Srinagar

Srinagar is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the
Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is
famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri
handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, r (venerable) and nagar, which
means city. One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be
confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another
theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on
the site of the present village of Pandrethan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.

Geography
The city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River which is called Vyath in Kashmir. The
river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in
the Dal Lake. The city is famous for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city.

Tourism
Srinagar is one of several places that has been called the Venice of the East or the Kashmiri
Venice. It is known for its lakes, which include Dal Lake noted for its houseboats and
Nagin Lake.
Srinagar has some Mughal gardens, forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across
the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the
royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring);
Shalimar Bagh; and the Naseem Bagh. The Tulip Gardens have been recently opened to public
by Sonia Gandhi.
The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government. Another
palace of the Maharajas, the Gulab Bhavan, has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel. The
hotel is located at a distance of 17 kms. From the Srinagar International Airport. The nearest
railway station is Jammu at a distance of 300 Kms. The city center ( Lal Chowk ) is just 4 kms
from the hotel.

The Sheri Kashmir International Auditorium is at a distance of 2 kms from the hotel. The world
famous hill resorts of Gulmarg and Pahalgam are located at a distance of 52 kms and 96 kms
with travel time of 1.5 hours and 2.30 hours respectively.
The famous shrine of Baba Reshi ,a highly revered kashmiri Sufi saint ,is another attraction of
Gulmarg and is thronged by thousand of devotees all year around.
The Gondola Cable car offers rides to the upland meadow of Kongdori and beyond to the top of
Apharwat range to a height of 14000 ft for viewing the Himalays peaks in summer and for
downhill skiing in winter.

Gulmarg
Gulmarg is one of Indiaas premier hill resorts. Historically a favourite haunt of emperor
Jahangir, Gulmarg Today is not merely a mountain resort of exceptional beauty it also turns
into Indias premier ski resort in winter.

Pahalgam
Pahalgam is situated at the confluence of the Sheshnag and the lidder streams. Once a humble
shepherds village, it is now Kashmirs premier summer resort, cool even during the height of
summer.
The resort is surrounded by many places of interest, the best being the upland meadow of
Baisaran.hagan, on the way to chandanwari, is an idyllic spot for picnic. And Mamal, one of the
eight tiny villages of Pahagam, has a 5th century shiva temple.

Chandanwari 16 Kms from Pahalgam is the starting point for the annual Amarnathji Yatra held
in Summer. The Amarnath cave, houses and ice stalagmite in the shape od a natural Shivling,
which waxes and wanes with the Moon.

Sonamarg
Sonamarg lies at the head of the Sindh Valley. The Drive through this valley presents a
spectacular fact of the Kashmir countryside.
Sonamarg is surrounded by colourful mountains and thick pine forest. There are many
attractive walks, the best being a trek or pony ride to the Thajiwas glacier. Sonamarg also serves
as a base for the amaranth yatra from the baltal route.

Verinag
Verinag is the source of jhelum, with deep blue water spring and wonderful resort at the
foothills.

Dal Lake
The Dal Lake is Srinagars most distinctive landmark. It is divided by causeways into four parts,
the Nagin lake being one of them. Not merely a lifeless body of water, the Dal is unique for the
communities that have made it their home, from fisherman to Houseboat owners.
There are fields of Lotus blossoms in parts of the Lake, Vegetable patches, shops and even
villagers. The best way of exploring the lake and the sites on its shores by Shikara boat

Hari Parbat
The hill of Hari Parbat is considered sacred to the Hindus, Muslim and Sikhs alike. For the
Hindus it is sacred due to the presence of the Temple of Sharika Mata, a form of goddess Durga
or Shakti. On its southern side is the historic shrine of Makhdoom Sahib, a sufi saint of Kashmir
revered by people of all faiths.
Further down the Hill is the historic Gurudwara Chhatti Padshahi near the Kathi Darwaza (gate)
of the Fort. It is associated with the visit of the sixth Sikh Guru to Kashmir. There is also Mughal
Fort on this Hill called Hari Parbat. The Afghan Governor, Ata Mohammad Khan, developed it
to its full size in the 18th century.

Shankaracharya Temple
The Shankaracharya Temple, another prominent landmark of Srinagar, is built on a high
octagonal plinth, on the hill known as Takht-i-Sulaiman .The site dates back to 250 BC and is
associated with the Hindu Philospher Shankarachayya who visited Kashmir ten centuries ago.

