Heat and Mass Transfer

Tutorial 1
Instructor: Dr. Thomas Lattimore

Assistants: Nicolai Beckmann & Markus Kopsch

Steps in solving the problems:

1. What do you know from the question?
2. What do you need to find?
3. Draw a schematic diagram

4. State your assumptions

5. Identify which equation(s) is required to solve the problem

6. Input the numbers into the equation(s)

7. Calculate the answer

Question 1.1

Question 1.1: Problem Statement

Question 1.1: Solution

KNOWN: Thermal conductivity, thickness and temperature
difference across a sheet of rigid extruded insulation.

FIND: (a) The heat flux through a 3 m 3 m sheet of the

insulation, and (b) The heat rate through the sheet.

Question 1.1: Solution

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction in the x-direction, (2) Steady-state

conditions, (3) Constant properties.

Question 1.1: Solution

Question 1.1: Solution

Question 1.1: Solution

COMMENTS:

(1) Be sure to keep in mind the important distinction

between the heat flux (W/m2) and the heat rate (W).
(2) The direction of heat flow is from hot to cold.
(3) Note that a temperature difference may be expressed
in kelvins or degrees Celsius.

Question 1.2

Question 1.2: Problem Statement

Question 1.2: Solution

KNOWN: Dimensions, thermal conductivity and surface
temperatures of a concrete slab. Efficiency of gas furnace
and cost of natural gas.
FIND: Daily cost of heat loss.

Question 1.2: Solution

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady state, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant

properties.

Question 1.2: Solution

Question 1.3

Question 1.3: Problem Statement

Question 1.3: Solution

KNOWN: Width, height, thickness and thermal conductivity
of a single pane window and the air space of a double pane
window. Representative winter surface temperatures of
single pane and air space.

FIND: Heat loss through single and double pane

windows.

Question 1.3: Solution

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction through glass or air, (2)

Steady-state conditions, (3) Enclosed air of double pane window is stagnant
(negligible buoyancy induced motion).

Question 1.3: Solution

Question 1.3: Solution

COMMENTS: Losses associated with a single pane are
unacceptable and would remain excessive, even if the
thickness of the glass were doubled to match that of the air
space. The principal advantage of the double pane
construction resides with the low thermal conductivity of air
(~ 60 times smaller than that of glass). For a fixed ambient
outside air temperature, use of the double pane construction
would also increase the surface temperature of the glass
exposed to the room (inside) air.

Question 1.4

Question 1.4: Problem Statement

Question 1.4: Solution

KNOWN: Hand experiencing convection heat
transfer with moving air and water.
FIND: Determine which condition feels colder.
Contrast these results with a heat loss of 30
W/m2 under normal room conditions.

Question 1.4: Solution

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Temperature is uniform over the hands surface, (2)

Convection coefficient is uniform over the hand, and (3) Negligible
radiation exchange between hand and surroundings in the case
of air flow.

Question 1.4: Solution

ANALYSIS: The hand will feel colder for the condition which results in the
larger heat loss. The heat loss can be determined from Newtons law of
cooling, Eq. 1.3a, written as:

Question 1.4: Solution

COMMENTS: The heat loss for the hand in the water
stream is an order of magnitude larger than when in the air
stream for the given temperature and convection coefficient
conditions. In contrast, the heat loss in a normal room
environment is only 30 W/m2 which is a factor of 50 times
less than the loss in the air stream. In the room
environment, the hand would feel comfortable; in the air and
water streams, as you probably know from experience, the
hand would feel uncomfortably cold since the heat loss is
excessively high.

Question 1.5

Question 1.5: Problem Statement

Question 1.5: Solution

KNOWN: Width, input power and efficiency of a
transmission. Temperature and convection coefficient
associated with air flow over the casing.

FIND: Surface temperature of casing.

Question 1.5: Solution

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady state, (2) Uniform convection coefficient and surface
temperature, (3) Negligible radiation.

Question 1.5: Solution

> Factor of 6 because

there are 6 sides to the
casing

Question 1.5: Solution

COMMENTS: There will, in fact, be considerable
variability of the local convection coefficient over
the transmission case and the prescribed value
represents an average over the surface.