A biomechanika, mint

tudomnyg trtneti
elzmnyei

Biomechanica Hungarica I. vfolyam, 1. szm 63-75

AZ ORVOSI BIOMECHANIKA TRTNETE
Cserntony Zoltn

Arisztotelsz (i.e. 384-322)

www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/

Az llatok gy tudnak mozogni, hogy nyomst gyakorolnak arra, ami

alattuk van (vagyis a talajra).

Az atltk tvolabbra tudnak ugrani, ha slyt tartanak a kezkben, s

gyorsabban tudnak futni, ha karjaikat erteljesen lendtik.

Az llatok rszei

Az llatok mozgsa
Az llatok fejldse

Az izmok szerepe a jrs s ms mozgsok sorn.

Pontos lersa annak, hogyan trtnik az izletekben
ltrejv forgmozgsok talaktsa transzlcis
mozgss.
Az emelrendszerekrl, a gravitcirl, a mozgs
trvnyszersgeirl megfogalmazott koncepcii
meglehetsen pontosak voltak s a ksbbi tudsok
(Leonardo da Vinci, Newton, Borelli stb.)
felfedezseinek tudomnyos elzmnyeinek
tekinthetk.

Arkhimdsz (i.e. 287-212)

A testek srsgnek meghatrozsa

Felhajter felfedezse
A slypont meghatrozsa

Egyszer munkagpek (csiga, csavar)

Emelk, erkarok
Adjatok egy helyet (stabil pontot), amelyen
llni tudok s akkor megtudom mozgatni a
Fldet (kimozdtom sarkaibl a vilgot)!

The most commonly related anecdote about Archimedes tells how he invented a
method for measuring the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to
Vitruvius, a new crown in the shape of a laurel wreath had been made for King Hiero II,
and Archimedes was asked to determine whether it was of solid gold, or whether silver
had been added by a dishonest goldsmith.[12] Archimedes had to solve the problem
without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down in order to measure its
density as a cube, which would have been the simplest solution. While taking a bath, he
noticed that the level of the water rose as he got in. He realized that this effect could be
used to determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes water is
incompressible [13], so the crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own
volume. By dividing the weight of the crown by the volume of water displaced, its
density could be obtained. The density of the crown would be lower if cheaper and less
dense metals had been added. Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by
his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying "Eureka!" "I have found it!" (Greek:
"!")[14]

emelk

Archimedes is said to have remarked about

the lever: "Give me a place to stand on,
and I will move the Earth."

Archimedes uses the principles derived to calculate the areas and centers of gravity
of various geometric figures including triangles, paraboloids, and hemispheres

Galen, Galenus Marcus (130-201)

Marcus Aurelius
On the Use of the Parts of the Human Body

Az els kineziolgiai tanknyvnek tekinthet

Az agy kontrolllja az izmok mkdst a
kzponti s perifris idegrendszer ltal

Agonista- antagonista izomcsoportok

Az erek funkcijnak lersa

Galen megklnbztetett vns (stt vrs) s artris

(vilgosabb s kevsb sr) vrt, amelyeknek elklnlt s
specifikus szerepe van

Harvey (1578-1657)

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Anatmus, biolgus, mrnk
Ervektorok komponensei
Srldsi egytthat

Az es testek gyorsulsa

Tovbb fejlesztette Archimedes elmlett az

emelkrl megklnbztetve az ert s erkart.

Leonardo da Vinci's work about forces transferred to strings from a load they are carrying, or what we
know as to resolve a force into two components. Combining lever arm and pulley he extended
Archimedes ' rule for the lever to include inclined loads and lever arms rotating about their ends

A madarak replse

A trgyak esse, gravitci, gravitcis gyorsuls.

