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irrigation on the
characteristics of
INTRODUCTION
The demand for salinity tolerant turfgrass is increasing
due to augmented use of low quality water or seawater
for turf irrigation and the growing turfgrass industry in
coastal areas mainly with the diffusion of tourist pastures
and beaches. Drought spread and irrigation water lack
became the most urgent global problems especially in
Egypt after the latest developments in the upstream of
the River Nile. So, the availability of adequate water in
terms of quality and quantity will be the number one issue
st
affecting turfgrass management in the 21 century. Since
Egypt, overlooking on both Mediterranean Sea and Red
Sea, where they could be diluted and used as accessory
source for irrigation of some salt-tolerant plant species.
Therefore, there is a great need for enhancing salt
tolerant turfgrass to survive under such stressful
conditions (Glenn et al., 1999). Turfgrass must maintain
cosmetic appeal, adequate growth, and persistence
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
028
Sa
nd
Silt
Cla
y
Soil
textu
re
8.1
60.
25.
Silty
3
01
63
clay
Soluble cations (meq/l)
+
+
++
K
Ca
Mg
+
+
Na
5.6
0.1
3.4
3.30
0
8
6
EC
pH
mmhos/
cm
0.90
7.85
Tot Tot
al N al P
ppm
23
O
M
%
11
0.4
5
Sampl
e
Seawat
er
Freshw
ater
pH
EC
Na
Cl
Co
3
8.
20
7.
15
dS
-1
m
50.
91
3.8
pp
m
116
00
333
.5
Ca
++
Mg
++
Meq/l
578
.2
1.8
1.
7
0.
9
N
%
27
189
15.
5
7.4
1.
8
0.
6
ppm
113.
32
0.4
24
7
4.
88
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
029
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
030
Table 1. Effect of diluted seawater irrigation on shoot growth rate, leaf area, shoots fresh and dry weight
(average of both seasons).
Seawater
%
0
10
20
30
40
20
60
Shoot growth
rate
(g
dry
wt./week)
P
B
0.94b 0.65f
1.23a 0.78d
0.86c 0.49h
0.67e 0.27j
0.51g 0.13l
0.38i
0.08m
0.17k 0.07n
Leaf area
2
(mm)
Shoots F.W.
(g)
Shoots F.W.
(g)
P
4.56g
5.88b
6.03a
5.42c
4.11h
3.39k
3.22l
P
2.43bc
2.58ab
2.44bc
2.25cd
1.86e
1.67e
0.83f
P
0.57b
0.62a
0.55c
0.48d
0.34h
0.25j
0.09l
B
3.74i
4.92d
4.81e
4.78f
3.63j
3.08m
2.65n
B
2.37bcd
2.49a
2.30bcd
2.13d
1.63e
0.92f
0.77f
B
0.40f
0.45e
0.36g
0.30i
0.21k
0.07m
0.06n
Seawater
%
0
10
20
30
40
20
60
Root length
(cm)
P
B
14.08e 15.26d
16.13a 15.78b
15.50c 11.67g
12.27f
7.05i
8.44h
3.55k
5.82j
1.73m
3.441
1.00n
Roots F.W.
(g)
P
B
4.21a 3.64d
3.96b 3.27e
3.88c
3.18f
3.11g
2.67i
2.82h 2.45k
2.48j 1.06m
1.421 1.01n
Roots D.W.
(g)
P
B
2.96a 2.24e
2.85b 2.04g
2.80c 2.01h
2.30d
1.75j
2.05f 1.52k
1.83i
0.52l
0.50m 0.37n
Shoots/ Roots
(%)
P
B
19.33e 21.47c
21.78b 22.10a
20.16d 17.94g
19.03f 17.23h
16.79i
13.72j
13.36k
8.71l
8.46n
8.50m
Plant succulence
Turf succulence increased steadily greater the seawater
percentage, as it reached a peak at 30 % seawater then
began to gradually decrease in Bermudagrass whereas,
in Seashore paspalum the succulence continued to
increase till reached the peak at 50 % seawater then it
began to gradually decline (Fig., 2). Increasing
succulence in the presence of salt is an adaptive
mechanism for ion dilution (Debez et al., 2004 and
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
10
10
8
Turf quality
6
4
Paspalum
Bermuda
6
Paspalum
Bermuda
031
0
0
10
20
30
Seawater (%)
40
50
60
10
20
30
Seawater (%)
40
50
60
50
40
Paspalum
30
Bermuda
20
10
0
0
14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Seawater (%)
Figure 2. Effect of diluted seawater irrigation on plant succulence, turf quality and leaf firing of Seashore
paspalum and Bermudagrass.
