Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
E-mail: carloskobe2005@yahoo.com
Distribucin del
desigual en E.A.,
ingreso,
desigual
en
L.A.,
menos
Fuente: Coping with globalization: Asian versus Latin American strategies of development, 1980-2010 Atul Kohli*
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v32n4/01.pdf
tamao del
10
11
12
Grupo tnico
Idioma
Religin
Espaol (oficial)
Portugus (oficial)
Mestizo 91.6%
Espaol (oficial)
Colombia
Espaol (oficial)
Costa Rica
Espaol (oficial)
Latinoamrica
Argentina
Bolivia
Brasil
Chile
Ecuador
Mxico
Per
Venezuela
Espaol (oficial)
Coreano 99.9%
Coreano (oficial)
Repblica de Corea
Singapur
Taiwn +
Tailandia
13
Pases
Grupo tnico
Idioma
Religin
Bahasa Indonesian
(oficial); tambin Javanese,
Sundanese, y varios otros
Malasia
Filipinas
Japonesa 99.4%
Japons (oficial)
Indonesia
Estados Unidos
14
15
Regin/Pas
Poblacin
Millones
2006
rea Superficial
Miles de Km.
cuadrados, 1999
(1)
Tierra
Cultivable
Hectreas per
capita, 199597
(1)
Importaciones Netas
de Energa
como % del uso
comercial de la
energa, 1997
(1)
39
9
189
16
46
4
13
104
28
27
2,780
1,099
8,547
757
1,139
51
284
1,958
1,285
912
0.71
0.23
0.33
0.14
0.05
0.07
0.13
0.27
0.15
0.12
-30
-40
30
65
-122
57
-168
-58
19
-255
1,312
7
48
4
22
65
223
26
85
9,597*
1
99
1
36
513
1,905
330
300
0.10
0.00
0.04
0.00
1
100
86
100
0.28
0.09
0.09
0.07
42
-60
-53
57
0.03
0.67
79
22
Amrica Latina
Argentina
Bolivia
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Mxico
Per
Venezuela
Este Asitico
China
Hongkong, China
Republica de Corea
Singapur
Taiwn+
Tailandia
Indonesia
Malasia
Filipinas
Pases
de
Altos
Ingresos
Japn
Estados Unidos
128
299
378
9,364
16
17
Table 6.
Minifundia
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Peru
Farm units
Land area held
Farm units
Land area held
Farm units
Land area held
Farm units
Land area held
Farm unit
Land area held
Farm units
Land area held
Farm units
Land area held
43.2
3.4
22.5
0.5
36.9
0.2
64.0
4.9
89.9
16.6
88.4
14.3
88.0
7.4
Family
Farms
48.7
44.7
39.1
6.0
40.0
7.1
30.2
22.3
8.0
19.0
9.5
13.4
8.5
4.5
Medium
scale farms
7.3
15.0
33.7
34.0
16.2
11.4
4.5
23.3
1.7
19.3
2.0
31.5
2.4
5.7
Latifundia
0.8
36.9
4.7
59.5
6.9
81.3
1.3
49.5
0.4
45.1
0.1
40.8
1.1
82.4
18
Table 7.
Country
Year initiated
and modified
Cuba
1959, 1963
Mexico
1917, 1971
Peru
1963, 1969
Bolivia
1952
Nicaragua
1979, 1981
Chile
1962, 1970
Venezuela
1960
El Salvador
1980
Colombia
1961, 1973
Costa Rica
1961
Honduras
1962, 1975
Ecuador
1964, 1973
Dominican
Republic
Panama
1962
(1970)
1968
Percentage of
affected forest
and
agricultural
surface (b)
Organization
of
production (c)
SF, IH, CO
42.9
(1970)
30.4
(1982)
74.5
(1977)
43.4
(1970)
39.3
(1982)
83.4
(1977)
Ejidos
CO and some
IH
IH
SF, IH, CO
9.2
(1982)
30.6
(1979)
22.7
(1985)
10.2
(1982)
19.3
(1979)
21.8
(1985)
Asentamientos
IH, CO
IH, CO
IH, CO
5.4
(1980)
7.1
(1980)
IH, CO
IH, CO
10.4
(1983)
8.5
(1983)
13.3
(1977)
9.0
(1983)
14.0
(1983)
21.9
(1977)
IH, CO
IH, CO
IH, CO
19
Condiciones
iniciales:
Gobiernos
fuertes,
mayormente libre de presiones de grupos
(especiales) de intereses creados.
