped, are used t0 reinforce thermoset, thermoplastic, and elastomeric resins, ‘Applications include automotive and truck brake find clutch linings, gaskets, electrical pars, and ‘wear-resistant thermoplastic parts. Selection of « ‘rimped or uncrimped form usually depends on the resin-fber mixing method or on equipment ‘used forthe specie application. Special mixing methods and equipment are usually necessary {0 {chieve uniform dispersion ofthe aramid fiber. Fabrics and Felts. Woven and knit fabrics ‘made ftom aramid spun yams are available. ‘They are used in asbestos replacement and in protective apparel because of their resistance 10 ‘nung, puncture, sbrason, or thermal exposure. ‘Aramid staple 1s also processed into needle- ppnched felts, which are used in asbestos re Placement, ballistic armor, and marine lami- ates. Pulp. Kevlar is available in 2 unique short f- ‘ber form known as pulp (Fig. 5). Itisavery short fiber Out mm, or 0.08-0.16 in.) with many at- tached fibrils, These fibrils are complex in that Table 3 Kevlar 49 fabric and woven roving specifications ee a coma —CSCSCSCS*CS ee fehing, Yarms and roving are used in he fila- gene ware za Sing Yend sad oe SS anceps tg ae wan mS esses, Applications inlude missle case, pres- "in See eS Sure vessel, sporting goods, cables, and tension Fas aye ere ee members fa ek BS RES gs ans fan sy BSS Bk joan et et Table 2 Kevlar 29 yatn and roving sizes 31 Berwin 192 KT oxo OE oe ee Cte ee a; os an es nk oR ie __“ag th Netrattmmet 355 Gott me; nk iam 200 as000 2500 eS ec i Boe ihe = fe Tim "7 Unita Fe peo 50 Goniet on 56 xB MOxm BOBS OI am su 5-38 Goo wr BRS RRR ext on = 5282 60. : 7 ‘ = 2 toro i - 1900 sot ees Tae x pt oy me 00 u toss x Shas BSE Rh teks | wea ame ae io ec 13200 ‘oe ese nace bere me — they are curled, branched, and often ribbontie. ‘They are a ditect result of the inherent fibilar structure ofthis fiber. Te large surface area (40 {ims standard fiber) and high aspect ratio ofthe ‘bil (greater than 100) can provide very efl- cient reinforcement. In general, pulp is morSeas- iy mixed into resin formulations than is staple fiber and is now used extensively in replacing asbestos in guskets, friction product, sealants, ccaulks, and coatings (Ref 11, 12). ‘Spunlaced Sheets. Aramid staple fibers can be processed into lightweight, nonwoven sheet structures. One of the available forms is spun- laced sheet, in which webs of staple fibers are entangled by high-pressure water ets, No binder resin is used, These sheets are low-density (0,008-0.16 pfem’), lightweight (0.02-0.07 kgf im, of 0.5-20 oz/yd’) stuctures that are very

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