NNALCO

Prepared by: Deni Suherman

Outruitw
Reverse Osmosis Process
- Basic principles
- Key parameters
Monitoring and Control
Problems and Opportunities
- Programs
- Tools

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Types of Filtration
Direct Filtration
- Sand or Multi Media
- Cartridge
Cross Flow Filtration
- Reverse Osmosis
- Nano Filtration
- Ultra Filtration
- Micro Filtration

ST Hiao,;co,pe
loric

Relative

Size or

Common

Materials

Ran,-

Osmosis

t
Osmotic Head

Strong Solution

.... .----- Pure Water Flow

Atutrst Osmosis
Applied Pressure, PF

Permeate Pressure, Pp

Osmotic
Pressure P0,F

Strong Solution

Pure Water
Osmotic Pressure, P

Pure Water Flow

---------i>

What cloes AO Aemoue?

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Atutrst Osmosis Atmouts

Ionic Species

Non Ionic Species

Particulate Matter

Semi Permeable Membranes

Mattrials of (onstrurtion

Thin Film Composite

- (Polyamide = PA)
- > 98/o of the Industrial Market

Cellulose Acetate
Polysulfone (PSO)

.J

Flow

Polyamide Ultra-thin
Barrier Layer

0.2 micron
Microporous
Polysulfone
40 micron
Reinforcing
Fabric

120 micron

Compaction is not an issue

fundamentals

PA Barrier Layer
Polysulfone Backing

/o Rejection =

(TOSfeed - TOSPerm)
TDS1eed

TOSPerm
/o Salt Passage= --TD Steed

x 1 00

x 100

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Permeate fluH
The rate of permeate flow
l t;q\ll!CCI foot
of 1uen11Jnne
J. - '
'"ca.:fft
I

through one square foot

of membrane
10 - 25 GFD (17 - 42.5 LMH)
Temperature
Pressure

Maximize Surfate Area with a

Small footprint
Membrane Configurations
- Spiral Wound

( R/0 > 95/o USA)

- Hollow Fiber
- Tubular

( Academic )

- Plate and Frame

(dominant in Europe < 1989)

Concentrate
Permeate

Perforated collection tube

Feedwater
Feedwater and
concentrate spacer

_J

Permeate carrier

Permeate flow toward collection tube

Covering and bypass spacer

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

flow Pattern tor

a
Spiral Wound 1tmtnt

flow Through a Prtssurt Utsst

Feedwater becomes more concentrated

-
- ; :..
.....
.
..
,,

- -::

. ::::: : : :t .....?:

Feed

Product
(Permeate)

Concentrate
(Reject)

KEY AO System Design Uariables

Permeate Recovery
Permeate Flux
Minimum Element
Concentration Flow

Permeate Aetouery
o/o Recovery =

Permeate Flow Rate

Feed Flow Rate

x 100

Permeate
Feedwater
Concentrate

(ontentration fattor us. Attouery

Evaporation

Make Up

----

>>-

--

-<

-<

>>-

-<

>-

-<

>>>-

-<
-<

-<

---

..-.......
... . ..

<

Bl ow Down

(onttntration fat tor

us.
Attoutry
Flow teed
Cone. Factor (x) --=
Flowbrine

1
Cone. Factor= ------( 1 - Recovery)

Recovery

Concentration

50/o

75/o

80/o

90/o

10

95/o

20

97.5/o

40

98/o

50

Concentration of
scale-forming salts
Osmotic pressure
Permeate quality

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Permeate fluH
The rate of permeate flow
l t;q\ll!CCI foot
of 1uen11Jnne
J. - '
'"ca.:fft
I

through one square foot

of membrane
10 - 25 GFD (17 - 42.5 LMH)
Temperature
Pressure

fat tors lntluenting flux

Dependent on fouling characteristics of the feed water
- Wastewater ( SDI < 5)

8 - 12 GFD

- Surface Water ( SDI < 5 )

1 O - 14 GFD

- Well Water (SDI< 3)

14-18 GFD

- RO Permeate

18 - 30 GFD

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Minimum 1tmtnt Flow

Cross flow

. ..l

The minimum flow rate

through the last element

(Min. Concentration Flow Rate

=

of a pressure vessel

Element Permeate Flow

--------Flow)
Max. Element Recovery

- Element Permeate

Feed

Permeate

High Pressure PU'!)P'

',

Brine

l
1------ ----- tF-----i-j------9p-----f-f-----
L,. . . .
,J
,

VESSEL

Elements

'

Two Stage AO System

1:1 Array
Feed
100 GPM
1000 PPM

Permeate
50GPM
100 PPM
Permeate
-- 75GPM
130 PPM
1 st Stage
Concentrate
21 Stage Feed
50 GPM
1900 PPM

Recovery = 75/o
Salt Rejection = 87/o

Permeate
25 GPM
190 PPM

Concentrate
25GPM
3920 PPM

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

fouling, Staling, Oamage

Poor Permeate Quality
Low Water Production
Membrane Replacement
Frequent Cleaning

Systtm Monitoring
Critical!

Why?-

What? -

Prevent Problems

Percent Salt Rejection

Optimize Performance

Differential Pressure

Maximize Membrane Life

Normalized Permeate
Flow rate

Trouble Shooting

Silt Density Index

Trending ! ! !