Galileo Galilei elfutra.

da Vinci said (or so I hear, I never met the guy) that if you fall one unit of distance
in the first unit of time, youll fall two in the next unit, three in the one after that,
then four, etc. So if you fall 5 meters in one second, in the next youll fall another
10 for 15 meters total.
Galileo said almost the same thing, but with odd numbers. If you fall one unit of
distance in the first second, then in the second you fall three, then five more, then
seven, etc. So if you again fall 5 meters in one second, in the next youll fall another
15, for 20 total.
Galileo was right; da Vinci wrong. But lets not screw over our primitive-flyingdevice-making friend with such a cursory examination. Theyre both awesome
dudes, as Leonardos testudine counterpart would say.

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80

70 BC, died after c. 15 BC) was a
Roman writer, architect and engineer

Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci, an illustration of the

human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived
from a passage about geometry and human proportions in
Vitruvius's writings

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1565)

De humani corporis fabrica libri

septem (Az emberi test szerkezete)

Korriglta Galen anatmijt

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

A mechanika atyja

Az llatok tmege nem mretk arnyban nvekszik,

s gy a csontok tmege sem arnyos a csontok
krfogatval.
A tmr struktrk (pl. csont) hajltssal szembeni
ellenllsa nvekszik, ha regess vlnak.

A tengeri llnyek slya nagyobb lehet a szrazfldi

llnyekkel szemben, mert felhajter hat rjuk.

A parabolikus matematika atyja

A tudomnyos kutats alapjainak lerakja

Tnyek
Jelensgek
kritikus
megfigyelse
vizsglata

Ksrlet a jelensgek okainak feltrsra

A jelensgek tudomnyos magyarzata

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

(1608-1679)
A modern biomechanika atyja
A matematika, a fizika s az anatmia sszekapcsolsa
Az els tuds, aki felismerte, hogy az emberi izomrendszer
mechanikai trvnyek szerint mkdik

Az llatok mozgsa nem csak a bels erktl, de a vz s a leveg

ellenllstl is fgg.

Az izmok nem kontrahldnak, csak a trfogatukat nvelik

Az er s teher karok viszonya

A testek tmegkzppontjnak kiszmtsa

A slypontmeghatrozshoz mrseket vgzett: meztelen frfiakat ktztt egy

deszkhoz, amit aztn egy kslen addig helyezgetett, mg megtallta az egyenslyi
helyzetet.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

A mozgs ngy trvnye

1 Newton els trvnye a tehetetlensg trvnye

2 Newton msodik trvnye a dinamika alaptrvnye
3 Newton harmadik trvnye a hats-ellenhats trvnye
4 Newton negyedik trvnye az erhatsok fggetlensgnek elve

Ha egy testre egyidejleg tbb er hat, akkor az erhatsok egymst

nem zavarva, egymstl fggetlenl addnak ssze

Ezen tlmenen Newton alkotta meg az ervektorok

parallelogramma szably szerinti sszegzsnek mdszert is.

Newton is also credited with the first correct general statement of the parallelogram offorce, based on his observation that a
moving body affected by two independent forces acting simultaneously moved along a diagonal equal to the vector sum of the
forces acting independently. By further analysis of the laws ofmovement as applied by the discus thrower, it can be
demonstrated mathematically that the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the flying discus are equal. The diagonal, which is
equal to the vector sum ofthe horizontal and vertical forces, is, therefore, 45 degrees , and the missile should traverse the
greatest distance when it travels at this angle. In practice, of course, other fadors oflift, drag, shape, gyroscopic rotation, and so
forth enter the situation, and it is possible that the : most effective angle of release may not always be the one that is the
theoretical optimum. Because two or more muscles may pull on a common point ofinsertion, each at a different angle and with
a different force, the resolution of vectors of this type is a matter of considerable importance in the solution of academic
problems in kinesiology.