20
Table 8.
1941
1947
1950
1,489
1,594
2,592
(46.9)
(55.9)
(88.9)
Tenant-cultivated land
000 cho
1,686
1,256
319
%
(53.1)
(44.1)
(10.9)
Total
000 cho
3,176
2,850*
2,914+
%
100
(100)
(100)
1,689
1,437
2,084
(62.7)
(66.5)
(91.2)
Tenant-cultivated land
000 cho
1,003
725
195
%
(37.2)
(33.5)
(8.5)
Total
000 cho
2,693
2,162*
2,286+
%
100
(100)
(100)
21
Table 9.
22
Table 10.
Number of Owners
Total: 1.99 million of
families
5.5 %
14.7%
26% (3 to 12 hectares)
79.8%
23
Table 11. Latin America and East Asia in the fifties and sixties
GDP per capita
in dollars
1950
Exports fob
Millions of dollars
Imports cif
Millions of dollars
1950
1960
1950
1960
Latin America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
496
208
268
201
1,100
1,347
282
396
1,079
1,269
478
480
930
1,098
248
364
1,249
1,461
499
518
El Salvador
Guatemala
Mexico
Peru
Venezuela
148
166
211
121
487
68
68
466
190
1,248
102
115
779
443
2,392
50
71
556
175
601
122
137
1,186
372
1,187
1960 year
89
677 (1965 year)
155
433
157 (1961 year)
97
51 (1967)
275
253
477
1960 year
1,860
691
32
1,136
164
408
841
1,187
624
4,054
1960 year
1,950
1,025
344
1,333
297
445
575
910
715
4,491
24
http://www.lampadia.com/analisis/economia/la-verdad-sobre-la-concentracion-de-la-tierra/
http://www.lampadia.com/analisis/economia/la-verdad-sobre-la-concentracion-de-la-tierra/
CUADRO N 001: PRODUCTORESAGROPECUARIOS, POR CONDICIN JURDICA, SEGN TAMAO DE LAS UNIDADESAGROPECUARIAS
TAMAO DE LAS
UNIDADES
AGROPECUARIAS
TOTAL
UNIDADES
AGROPECUARI
AS
PERSONA
NATURAL
SOCIEDAD
ANNIMA
CERRADA
COMUNIDA
SOCIEDAD DE
EMPRESA INDIVIDUAL COOPERATI
COMUNI
OTR
D
RESPONSABILIDAD DE RESPONSABILIDAD
VA
DAD
A
CAMPESIN
LIMITADA
LIMITADA
AGRARIA
NATIVA
A
SOCIEDAD
ANNIMA
ABIERTA
PER
Productores
Superficie
Unidades
agropecuarias sin
tierras *
Productores
Unidades
agropecuarias con
tierras
Productores
Superficie
Menores de 0.5 has
Productores
2260973
2246702
1892
459
284
345
38742464.59 14112231.43
369528.99
169025.58
77450.84
32445.76
47467
47459
2213506
2199243
1891
459
284
345
38742464.59 14112231.43
369528.99
169025.58
77450.84
32445.76
360
0
471
16359073.7 7106750. 100.
44857.37
6
68 18
92
6277
1322
359
3
471
16359073.7 7106750. 100.
44857.37
6
68 18
92
6277
507137
505853
53
16
22
29
177
Superficie
De 0.5 a 0.9 has
Productores
99700.32
99488.08
11.26
1.97
2.89
6.53
1.73
29.59
324706
324076
45
16
26
97
Superficie
De 1.0 a 1.9 has
Productores
204932.56
204527.87
28.89
4.76
9.55
15.71
4.26
62.31
430877
429855
131
36
20
28
169
27.15
34.84
10.84
216.86
14
18
121
32.6
38.18
15.78
265.17
Superficie
536481
535191.38
168.09
47.67
De 2.0 a 2.9 has
Productores
240694
240133
87
17
Diferencias en el Desarrollo Econmico entre Latinoamrica y el Este Asitico
Superficie
531379.92
530133.6
194.01
37.49
1322
982
158.
27
2 430
278.
1 21
7 622
775.