Mughal Gardens
Another distinctive feature of Srinagar is the Mughal Gardens with their terraced lawns,
cascading fountains and bright flowerbeds, overlooking the panorama of the Dal Lake.

Pari Mahal

On a nearby spur of the mountain is the ancient monument Pari Mahal, planned out by Dara
Shikon as a sufi school, surrounded by Outside Srinagar, Pampore (18 km), located on the
National Highway, is famous for the saffron that grows here from September to October.

Strong Women Strong Nations

Each year we celebrate International Womens day on March 8th with a determination to
commemorate the achievements of women, and to acknowledge the special status they
deserve in society. The significant question is what difference has it made to the position
of women? Have women become really strong, and have their long term struggles
ended ?
Though women have progressed in a number of spheres, yet looking from a wider
perspective, the situation remains grim. According to the statistics by CARE, out of 1.3
billion people who live in absolute poverty around the globe, 70% are women. Reflecting
on UNESCOs medium term strategy 2008-13, gender equality has been assigned as
organizations global priority. Astonishingly, two third of the 774 million adults in the
world who cannot read is women.
The context in the developing and third world countries is worse. Women here are still
subject to honor killings, they are still denied their basic rights to education and
freedom, and face violence and abuse. It was observed in a CARE project working with
adolescent girls in India, that these girls were considered as temporary people who
would cease to exist, at least for their fathers, once they are married. In many places in
India, domestic violence is acceptable to women, and cultural and ethical implications

are imposed on their freedom. What does that mean? It would be wrong to state that
nothing has changed as a number of local, national and international organizations are
working together to mitigate the problems, yet their is a long way to go.
Initiatives by NGOs like Jan Chetna Manch, Foundation to educate Girls Globally, The
Hunger Project, STEPS Women Development Organization, in addition to the National
Mission for the Empowerment of women(NMEW) launched by the Govt. of India are
some significant steps towards the goal, and the 2011 Census have shown some
improvements too. The sex ratio in India has improved from 930 in 1971 to 940 as per
2011 census. The female literacy has also increased from 18.3% in 1961 to 74% in
2011, in addition to decrease in male-female literacy gap from 26.6% in 1981 to 16.7%
in 2011.
These indicators may show improvement, however, the pace is not desirable. Women
empowerment depends on a number of factors as location, social and financial status,
cultural connotations, traditions, and age. Besides the above initiatives, schemes such
as ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme), Rajiv Gandhi National Creche
Scheme for Children of Working Mothers , Dhanalakshmi, Swadhar and many more are
in place.
Despite these schemes, the Global Gender Gap Index observes that India needs to do
much more to improve the position of women. Persistent health, education and
economic participation gaps are acting as main deterrents to the growth.
To conclude, still a vast number of women do not have their own life choices, and
speaking locally, nationally or globally, empowerment is still in its nascent stages.

Health is Wealth

We live in a super-fast age. The Internet has shrunk the world dramatically
and people are connected 247. Multitasking is the order of the day as we
struggle to fulfill our responsibilities to everyone in our lives. They may
include employers, parents, spouses, children, clients and many others. In
this melee, too often we forget to spare time for ourselves.The stress levels
continue to build up until one day a major collapse may make us aware that

in all this frenzied activity, we have forgotten to take care of one important
thing our health. As we spend days shuttling between hospital and home,
subjecting our body to one test after another trying to find out what has
gone wrong, we are forced to remember that Health is indeed Wealth.In
earlier days, life was very simple. People worked 9 to 5 jobs, often walked
everywhere, ate more of home food, did household chores and enjoyed a
healthy balance in life. Now, we have cars and bikes to go around in,
exciting varieties of fast food to eat, home appliances to reduce our chores
and save time. But the time that has been saved in this manner is now
being spent of the workplace.So people dont have time to exercise which
is very essential for good health. Because of this lack of exercise, obesity,
diabetes, heart attacks, strokes, hypertension, etc. are on the rise even
among the young. This has alarming implications for the nation as a whole.
If our young people are going to die or fall seriously sick in the most
productive years of their life, the countrys future looks very bleak
indeed.So it is very necessary to keep fit and healthy. Parents must
inculcate this need in children from an early age. Moderation in food habits,
daily exercise, and work-life balance all these can make a difference to
our health. A yearly health checkup after the age of 40 is also a must.
Without good health we cannot work or be self-reliant. So good health
should be one of the most important priorities in our life.