James Keill (1674-1719)

In his studies of muscular contraction, he calculated the
number of fibers in certain muscles, assumed that on
contraction each fiber became spherical and thus shortened,
and from this deduced the amount of tension developed by
each fiber to lift a given weight. In AN ACCOUNT OF ANIMAL
SECRETION, THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE HURMAN BODY,
AND MUSCULAR MOTION (1708), Keill drew the erroneous
conclusion that a muscle could not contract to less than two
thirds of its great

John Hunter (1728-1793)

Izommkds
Izommorfolgia, az izomrostok mechanikai felptse,
kontrakci, relaxci, izomer, hipertrfia
in 1776, 1777, 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782,": brought together all of this great anatomist's
observations concerning the structure and power of muscles and the stimuli by which they
are excited. Muscle, he declared, while endowed with life, is fitted for self-motion, and is
the only part ofthe body so fitted. He emphasized that muscular function could be studied
only by observations of living persons, not cadavers. In his lecture series, Hunter described
muscular function in considerable detail, including the origin, insertion, and shape
ofmuscles, the mechanical arrangement of their fibers, the two-joint problem, contraction
and relaxation, strength, hypertrophy, and many other aspects ofthe subject. His lectures
may be regarded as summarizing all that was known about kinesiology at the end ofthe
eighteenth century, when, unwittingly, kinesiologists stood at the threshold of a discovery
that was to revolutionize their methods of investigation.

Albrecht Haller (1708-1777)

a modern ksrleti fiziolgia
megalaptja

A kontrakci az izmok alapvet

mkdsi formja
About 1740 physiologists became excited over the phenomena produced by
electrical stimulation of muscles. Haller summarized many of the early experiments
in his treatise on muscle initability, and Whytt reported clinical observations on a
patient treated by electrotherapy. "Animal electricity" was proposed as a substitute
for the "animal spirits" that earlier investigators had believed to be the activating
force in muscular movement

A kzel 400 holttest felboncolsval szinte tkletesen sikerlt

felvzolnia az emberi test rrendszert. Tanulmnyozta a
vrramlst, a csontozat felptst s az embrionlis fejldst.
Szmos ksrletet hajtott vgre llatokon, illetve llati
testrszeken a szenzibilits (rzkenysg) s az irritabilits
(ingerelhetsg) meghatrozshoz. A ksrletek s eredmnyeik
fejre lltottk az akkori orvostudomnyt s Eurpa-szerte nagy
vitt vltottak ki. A ksrletek bebizonytottk, hogy a test nem a
llek ltal irnyott passzv gpezet mint ahogyan eddig
feltteleztk -, hanem egy aktv, ingerre reagl organizmus. Ezzel
a kijelentssel nemcsak az letrl, de a betegsgek kialakulsrl
szl elkpzelsek is megvltoztak. Az 1750-es vekig gy
gondoltk, hogy a betegsget lnyegben a testgpezet
szveteinek s nedveinek a zavara okozza. Az j elmlet szerint
egy megzavart ingerlkenysg s rzkenysg minden rossz
okozja.

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)

Az izmok ingerelhetsge
A kisrleti neurolgia megalapozja
. During the summer of 1786, Luigi Galvani (1737 - 1798) studied the
effects of atmospheric electricity on dissected frog muscles. He observed
that the muscles of a frog sometimes contracted when touched by a
scalpel, which led him to the conclusion that there was "in dwelling
electricity which proceeded along the nerve." His Commentary on the
Effects of Electricity on Muscular motion (1791) is probably the earliest
explicit statement of the presence of electrical potentials in nerve and
muscle. Galvani is considered the father of experimental neurology.

Emil DuBois-Reymond (18181896)

Az llati elektromossg az egyik leginkbb kutatott

tmv vlt. A krds legnagyobb kutatja volt, aki
munkssgval lefektette a modern elektrofiziolgit.
1848-ban demonstrlta az idegek akcis potenciljt,
s 1849-ben EMG-vizsglatot vgzett.

