2012 Country Report SWM Egypt Sweep Net

The regional solid waste exchange of information and
expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
Tunisia
Morocco
Algeria
Syria
Lebanon
Occupied
Palestinian Jordan
Territory
Egypt
Mauritania
Yemen
COUNTRY REPORT ON THE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
EGYPT
supported by
2012
The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and

Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
Country Report on
the Solid Waste Management Situation
In
EGYPT
March 2012
This report update is presented as an annex to the original 2010 report,

to present key changes that took place between 2011 and 2012.
Prepared by Dr. Tarek Zaki

in close coordination with the SWEEP-Net national coordinator Mr. Amine Khayal
COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT
acknowledgements
The time and expertise of the staff of the Ministry of State for Environment
Affairs (MSEA)/EEAA, Ministry of State for Local Development, Ministry
of Health, and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
who have help in conducting the study are gratefully acknowledged.
Special thanks are due to the SWEEP-Net National Coordinator,

Mr.Amine Khyal, the head of the Central Department of Solid Waste at
EEAA, for his assistance and support.
Great appreciation is also extended to my colleagues at New center
for Integrated studies of Land and Environment (NILE), for their
contribution.
Contents

Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
10
1.1 Socio-economic and Political Situation
10
1.2 Solid Waste Facts and Figures
11
2. National Municipal Solid Waste Management Policies
12
2.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
12
2.2 Strategies, Action Plans and Initiatives
12
2.3 Planning and Investments
15
2.4 Monitoring
15
2.5 Fiscal, Finance and Economical Steering Instruments
16
2.6 Private Sector Participation Policy
17
2.7 Public Awareness, Education and Community Participation
17
2.8 National Capacity Building and Training Initiatives
18
2.9 Capacity Building Requirements
19
2.10 National Initiatives for Multi-stakeholder Exchange
20
2.11 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt
20
2.12 Upcoming Initiatives
21
3. Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management
23
3.1 Legal and Institutional Framework
23
3.2 Strategies and Planning
24
3.3 Financing
24
3.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal
25
3.5 Private Sector Involvement
26
26
26
4. Medical Waste Management
28
28
4.2 Strategies and Planning
29
4.3 Financing
30
4.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal
30
31
4.6 Case Studies, Best Practices, and Lessons Learnt
31
31
5. International Financial Assistance Programmes

(Bi-, and Multilateral)
32
6. International Technical Assistance Programmes

(Bi-, and Multilateral)
33
7. Needs Assessment For Capacity Development until 2015
34
8. Conclusion and Recommendations for SWEEP-Net Assistance
35
list of abbreviations
AG
Advisory Groups
BMZ
German Federal Ministry for Economic Development
and Cooperation
BREF
Best Available Techniques Reference Document
CSO
Civil Society Organization
DANIDA
Danish International Development Agency
EEAA
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
EERC
Egyptian Electronic Recycling Company
ENCPC
Egyptian National Cleaner Production Center
ENP
European Neighborhood Policy
EPAP
Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme
ESP
Environmental Sector Program
EU
European Union
EWC
European Waste Catalogue
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GIZ
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale
Zusammenarbeit/German Agency for International Cooperation
HS
Hazardous Substance
ICT
Information and Communications Technology
IMC
Industrial Modernization Center
IPPC
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
IRRC
Integrated Resource Recovery Center
ISHSWM
Integrated Strategy on Hazardous Substance
and Waste Management
ISWM
Integrated Solid Waste Management
KfW
Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau/Reconstruction Credit Institute
LE
Livre gyptienne/Egyptian Pound
MCIT
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
MEHSIP-PPIF
Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme
Project Preparation and Implementation Facility
MHP
Minstry of Health and Population
MoLD
Ministry of Local Development
MSEA
Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs
MSWM
Municipal Solid Waste Management
NGO
Non-Government Organization
NIP
National Indicative Program
NSWMP
National Solid Waste Management Program
PDP
Participatory Development Program
PPP
Public Private Partnership
PSP
Private Sector Participation
PTC
Plastic Technology Center
RIPCEAP
Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission
Abatement Project
R&D
Research and Development
SIC
Inter-Ministerial Committee
SWM
Solid Waste Management
SWMS
Solid Waste Management System
SWOT
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
UNEP/DTIE
United Nations Environmental Program/Division of Technology,
Industry and Economics
WM
Waste Management
EXECUTIVE SUMMaRY
This report represents an update of the country report on the solid waste management in Egypt, issued by
SWEEP-Net in July 2010. It contains the relevant information and data on the SWM situation in Egypt and
the major developments and changes in the period 2010/2011. The recent advances in the political and
socio-economic situation are discussed. The current situation of ISWM is analysed and the challenges and
constraints are highlighted. The progress in the industrial and hazardous waste management and medical waste management are reviewed, in addition to the international financial and technical assistance
programs. A needs assessment is proposed for capacity development until 2015. Moreover, the report
includes ten selected relevant documents, and five case studies on good practices are presented.
Several developments in the SWM sector took place within 2010/2011. One major development was the establishment of a new waste management entity under the umbrella
of the Ministry of Local Development. The institutional arrangement of that entity
and its roles and responsibilities were determined through the National Solid
Waste Management Program (NSWMP) project. Moreover, an Integrated
Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management (ISHSWM) was
There is an emerging
developed by the twinning project. In addition, a strategy on Private Sector
need for building an
Participation (PSP) in SWM, a strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous
Egyptian national network,
medical waste and a SWM strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubia Goveras a part of SWEEP-Net, to
norate were prepared. However, the quality of solid waste management
consolidate information on
services continues to deteriorate due to lack of financial resources, techSWM from different instinical capabilities and public awareness. The current situation of ISWM
tutions and practitioners.
is analyzed and the challenges and constraints are discussed in greater
detail in the report.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 socio-economic and political situation