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
032
SDS-protein electrophoresis
SDS-PAGE, total proteins were extracted from leaves of
seawater-treated and salt-untreated plants. Comparing
the protein profiles between control plants and those
treated with different salt concentrations using SDSPAGE showed that treatment induced only few changes
in the pattern of proteins. Bands intensity was much differ
in treated genotypes. Protein SDS -PAGE show
differences among the studied two common grasses in
the intensity and number of bands (Fig. 3.). This result
might be attributed to that the study of the resistant and
susceptible genotypes differs under seawater stress. The
results of SDS-PAGE proteins leaf revealed a total
number of 11 bands in seashore showed that all bands
are common (monomorphic), however they differed in
density and intensity based on salt stress since most of
bands show higher expression than control, e.g. band
around 29KDa was very faint in control and gave dark
under salt (10, 20 and 30) and become less density
under (40 and 50). On the other hand in bermudagrass
only five bands and gave different affect to salt those
bands doesn't affected under salt stress in lower
concentrations till 40 % but it affected and gives higher
expression under high salt (50 %) these finding in
harmony with (Henry, 2007), who suggested paspalum
may be better able to survive prolonged periods of stress.
In order to distinguish stress responses from
developmental changes in protein accumulation, both
control and treated leaves were harvested at the same
time to minimize experimental error. It is necessary to
study the salt stress responses at the protein level
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
300
prolien contents %
250
033
25
200
20
150
15
10
100
Paspalum
50
Bermuda
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
40
30
20
10
Seashore paspalum
Seawater (%)
0
Bermuda grass
Figure 4. Effect of diluted seawater irrigation on total green color and proline contents of Seashore paspalum
and Bermudagrass.
15.00
10.00
3
1
5.00
0.00
50
40
30
20
Seashore paspalum
10
0
Bermuda grass
0
50
40
30
20
Seashore paspalum
10
0
Bermuda grass
Figure 5. Effect of diluted seawater irrigation on catalase and proxidaes activities of Seashore paspalum and
Bermudagrass
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
034
Table 3. Effect of diluted seawater irrigation on mineral contents (average of both seasons).
Na+
Seawater
%
0
10
20
30
40
20
60
P
0.55n
2.79l
3.05k
4.88h
7.64f
8.06e
8.45c
B
0.59m
3.62j
4.50i
13.54g
15.07d
15.61b
15.77a
ClP
1.10m
9.56h
9.93g
12.19e
13.05c
15.22b
16.09a
K+
(mg/g.dry weight)
B
P
B
0.87n
29.33a
16.01g
6.78l
28.06b
15.82h
6.86k
27.53c
14.31j
7.83j
25.82d
12.56k
9.55i
23.60e
10.13l
10.17f
21.22f
8.74m
12.40d
14.86i
6.71n
Ca++
Mg++
Ashs
Organic mater
(%)
P
2.85a
2.81b
2.77c
2.54d
2.29e
2.15g
2.21f
B
2.12h
2.09i
1.89j
1.73n
1.78m
1.83l
1.88k
P
4.42b
4.65a
3.79c
3.21d
3.02g
2.75h
2.06j
B
3.16e
3.08f
2.57i
1.91k
1.52l
1.33m
1.24n
P
8.42n
17.45j
19.04f
19.25e
20.13c
18.61i
16.03l
B
9.15m
18.65h
19.82d
20.77b
22.08a
19.01g
17.44k
P
92.53d
93.42b
93.07c
88.26f
84.32h
76.74j
72.95l
B
93.02c
93.71a
92.49d
89.55e
85.06g
78.12i
74.68k
++
++
CONCLUSION
Research results showed a significant improvement in
plant growth and most studied characters at low levels of
diluted seawater compared to freshwater only or high
levels of diluted seawater. So, it viable to use low levels
of diluted seawater to irrigate some Egyptian turfgrass as
an alternative irrigation source in order to save freshwater
for drinking and essential crops irrigation.
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response of four turfgrass species to salinity,
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Ashraf M (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving
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Biotechnolgy Advances, 27: 84-93.
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Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
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Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass
036
Copyright: 2016. Hegazi and Khatab. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical characteristics of common Egyptian turfgrass