BOILER TUBE GRADES

CARBON STEEL
SA178

Carbon steels show mild corrosion resistance and fair strength up to 1000F. However, their usage above 800F
must take into account the susceptibility to graphitization. Graphitization has not been a significant problem in
thicknesses encountered in boiler tubing. Use of heavy section pipe above 800F, however, is not recommended.
The application of seamless and welded carbon steel tubing in boilers is restricted to a maximum temperature of
800F for rimmed and 1000F for killed steel by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, Power
Boilers. The Code does not list maximum allowable stresses beyond 1000F for carbon steels.Carbon-molybdenum
steels

CARBON-MOLYBDENUM STEELS
SA209

Carbon-moly steels exhibit higher creep strengths than plain carbon steels, and are widely used in hightemperature boiler service. These steels nominally contain 0.5% molybdenum. When exposed to temperatures
TUBEsteels
GRADES
above 850-900F for long periods of time, theBOILER
carbon-moly
are also prone to graphitization. Again, the
phenomenon
is section-size
dependent,stainless
and usingsteels
pipe of this grade above 850F is not recommended. The carbide
STAINLESS
STEELS - Austenitic
phase is not stable, and will revert to graphite. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, lists
Austenitic
stainless
steels
presented in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
allowable stresses for
carbon-moly
steels
up toare
1000F.
with two sets of allowable stresses. The reason for this is their relatively low yield
INTERMEDIATE CHROME ALLOYS
strength. The higher allowable stress values were determined at temperatures where the
usage would be restricted by the short-time tensile properties.
SA213-T2
The higher stresses exceed 62-1/2%, but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength. At
This low alloy steel these
exhibits
graphitization
resistance
greater
creep strength
than the carbon-moly
steels.
stresses,
small amounts
of and
plastic
deformation
can be expected.
These higher
Corrosion resistance
is comparable
carbon-moly.
has allowable
stresses
listed
up to 1000F in the ASME
stress
values aretousually
used forT2super-heater
and
reheater
tubing.
Boiler Code.
The Boiler Code lists maximum allowable stresses for varying temperatures depending
on the individual austenitic stainless grade.

SA213-T12

The SA213-T304
chromium in allVariations
of the Croloys
stabilizes
the carbon
as chromium
carbides,
making
of this
18 chromium,
8 nickel
grade include
304L, thus
304LN,
304Hthem
and immune
304N. to
graphitization.
Each of these offers excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance along with high
strength.
This is a 1-chromium, 1/2-molybdenum alloy which is limited to a maximum temperature of 1200F by the ASME
Boiler and PressureHigh
Vessel
Code, Section
I, Allowable
T12
is sometimes
used the
in place
of T2 tubing
strengths
are maintained
in theStresses.
low carbon
grades
by controlling
nitrogen
because of its greater
strength.
content.

SA213-T11

This grade has the same

creep
strength
properties
as T12. Itsolution
is moreannealing
corrosion temperature
resistant thantothe
chromium-free
T304 has
higher
carbon
and a minimum
assure
good
steels, and is fairly resistant
high-temperature
oxidation
because
its higher
silicon to
and
chromium
long-timetoelevated
temperature
strengths.
T304 of
grades
are limited
1650F
undercontents.
oxidizing conditions. Section I of the ASME Boiler Code lists allowable stresses up to
Oxidation resistance is important because metals exposed to elevated temperatures for extended periods of time
1500F.
will accumulate a protective coating of scale. At some minimum temperature, the scale will become non-adherent,
gradually
flake,
and
causeissolid
particle
erosion
of turbines.
causes
failuresThe
before
SA213-T316 T316
similar
to T304,
but offers
better However,
corrosion exfoliation
resistance rarely
and creep
strength.
creep or high temperature
yielding.
molybdenum
addition to 316 increases its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
Allowable stresses are
listed by
Pressure
Vessel
to 1200F.
Variations
of the
thisASME
grade Boiler
includeand
316L,
316LN,
316HCode
and 316N.