The 2011 Uprising in Egypt is a build-up of social and economic factors that led to growing frustration
and discontent within the country.1 Delayed government responses to population growth, food prices, and
financial and unemployment concerns, as well as the stagnant overall governmental process and corruption, all contributed to growing frustration amongst the Egyptian population.2
Egypt is undergoing a historic political transition after a popular revolution which began on January 25,
2011, and led to the overthrow of the Egyptian president. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces has
taken temporary control of the country to ensure a smooth transition to democracy. Many experts argue
that Egypts transition may take years if not decades.3 However, others argue that change may take time,
but democracy will create the necessary foundation for growth.
Until recent political events, the Egyptian economy showed strong signs of recovery from the global recession, during which Egypts GDP advanced 4.7% against an increase of 1.9% for all developing countries.4
Consumer spending and increasing activity in construction, tourism and communications were driving
forces for growth, which moved up to 5.2% in 2010. Egypt is facing a more prolonged period of political
uncertainty with signs emerging during early 2011 of disruptions to production, widening trade deficits,
falling tourism and weaker worker remittances; FDI flows are likely to decline substantially. Unemployment reached 11.9% during the first quarter of 2011, and may increase further as a result of disruptions to
activity, but also as overseas workers had returned from Libya. Hence, GDP growth is anticipated to drop
sharply to less than 1% in 2011.
The political instability will delay the implementation of planned economic reforms and liberalization.5 The
interim government has recognized the need for further reform but says that it does not have the mandate
to implement it. The budget for fiscal year 2011/12 (June-July) includes significantly larger allocations to
subsidies and higher government investment compared with the current budget. The additional costs will
be financed through higher taxes, grants and domestic borrowing. This is specifically relevant for solid
waste management projects, which is one of the main causes of pollution in Egypt and SWM continues to
be a challenge, even more so after the revolution. The current waste collection systems leave large areas
of cities un-serviced, and the majority of collected waste ends up in open dumps with no effective treatment or control procedures.
1- Z. Esmail, D. Bagby, L. G. Christiansen, and H. Keany, Historical and Socioeconomic Background for the 2011 Egyptian Uprising, the American University in Cairo, http://academic.aucegypt.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Historical_and_Socioeconomic_
Background_for_the_2011_Egyptian_Uprising
2- P. Rivlin, Arab Economies in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009
3- J. M. Sharp, Congressional Research Service, Egypt in Transition, 7-5700, www.crs.gov, RL33003, August 23, 2011
4- The World Bank, Global Economic Prospects: Economic Developments and Policy Among Diversified Economies,(http://web.
worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0,,contentMDK:22931806~menuP
K:7148562~pagePK:2470434~piPK:4977459~theSitePK:659149,00.html)
5- A. Dworkin, D. Korski, and N. Witney, European Council in Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, Egypts Hybrid Revolution: A Bolder EU
Approach, (http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR32_EGYPT_BRIEF_AW(1).pdf)
10
Before the revolution, construction/demolition debris was transferred to dumpsites to avoid penalties imposed by municipality supervisors. At present, household waste and debris are being brought down into
the streets by inhabitants. The rapidly advancing random building movement after the revolution is adding
complexity to the situation. It seems that now due to the absence of inspection and control; people choose
to do things the easy way regardless of the environment, hygiene or personal responsibility.
1.2 Solid waste facts and figures