8.33 84
1 296
35
661.
2 09
Censo de 2012
http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cenagro/tabulados/
Segn este Censo, de las unidades agropecuarias
con tierra, haba 2,213,506 productores en una
superficie de 38,742,464.59 has.
Haba 831,843 productores, el 36.78% del total,
que tenan tierras de un tamao de menos de 0.9
Has, comprendiendo 304,632.32 has, o el 0.78%
del total
Por otro lado haba 1905 productores o el 0.08%
del total, que tenan tierras de un tamao de mas
de 3000 Has, comprendiendo 21,331,976.36 Has,
o el 55.06% del total de tierras
Cuadro 1. Buena distribucin de activos en el Este Asitico, por reformas agrarias efectuadas
I. Tierra de Arroz
Aos
1941
1,489
(46.9)
1947
1,594
1950
2,592
Total
000 cho
1,686
(53.1)
3,176
100
(55.9)
1,256
(44.1)
2,850*
(100)
(88.9)
319
(10.9)
2,914+
(100)
Aos
Propiedad de Tierra
Cultivable
000 cho
1941
1,689
(62.7)
1947
1,437
1950
2,084
Arrendamiento de
Tierra Cultivable
000 cho
Total
000 cho
1,003
(37.2)
2,693
100
(66.5)
725
(33.5)
2,162*
(100)
(91.2)
195
(8.5)
2,286+
(100)
* La declinacin en la posguerra en el rea total cultivable es grandemente ilusoria, debido a un bajo registro.
+ Los totales no se aaden para 1950 debido a la especificacin de una cantidad pequea de tierra ni cultivado por su dueo,
ni arrendatario
1 cho = 0.99174 hectreas = 2.45072 acres
Fuente: Land Reform in Japan R.P. Dore, edicin de 1984, pagina 175
Categora
1947
1964
Propietarios
16.5
71.6
Semi propietarios
38.3
23.3
Arrendatarios
42.1
5.2
Trabajadores agrcolas
3.1
Tipo
Unidades
1948
1954
1980
2002
Agricultor
Propietario
Familias en
%
35
57
80.85
81.95
Agricultor parte
propietario
Familias en
%
26
24
9.55
11.87
Arrendatario
Familias en
%
39
19
7.42
5.55
Agricultor
cultivador*
Familias en
%
2.18
0.63
Nmero de Propietarios
(Total: 1.99 millones de
familias)
5.5 %
14.7%
26% (3 a 12 hectreas)
79.8%
Francia
Alemania
Italia
EE.UU.
Proporcin de agricultores a
tiempo parcialb (%)
86
38
67
65
1.3
22.9
10.9
10.2
150.2
Tasa de autosuficiencia en
cereales bsicosd (%)
30
203
95
83
172
85
30
44
57
47
Table 13.1
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Mexico
Peru
Venezuela
1972
76.2
82.9
75.0
91.3
81.4
84.3
83.6
80.4
84.3
65.5
1973
80.0
80.2
69.8
93.9
79.5
82.1
77.3
79.7
85.0
61.1
1974
79.6
77.1
71.7
78.2
79.6
88.2
72.4
79.0
86.0
51.3
1975
74.1
81.2
73.8
88.9
81.2
86.8
79.7
79.0
90.1
61.2
1976
68.5
81.1
79.0
82.9
79.3
82.3
77.6
79.1
87.8
64.2
1977
69.7
82.0
78.5
87.4
77.6
81.2
76.5
77.1
88.6
66.2
1978
72.2
82.7
78.4
85.5
78.9
84.4
77.2
77.0
82.2
70.3
1979
77.2
82.4
80.6
85.0
80.1
85.0
74.1
75.3
66.8
66.5
1980
76.2
79.9
78.5
83.2
80.3
83.8
74.1
75.1
68.2
67.1
1981
77.8
80.0
77.7
87.6
82.9
75.9
75.8
75.0
69.5
71.2
1982
75.7
77.5
61.0
90.6
83.8
72.4
77.1
72.3
69.5
77.2
48
aos
1990
49