SA213-T22

ThisSA213-T321
2-1/4 chromium,
1 molybdenum
has exceptionally
properties,
but is tensile
limited properties.
for applications to
T321
and 347 arealloy
variations
of T304 and high
havecreep
comparable
minimum
1125F
because
higher
temperature
scalewith
exfoliation.
It is
in the
Boilerrespectively,
Code for
and
T347 of possible
These two
grades
are stabilized
additions
of listed
titanium
andASME
columbian
temperatures to 1200F.
along with proper heat treatment.
To insure good long-time strength at elevated temperatures, T321H and 347H-like 304HA 9-chromium-1 molybdenum alloy, T9 offers very good corrosion resistance with good high-temperature strength.
were developed with higher carbon contents and specified minimum solution annealing
It also has good oxidation resistance and can be used to 1200F maximum. Some times T9 is an adequate
temperatures.
substitute for the more expensive stainless grades. The Boiler Code limits T9 to 1200F.
Of all the stainless steels, T309 (25 chromium, 13 nickel) and T310 (25 chromium, 20
nickel) offer the maximum resistance to oxidation and corrosion. They also offer good
high-temperature properties. Since these steels contain ferrite, however, they are more
susceptible to sigma phase.

SA213-T9

Material Boiler

Common Tubing Specifications

ASME Spec.
SA-178
SA-178
SA-178

ASME Grade
A

ERW or Smls.
ERW

ERW

ERW

Description
Low carbon steel - C=0.18
max.
Medium carbon steel C=0.35 max.
Carbon-manganese steel -

Typical uses
Boiler tubes, economizers,
low temp. superheaters
Boiler tubes, economizers,
low temp. superheaters
Not in common use

Smls.

SA-192
SA-210
SA-210

A1

Smls.

Smls.

C=0.27 max
Low carbon steel - C=0.18
max
Medium carbon steel C=0.27 max.
Medium carbon steel C=0.35 max.

Waterwalls, economizers,
low temp. superheaters
Waterwalls, economizers,
superheaters
Waterwalls, economizers,
superheaters

SA-209

T1

Smls.

Low alloy steel - low carbon, 1/2% moly

Superheaters

SA-209

T1a

Smls.

Low alloy steel - medium carbon, 1/2% moly

Superheaters

SA-209

T1b

Smls.

Low alloy steel - low carbon, 1/2% moly

Superheaters

SA-213

T2

Smls.

Intermediate alloy - 1/2% chrome, 1/2% moly

Waterwalls, superheaters, not in common

use

SA-213

T11

Smls.

Intermediate alloy - 1 1/4% chrome, 1/2% moly

Waterwalls, superheaters

SA-213

T22

Smls.

Intermediate alloy - 2 1/4% chrome, 1% moly

Waterwalls, superheaters

SA-213

T5

Smls.

Intermediate alloy - 5% chrome, 1/2% moly

High temperature superheaters, not in

common use

SA-213

T9

Smls.

Intermediate alloy - 9% chrome, 1% moly

High temperature superheaters, no longer in

common use

SA-213

T91

Smls.

Intermediate alloy - 9% chrome, 1% moly, 1/4% vanadium

High temperature superheaters - the latest

and greatest

SA-213

Tp-304

Smls.

Stainless steel - 18% chrome, 8% nickel

Superheaters

SA-213

Tp-304H

Smls.

Stainless steel for high temperature service

High temperature superheaters

SA-213

Tp-316

Smls.

Stainless steel - 16% chrome, 11% nickel

Superheaters

SA-213

Tp-316H

Smls.

Stainless steel for high temperature service

High temperature superheaters

SA-213

Tp-321

Smls.

Stainless steel - 17% chrome, 9% nickel, 0.60% titanium

Superheaters

SA-213

Tp-321H

Smls.

Stainless steel for high temperature service

High temperature superheaters

Superheaters
High temperature superheaters

SA-213

Tp-347

Smls.

Stainless steel - 17% chrome, 9% nickel, columbium +

tantalum=1.00% max.

SA-213

Tp-347H

Smls.

Stainless steel for high temperature service

Untuk tabung boiler, SA-178A adalah pilihan yang paling umum, dan paling ekonomis.
Economizers biasanya terbuat dari SA-178A atau SA-210-A1.
Bahan superheater bervariasi, dengan SA-178A dan SA-192 digunakan paling umum dalam
rentang suhu yang lebih rendah. SA-210-A1, SA-213-T11, dan SA-213-T22 yang biasa terlihat
dalam rentang suhu menengah, dengan nilai stainless, yang paling sering Tp-304H dan Tp-347H,
disediakan untuk superheaters suhu yang lebih tinggi, meskipun SA-213-T91 semakin ditentukan
untuk suhu tertinggi

rt Boil