Brain Drain
The term 'Brain-drain' has recently come into vogue for describing the flight of talent from our
country to another. Often, it is loosely employed to describe all migration of educated and
talented persons to countries abroad in search of better careers even though their services may be
badly needed in their native land, and thus, this exodus of talent, depletes a country's intellectual
resources and tells on national life.

However, the problem of 'Brain-drain' is not peculiar to the present age of ours. It existed even in
Medieval times when great conquerors carried away not only hoards of gold and rich treasures
from the vanquished countries, but they also took away men of talent and genius as a matter of
right. The only difference we see today is that now the talented and educated persons migrate of
their own accord, attracted by the glitter and glamour of better emoluments and amenities.
Today, the problem of Brain-drain is a product of the revolution in science and technology
inspired by the Second World War and speeded up by the discovery and use of the nuclear
energy. After the war, the stupendous advance made by U.S.A., U. S. S. R., Great Britain,
Germany etc. in the field of scientific research began to attract men of science and talent from
other Countries. This accounted in the main for the flight or defection or let us says migration of
talent from the underdeveloped countries to these advanced nations.
One striking feature of this problem of Brain-drain is that it is a global phenomenon, affecting
almost every country. India, too, has been facing this problem and it is discussed from time to
time in a rather casual and cursory manner. It is revived with afresh momentum when some
Indian repatriate in another country achieves some distinction in his field of work. It caught the
headlines when Dr. Jayant Narlikar discovered his Hoyle-Narlikar Theory, when Dr. Hargobind
Khurana was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968, and also when the famous Indiaborn U.S. astrophysicist Dr. S. Chandrashekbara came to India to deliver the Second Nehru
Memorial Lecture in New Delhi. Similarly, Dr. Lars Onsager, Norway-born U. S. citizen was
awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968. Cases like these provoke and set in motion 'long
drawn debates on the subject of Brain-drain. But these discussions, except for blaming these men
of genius for lack of patriotic telling and sense of duty to their land of birth and for cupidity, do
not yield any results because (i) such cases are only exceptions and not the general rule, (ii) the
distinction and achievement these men of genius secured in their land of repatriation could not
have been possible, or of much value, in their land of birth, and (iii) the loss of one single
country is a colossal gain to the world at large.
Let us also analyze the reasons which prompt such people to leave the land of their birth for
foreign shores. Is it merely the enchantment and glamour of life in more affluent countries, or is
it the search for a more satisfying professional career. An overwhelming majority of such
repatriates go abroad as students seeking academic, scientific or technological education which is
sadly lacking in their own countries. More often than not, such advanced courses of training are
designed to benefit the host country. Naturally, such an education has no market in their native
countries, and quite obviously, they cannot be accommodated there. So they are forced to seek
voluntary exile to settle in .the country of their learning.
One more factor deserves consideration. After a promising young-man has completed his
training, he usually expects work which should not only bring in enough money and other
emoluments but also give him sufficient professional satisfaction.
But a greater contributing factor to this problem of Brain-drain is the unimaginative handling of
the issue by the most callous and unimaginative bureaucracy of the country. The research
workers and men of genius are men out of the ordinary and their work is of an extraordinary
nature. But bureaucracy fails to cope with such people for it lacks the intellectual equipment and

sensibility needed to handle such volatile human material. Very often, this becomes the main
deciding factor for the emigrant, with other factors acting as catalytic agents.
In India, the pattern of Brain-drain has caught the public eye very recently. Facts and figures are
put forward to emphasize the terrible loss being caused to the country as a result of this
phenomenon. The Scientific and Technical Personnel Division of the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (GSIR) issued in 1962 the 'Indians Abroad Roster' which gives an
approximate figure of 29,000 skilled scientists, engineers, doctors, teachers and technical
personnel migrating to foreign countries. However, this statistics is not factually accurate, and so,
this does not reflect the magnitude of the problem, the Brain-drain coming to about 3 per cent of
the skilled personnel available in India. But what is really alarming is the information that the
average age of migrants is between 20 and 40 years. This means that India is losing the cream of
the intelligentsia at the most productive period of their life.
The Government of India set up the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, partly with a
view to meeting the problem of Brain-drain. The C.S.I.R. installed in 1958 the scheme of
scientists' pool as a device for bringing back highly qualified Indian nationals from abroad. On
papers this scheme has been doing some service but in actual practice the scheme has flopped
owing to various simple reasons viz., a yawning discrepancy in salary and emoluments and a
severe lack of research-cum- workshop facilities for the highly skilled and specialized scientists.
The problem of Brain-drain should be tackled at national and international level on a broadbased and rational pattern, for it is a global issue. On the national level, a country like India,
should ameliorate the working conditions of scientists and equip the laboratories with latest
technology. Internationally, the country gaining by Brain-drain must compensate the losing
country by sending her scientists in return.