Amand Duchenne (1806-1875)

Physiologie des Mouvements
Az izmok osztlyozsa a test mozgshoz
viszonytva (funkcionlis anatmia)

Az izmok egyttmkdse
Fascinated by the prospect of investigating muscular response produced by electrical
stimulation, Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne (1806 - 1875) set out to classify the
functions of individual muscles in relation to body movements, although he recognized
that isolated muscular action does not exist in nature (Duchenne, 1959). His masterwork,
PHYSIOLOGIE DES MOUVEMENTS, appeared in 1865 and has been acclaimed "one ofthe
greatest books of all times."(Jokl, 1956).

Br a helyvltoztats modern koncepcija Borellitl szrmazik, a Weber

testvrek:

Ernst Heinrich Weber (17951878),

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (18041891) s
Eduard Friedrick Wilhelm Weber (18061871)
munkssgig kevs elrehalads trtnt ezen a tren.

1836-ban rott Die Mechanik der Menschlichen Gerverkzeuge (Az emberi

mozgsrendszer mechanikja) cmen megjelent mvkben pusztn
megfigyelsek rvn szilrdan megalapoztk az izommkdssel
kapcsolatos tudomnyos kutatmunkt.

Mindamellett tvesen gy kpzeltk, hogy az emberi test felegyenesedett

helyzetnek megtartsrt alapveten a szalagok feszlse felels,
amihez csak minimlis izommkds szksges, vagy mg az sem.
Elkpzelsk szerint jrs s futs kzben az als vgtagok elrelendlse
a gravitcinakmksznhet ingamozgs, a felstest pedig dl elre, s
azrt nem esnk orra, mert az elrelendlt vgtagra helyezdik a slyunk.
Ugyanakkor szmos helytll megllaptst tettek a testtmegkzppont
helyzetnek jrs kzbeni vltozsrl, illetve a hossz csves csontok,
mint erkarok szereprl a vgtagok mozgsai sorn. Elsk kztt
foglalkoztak a jrs, futs, ugrs analzisvel.

Adolf E. Fick (1829-1901)

Izometris s izotnis kontrakci

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were most productive of physiologic
studies closely related to kinesiology. Adolf Eugen Fick (1829 - 1901) made important
contributions to our knowledge of the mechanics of muscular movement and energetics and
introduced the terms "isometric" and "isotonic."

Wilhelm Roux (1850-1924)

Izom hipertrfia

The study of developmental mechanics was introduced by Wilhelm Roux (1850 1924), who stated that muscular hypertrophy develops only after a muscle is
forced to work intensively, a point ofview that was later demonstrated
experimentally by Werner W. Siebert." (Siedber, 1960). B. Morpurgo showed
that increased strength and hypertrophy are a result of an increase in the
diameter of the individual fibers of a muscle, not a result of an increase in the
number of fibers. The theory of progressive resistance exercise is based
principally on the studies of Morpurgo and Siebert (Steinhaus, 1955) but
Morpurgo's work is now being questioned.

Louis-Antoine Ranvier (2 October 1835 22 March 1922)

L. Ranvier, about 1880, discovered the difference in the speeds of contraction of
red and white muscle. "The importance ofhis finding," says Granit, "is that it
brought functional aspects into the focus of subsequent research." (Granit, 1970).

Tulius Wolff ( 1836- 1902)

A csontok struktrja, felptse az izmok hzerejtl s
az llsban a testre hat statikus erktl fgg, illetve
ezek a tnyezk hatrozzk meg.
The trajectorial theory was supported by Roux and became the basis for his
interpretation of the trajectory system of other bones. In 1892 this theory was
classically expressed by Tulius Wolff ( 1836- 1902) in the famous Wolff s law:
"Every change in the form and function of a bone or of their function alone is
followed by certain definite changes in their internal architecture, and equally
definite secondary alteration in their external conformation, in accordance
with mathematical laws." He believed that the formation of bone results from
both the force of muscular tensions and the resultant static stresses of
maintaining the body in the erect position, and that these forces always
intersect at right angles. Wolff s law also applies to the healing of skin wounds.