/o Rejection =

(TOSfeed - TOSPerm)

x 1 00

TDS1eed
TOSPerm
/o Salt Passage=---- x 100
TD Steed

Common to use conductivity measurement as an

indication of TDS

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

= Feed Pressure - Concentrate Pressure

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Normaliztd Ptrmtatt flow (NPfi)

Permeate Flow is drastically affected by:
Pressure

Temperature

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

A feedwater test that must be run on-site that is an

empirical indication of the potential for membrane
fouling
Based on rate of plugging a 0.45 micron filter

For RO SDI must be < 5.0

Ideally to prevent fouling SDI < 3.0
Typical Well Water SDI < 3.0
Typical Surface Water SDI > 6

AO-TAN0

Normalized Permeate Flow

Normalization 8' Trending Software

120
100

1M

Customers can Calculate

& Trend

80

Q.

A
v

60

- Permeate Flow

0
IL

40

--

- Differential Pressure

20

- Salt Rejection
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Operation (Days)

!-+-

1st Stige-&- 2nd Stigt-T

s,sttm!

Download this program to your customer's computer system

from the PermaCare Program CD (ON Literature #TK-105)
or from Lotus Notes

Stalt in AO Mtmbrants
Why?
- Salts exceed their solubility
limit due to the system's
concentration effect

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Mtmbrant Autopsy

Mtthods of Control
System Recovery
Feed water pH reduction

otr<2!_: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
max

Ion Exchange Softening

Chemical Scale Control
---------------

""

"

- Most Cost Effective

- Highest Quality Permeate*

a.. --==============::==
*At a fixed Recovery

Stalt Inhibitors
Mtmbrant Applications

Must NOT -

Must Control Common Sealants

- At design recovery
- Short Holding Times
Be Compatible with Membrane
Be Cost Effective

Contribute to Bio Fouling

Foul due to over-dosing
React with Coagulants
Be destroyed by metals

' ...

G1ITTJEGRii!ilcrnmPUIICft=qrr,mp19

...................

, .,,.. ..,

"'"'"''.,._"' c,........ :-;::::=----1

Preure,psi:

Untreated

AOl2 Staling

TemperthJre,'f:

ReCOef)'(%)

Rlwwilterptt:

Predittion Program

Feedw.tet"ptt:
Houl'epercl.,-:

Wlltt now r.te. USQal.mln-----,

,.'1-,now,
,...now,

Concentr111:enow:

....

C.COJ CaS04 B.t504 SrS04

'1 141.l
2.1111u
u
C.COJLSI

"*""''

C.2
u

Fe
4U

Al
u

Mn

Si02 C.J<PO,W
1.1
au;

Most Appropriate PermaTreat

1.42

Product selected by R012a

- x
Conc:enlratecompo$li0n

Treated - PermaTreat PC -191------,

Scale Control Computer

Program

Tempe...t ... e,'f:

.......,. 00'

r,.:.-

it.w wet" ptt :

feedw.tptt:
tficM"el*'cl.,-:

w.er now r. USgtltn.l

Produdftow:

This is located on the PermaCare Program CD

(Nalco Literature #TK-105)

FNdtlow:
COnc;..._rlletlow:
C.COJ c.504 8eS04 SrS04

-Treeted Opltm6Md

'I,

1U

MAX
C.COJLSI

t.1

42.1

Cef2

......

,.
Al
Mn
Si02

2.t

5.1

1.1

Totll feed w.t8" doee, me-1itre Vt1

1.42

Jequ,ireme"4:,lb1'$

'2..$

and in the CPP Pre-Section

(leaning AO Membranes
Why?
- Restores performance
- Prevent permanent damage

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Tight Spat
ing

Salt (onttntration in the8oundary Layer

'

Vin

Flow

......

'
'
' '

'

' t

... .
'' ... :.,

'

v.:

.
.
.
.
'
.
.i . .J ' '
,'

,.

Boundary

\.7, ..ii';

Layer

Velocity: Yin>

v:

Salt Concentration: TDSin < TDSout

Clean to Restore Performante

When any ONE of the following changes:
- Differential Pressure
- NPF

by 15/o
by 15/o

- Salt Passage

by 15/o

Exceeding these limits may be irreparable

Ust AO-Trtncl
Proper Cleaning Maintenance
Normalized
Permeate
Flowrate
Cleaning after 10-15% decline
Time

Improper Cleaning Maintenance

Normalized
Permeate
Flowrate

t""

>15% decline
Time

Waiting too long

to clean reduces
RO performance

Biofouling

Organic Matter
Iron Oxides and Hydroxides

Colloidal Iron and Silica

Calcium Carbonate, Sulfate

and Inorganic Salts

Acid, Alkaline, Surfactant, Chelants

Information in:
- PermaCare Program CD
-CPPs
- RO Best Practices
- RO Cleaning Wizard (in Lotus Notes)

Cleaning is performed when the system is

off-line using a CIP System

Reuerse Osmosis
fundamentals

Permeate
Concentrate Brine

Cleaning Tank

Pressure
Vessels

2 1