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ii
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what type of structure

ii

How many other carbon atoms are rinked to each carbon

atom in form B?.

is represented by these forms

of carbon?

is represented by these forms

of carbon?

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atom in form A?

complete the table berow, which relates to the properties

of the metal copper
and substances A and B.

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In 1985, a new allotrope of carbon was discovered.

what is the name of this allotrope?
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Draw diagrams to show the bonding in each of the following

ionic compounds.

Iithium chloride (LiCl)

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calcium sulfide

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IGCSE

(CaS)

Chemistry Workbook

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3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING

5a

The table shows the valencies of some common ions. Use the information in the tac
out the formula of each of the compounds listed below.

e::

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(oxidation
2

Sodium (Na.)
Potassium (K*)
Silver (Ag.)

Metals

Fluoride (FJ
Chloride (ClJ
Bromide (Br )

Non-metals

Hydroxide (OH-)

Groups of
atoms

Nitrate (NO3J
Ammonium (NH4t)

potassium

ii

copper(rr)

iii

sodium

iv

silver

lead oxide

chloride

fluoride

carbonate

phosphate
.............

Using the formulae from your answers

Magnesium (Mg'.)
Lead (Pb2')

Barium
Copper

Aiuminium (Al3-)
lron (Fe3*)

(Ba2*)
(Cu2*)

Oxide (O'z)
Sulfide (S'z)
Carbonate (CO32-)
Sulfate (SO4,_)

Phosphate (RO"'-;

vi

ammonium sulfate

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vii

magnesium phosphate

tl

......

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viii barium sulfide

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ix

aluminium hydroxide

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iron(rrr) bromide

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to part a, give the ratio of the atoms prese-t':-

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tl

ilt

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diagrams to show the bonding in each of the following covalent compounds.

hydrogen f luoride (HF)

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry.'

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nitrogen trichloride (NClr)

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Extended
7a

The bonding in metals can be described in the following way:

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force of attraction between free electrons and the regular array of positive
metal ions within the solid metal. The bonding in metals gives rise to certain properties.'
is an electrostatic

Complete the following passage about the properties of metals by writing in words from the list.

levels Ouctite energy attractive delocalised

high malleible ions conOuctors negative

energy

Metals are

charge or

good

of electricity and heat, because the free electrons from

heat
........ The

due to the

through the metal. The free electrons are often described

free electrons allow

strong

meta1............ to slide over each other;

as

so metals

forces within the structure of the metal.

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The melting point of calcium (840 "C) is much higher than that of potassium (63 "C).
Using the idea of metallic bonding, explain why this is the case.

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Workbook

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The diagram below shows the structure of sodium chloride (sa1t).

Q:.

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sodium ion

chloride ion

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How does the electronic structure of a sodium atom differ from that of a sodium ion?

How does the electronic structure of a chlorine atom differ from that of a chloride ion?

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What type of chemical bond is found in sodium chloride?

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d Using the diagram of sodium chloride above, explain why sodium chloride:

forms crystals that are cubic in shape

has a high melting point (801'C)

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111

acts as an insulator when solid, but

l.r'lcr :3e IGCSE Chemistry Workbook

will conduct electricity when moiten.

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