Technikai jtsok

Mosso (1846-1910)
Ergomter
az izom munkateljestmnyt mr kszlk

Camillo Di Giulio1, Franca Daniele2 and Charles M. Tipton3 Angelo Mosso and muscular
fatigue: 116 years after the first congress of physiologists: IUPS commemoration. Advan.

Physiol. Edu. 30: 51-57, 2006

Christian Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)

Braune ezen tlmenen j szemllet trhats anatmiai brival
is berta magt az orvostrtnelembe.

Otto Fischer (1861-1917)

Jrselemzs
Mdszer a testkzppont kiszmtsra

Jackson (1831-1892)
Az idegi kzpontok nem tudnak semmit az
izmokrl, a mozgst ismerik

Christian Wilhelm Braune (18311892) s

Otto Fischer (18611917) nmet tudsok az
emberi jrmozgst elemeztk, s az emberi testben lv csuklkapcsolatok
kinematikjt vizsgltk.

Mind a mai napig az munkssguk rvn fejldtt

legtbbet a jrsanalzis.
Felismertk, hogy a testtmegkzppont pontos ismerete
szksges az izmokra hrul munka megrtshez.
Ehhez 1889-ben dolgoztak ki j mdszert. Fagyasztott tetemeket rgztettek
hossz aclszegekkel egy falhoz. Ezutn meghatroztk a hrom f skot,
amelyekben megtallhat a testtmegkzppont is. Ezt kveten a
holttestek darabolsval eljutottak a keresett pontig.

Einthoven (1843-1910)

EMG (mV), Nyomatk (Nm)

Galvanomter, elektromiogrfia

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Izommkds

A.V. Hill (1886-1977)

Er-sebessg sszefggs

tienne Jules Marey (1830-1904)

Fnykpezgp kifejlesztse mozgsok
elemzsre (Chrono-Zyklo-Photographia)

Daguerre 1837-ben fedezte fel a fnykpezgpet

A jrselemzs mozgselemzs rszn tlmenen

foglalkozott a talp-talaj kontaktusban
fellp erk mrsvel is, amihez ermrvel
elltott ciptalpat ksztett. Ksbb, 1882-ben
kidolgozta a sorozatfnykpezs egyik technikjt,
amit kronofotogrfinak neveztek el.
Ennek lnyege az volt, hogy 12 kln felvtelt
lehetett kszteni ugyanarra a lemezre. 1888ban pedig elksztette az els flexibilis filmet.

Marey
sportmozgselemzse

Stroboszkp

Edweard Muybridge (1831-1904)

Sorozatfelvtelek

Lumiere fivrek kifejlesztettk a filmkamert (1894)

Carlet (18451892) tovbbfejlesztette Marey

ermrvel elltott ciptalpt, s kln ermrst
vgzett az ellbon s a lbtben. A mrs
alanya egy 20 mter tmrj krn jrt, s az
ermrssel egyidejleg a medence vertiklis
s oldalirny oszcillcijt is mrte.
Carlet ermr

Wilfrid Taylor Dempster (19051965) ksbb

megismtelte Harless cadaver darabolsos ksrleteit.
8 ids ember tetemt vizsglva trfogat-,
srsg-, tmeg-, tmegkzppont- s
inertiamrst vgzett, majd a testeket rszekre
bontotta, s a mrseket azokon is elvgezte.

Friedrich Pauwels (18851980)

aAnmet biomechanika egyik legnagyobb alakja volt.

Az ortopdia professzora tiszteletbeli cmt is elnyerte
plyja vgn.
Munkjban tbbek kztt azt igyekezett bebizonytani,
hogy az izmok s a szalagok olyan gurtniknt viselkednek,
amelyek a csontokban bred feszltsget prbljk
cskkenteni.

Knoll 1925-ben analizlt elszr sportmozgst

filmfelvtelek alapjn