Table 14.1
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Mexico
Peru
Venezuela
1972
19.0
19.8
27.7
12.2
18.4
22.0
20.0
20.3
14.2
31.2
1973
17.1
20.7
28.5
7.9
18.1
24.0
19.5
21.4
15.6
29.3
1975
26.6
24.4
25.7
13.1
17.0
21.6
26.7
23.7
19.8
30.9
1976
27.1
21.2
23.0
12.8
17.6
23.7
23.8
22.3
17.9
34.4
1977
27.2
20.8
22.0
14.6
18.8
24.3
26.5
22.8
15.0
41.5
1978
23.9
24.7
23.0
17.8
18.3
23.5
28.4
23.6
14.2
42.8
1979
22.6
20.8
22.8
17.8
18.2
25.3
25.3
26.0
21.6
31.6
1980
25.3
14.6
23.2
21.0
19.1
26.6
26.1
29.6
28.9
24.7
1981
22.7
13.3
23.2
22.7
20.6
29.0
23.2
27.5
34.3
22.9
1982
21.8
12.5
21.5
11.3
20.5
24.7
25.2
22.7
33.6
25.9
50
51
Table 15.2
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Japan
1972
3,693
3,436
1,625
2,189
2,914
1,081
1,777
1,722
1,100
29,088
1973
5,876
5,071
3,231
3,653
4,383
1,564
3,211
3,049
1,885
37,017
1974
7,108
5,968
4,462
5,810
5,518
2,444
7,426
4,236
2,725
55,469
1975
7,689
6,026
4,945
5,376
5,302
2,208
7,102
3,843
2,294
55,819
1976
6,943
8,484
7,716
6,585
8,155
2,980
8,547
5,295
2,555
67,304
1977
7,520
9,616
10,048
8,241
9,349
3,490
10,853
6,079
3,127
81,083
1978
9,955
11,453
12,722
10,134
12,682
4,085
11,643
7,404
3,401
98,211
1979
13,614
15,140
15,057
14,233
16,081
5,298
15,591
11,079
4,567
102,299
1980
18,099
19,752
17,512
19,375
19,786
6,505
21,909
12,945
5,741
130,441
1981
22,007
21,827
21,268
20,967
22,502
7,031
25,165
11,770
5,655
151,495
1982
22,321
21,006
21,853
20,788
22,075
6,945
22,328
12,030
4,969
138,385
52
Table 13.2
1972
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Japan
1973
1975
1976
1977
68.5
83.1
74.3
70.7
77.1
73.1
70.9
79.6
71.4
71.4
81.8
71.4
63.9
76.8
69.3
66.9
73.4
68.5
70.3
71.5
67.9
1979
64.2
66.2
72.5
64.7
80.1
83.6
79.8
80.6
62.2
76.8
81.5
70.7
75.3
61.9
77.4
75.6
71.3
76.5
63.4
80.0
79.1
76.2
76.1
67.2
796
77.9
67.7
74.1
67.4
78.0
76.5
68.6
75.8
67.5
75.7
72.6
67.8
76.0
67.4
77.1
72.6
62.2
75.8
68.4
1978
1980
65.4
65.9
76.8
61.2
1981
67.5
66.8
76.4
58.3
1982
66.3
68.8
75.2
57.7
77.7
70.8
67.1
73.4
68.5
78.0
66.7
71.2
73.2
67.9
76.7
72.3
71.4
74.7
69.2
53
Table 14.2
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Japan
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
23.6
21.4
41.1
23.0
25.6
39.2
24.4
32.2
44.6
23.1
28.7
37.6
25.5
26.9
40.8
26.7
28.7
36.2
21.7
18.8
21.3
20.6
35.5
27.0
17.9
23.6
20.2
38.1
26.6
16.8
29.6
25.2
37.3
26.7
20.3
25.5
29.5
32.8
24.0
20.7
22.8
31.0
31.8
26.9
20.1
23.8
28.8
30.8
28.9
33.2
39.0
1979
36.2
32.9
36.3
43.4
1980
34.9
35.1
31.9
46.3
1981
32.1
35.3
28.4
46.3
1982
32.1
31.3
28.7
47.9
28.2
20.5
26.7
28.9
30.9
27.2
20.9
28.9
31.1
32.5
29.1
20.9
30.4
29.1
32.4
29.7
29.8
35.0
27.5
31.3
26.5
27.9
37.3
27.9
30.1
54
La crisis asitica
55
Conclusiones:
Diferencias en el desarrollo econmico
56
Bibliografia
57
58