An Old Age Home

The very concept of an old age home is new to India. An old age home is usually the place, a
home for those old people who have no one to look after them or those who have been thrown
out of their homes by their children. The place is of course like home where the inmates get all
the facilities for a routine living, like food, clothing, and shelter.

All these necessities are well looked after but, the much-needed love, and care of loved ones is of
course sadly missing; for, how can outsiders provide solace? In these homes, it is very interesting
and even touching to talk to people whether they are men or women.
At least in India till now, the old people staying away from the home, from their children, or left
to themselves is not considered to be a very happy situation. This concept of separating the elders
from the youngsters has been imported into India from the West.
However, for the West it may not be so heart rending for, there, it is their original life style that
two generations never stay under one roof. But, in India where, for centuries, not only two but
also even three generations have lived together, this new concept of nuclear families with the
elders ousted, is just too touching to bear.
If, in any home we talk to the inmates, their story would be much the same- turmoil in the family,
disgust against the old and, finally the removal of the elders from the family scene. It is the
family atmosphere, and being among their flesh and blood that, most of the old people miss at
the old age home.
They do get their daily needs fulfilled but, from where will the love of the dear ones come? The
stories of almost all the old people are the same and very dismal.
Besides this, since the women have started working out of homes, there is now, no one to look
after the routine needs of the elders at home. Also with the women working out come their
attitudes towards the elders, for, today, the working women do not take the elders as their duty
but as useless appendages in the family.
This attitude of the women has also largely contributed to the removal of elders from families.
With this backdrop, the necessity for old age homes was felt, and is being increasingly felt with
the passage of time. The entire spectrum of circumstances has led to this unhappy need for old
age homes.
It is very clear to all who visit an old age home that, all the inmates are there, not for the love of
being away from home and independent but, because there is no better alternative left for them,
once they are neglected and unwanted in their homes by their own children.
The only solace is that, they are getting their daily requirements of shelter and food - if not the
bonds of love from the family.



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10th Real Numbers test paper

2011
1.
Express 140 as a product of its prime factors
2.
Find the LCM and HCF of 12, 15 and 21 by the prime factorization method.
3.
Find the LCM and HCF of 6 and 20 by the prime factorization method.
4.
State whether13/3125 will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non
terminating repeating
decimal.
5.
State whether 17/8 will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non
terminating repeating
decimal.
6.
Find the LCM and HCF of 26 and 91 and verify that
LCM HCF = product of the two numbers.
7.
Use Euclids division algorithm to find the HCF of 135 and 225
8.
Use Euclids division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form
3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m
9.
Prove that 3 is ir
rational.
11.
Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
19.
Use Euclids algorithm to find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
20.
Show that any positive odd integer is of the form of 4q + 1 or 4q + 3, where q is some integer.
23.
Prove that 1/2 is irrational. (3 marks)
24.
In a school there are tow sections
section A and Section B of class X
. There are 32 students in
section A and 36 students in section B. Determine the minimum number of books required for their
class library so that they can be distributed equally among students of section A or section B.
25.
Express 3825 as a product of its pri
me factors.
26.
Find the LCM and HCF of 8, 9 and 25 by the prime factorization method.
27.
Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120, using the prime factorization method.
31.
. Find the LCM and HCF of 336 and 54 and verify that LCM HCF = product of the two numbers

32.
Use Euclids division algorithm to find the HCF of 867 and 255
42.
State whether15/ 1600 will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non
terminating repeating
decimal.
43.
Find the LCM and HCF of 510 and 92 and verify that LCM HCF = product of the two numbers.
44.
Use Euclids division algorithm to find the HCF of 196 and 38
220
49.
A sweet seller has 420 kaju barfis and 130 badam barfis. She wants to stack them in such a way
that each stack has the same number, and they take up the least area of the tray. What is
the
maximum number of barfis that can be placed in each stack for this purpose?

Polynomial
1. Find the zeroes of 2x311x2+ 17x 6.
2. Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum and the product
of whose zeroes are1/2, and2
3. Find the values of m and n for which x= 2 and 3 are
zeroes of the polynomial: 3x22mx+ 2n.
4. Check whether x2+ 4 is factor of x4+ 9x2+ 20
Section-C
7. On dividing x33x2+ x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the
quotient and remainder were x 2 and 2x + 4
respectively, find g(x).
Section-D
8. Given that 2 is a zero of the cubic polynomial 6x3+ 2
x210x 4 2, find its other two zeroes.
9. Find k so that x2 + 2x + k is a factor of 2x4+ x314 x2+
5x + 6. Also find all the zeroes of the two polynomials.
10. Given that x 5 is a factor of the cubic polynomial x3
35x2+ 13x 35, find all the zeroes of the polynomial.

10th chapter:
Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables

1
. Form a pair of linear equations for : The sum of the
numerator and denominator of fraction is 3
less than twice the denominator. If the numerator and
denominator both are decreased by 1, the
numerator becomes h
alf the denominator.
2
. Amar gives Rs. 9000 to some athletes of a school as
scholarship every month. Had there been
20 more athletes each would have got Rs. 160 less. Form a
pair of linear equations for this.
3
. Find the value of
k
so that the equations
x
+2
y
=

7, 2
x
+

k
y + 14 = 0 will represent
c
oncident
lines.
4
. Give linear equations which is coincident with 2
x
+3
y
4=0
5
. What is the value of a for which (3,
a
) lies on 2
x

3
y
=5
6
. The sum of two natural nos. is 25 of their difference is

7. Find the nos.

7
. Dinesh in walking along the line joining (1, 4) and (0, 6),
Naresh is walking along the line joining
(3, 4,) and (1,0). Represent on graph and find the point
where both of them cross each other.
8
. Solve the pair or linear equations
x

y=
2 and
x
+
y
= 2. Also find
p
if
p
=2
x
+3
9

. For what value of K the following system of equation are

parallel.
2x + K
y
= 10
3
x
+(
k
+ 3)
y
= 12
10
. For m a pair of linear equations for the following
situation assuming speed of boat in still water
as x and speed of stream
y
: A boat covers 32 km upstream and 36 km downstream
in 7
/
h
ours
It
also covers 40 km upstream and 48 km downstream in

9 hours.
11
. Check graphically whether the pair of linear equations 3
x
+5
y
= 15,
x

y
= 5 is consistent.
Also
check whether the pair is dependent.
1
2
.
For what value of
p
the pair of linear equations
(
P
+ 2)
x


(2
p
+ 1)
y=
3 (2
p

1)
,
2
x

3
y
=7
has u
nique solution.
13
. Find the value of K so that the pair of linear equations :
(3 K + 1)
x
+3

2=0
(K
2
+ 1)
x
+ (k

2)y

5 = 0 is inconsistent.
10th chapter:
Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables
. Given the linear equation
x
+3
y
= 4, write another linear equation in two variables such
that
the
geom

etrical representation of the pair so formed is (i)

intersected lines (ii) parallel lines
(iii)
coincident lines.
15.
Solve
x

y=
4,
x
+
y
= 10 and hence find the value of
p
when
y
=3
x

p
16
. Determine the value of

K
for which the given system of o line
ar equations has infinitely many
solutions:
Kx + 3
y
=
K

3
,
12
x
+
Ky
=
K
17
. Find the values of and for which and following system of
linear equations has infinite no of
solutions :
2
x

+3
y
=7
2x+(+)
y
= 28.
18
. Solve for
x
and
y
:
[ x +1 ]/ 2 + [y
1
]/3
=8,
[ x +1 ]/
3
+ [y
1
]/

2
=8
19
. Solve for
x
and
y
:
2
x
+3
y
= 17
2
x
+2

3
y
+1
= 5.
20
. Solve for

x
and
y
139
x
+ 56
y
= 641
, 56x
+ 139
y
= 724
2
1
. Solve for
x
and
y,
5
/ [x + y ]
+ 1/ [x

] =2
,1
5
/ [x + y ]
5
/ [x

y
]=
2
22
. Solve for
x
and
y
37
x
+ 43
y
= 123
43

x
+ 37
y
= 117
2
3
. Check graphically whether the pair of eq. 3
x
+2
y

4 = 0 and 2
x

2 = 0 is consi
stent.
Also
find the coordinates of the points where the graphs of the
lines of equations meet
the
y

axis