In 2010, Egypt generated: 6
77 million tons of solid waste.
Municipal solid waste currently constitutes about 27% of the generated waste, which is equivalent to
21million tons annually.
Greater Cairo generates about 9 million tons of municipal solid waste.
Despite of the great efforts exerted by the Governorates, the current system of waste management is
inefficient. Dumping of municipal solid waste in open or controlled dumps is still a widespread disposal
technique in many areas. The present situation is facing the following challenges and constraints:
The system is not managed in an integrated and economic manner.
Lack of institutional and administrative systems, and of the monitoring and control operations.
Lack of financial resources to achieve the required services.
Lack of the required technical capacity at various levels.
Lack of efficient waste collection and transportation systems, leading to waste accumulation, random
sorting and open burning.
Random sorting by scavengers either in streets, or at the waste collection sites.
Undeveloped and unorganized performance of the informal
sector (zabaleen).
The proportion of recycled organic waste does not exceed 20% despite the large number of composting plants (66).
Lack of sanitary landfills that meet environmental requirements.
Lack of public awareness in waste handling and its implication on health and environment.
Composition
aste
in E
W
:
gy
e1
pt
r
u
g
Fi
15%
Others
13%
Plastics
4%
Glass
10%
Paper/Cardboard
6- Egyptian Environmental
Affairs Agency (EEAA), Annual Report, 2010 (Arabic)
11
2%
56%
Metal
Organic
2. national municipal solid waste

management policies
2.1 Policy, legal and institutional framework
Policies, legal and institutional framework of municipal solid waste management were discussed in detail
in the 2010 report.7 The administrative structure in charge of waste management is complex, fragmented,
and dispersed in numerous government agencies. Government staff members in charge of solid waste
management are frequently unqualified to perform their jobs efficiently.8 Moreover, poor implementation
and enforcement of legislations in a concerted way is one more challenge facing the sector.
2.2 Strategies, action plans and initiatives

Given the lack of strategies in SWM, crucial actions are required, until the completion of the Governorates
development plans, as well as provision of financial allocations for implementation.
National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP)
At present, a National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP) is in the course of preparation. The
program is a joint effort of the Government of Egypt, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA),
the European Union, the German Technical Cooperation represented by GIZ and the German Financial
Cooperation represented by KfW.
The first phase of the NSWMP project covering the identification and assessment of options for institutional,
organizational, financial and planning aspects had been conducted. The study provided selected
institutional options and considerations for the new SWM entity on the national level, and discussions on
the relationship between the national and regional/local administration in the context of the need for new
institutional structures for SWM. A model for the institutional set-up was presented and discussed, along
with proposed stages of organizational development, indicated roles and staff requirements.
A national senior expert meeting was organized in May 2011, with the objective to discuss and agree on
the best option(s) for the institutional set up on the national level. An agreement was reached on the
need to setup a waste management entity responsible for the main functions of SWM. The institutional
arrangement of that entity, its roles and responsibilities were finalized. The new national entity for SWM,
will be under the umbrella of the Ministry of Local Development, was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers
on the 11th of January, 2012. Shortly, a decree will be issued by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
governing this issue.
The roles and responsibilities of the national entity will be: setting national policy including objectives
and targets; development, implementation and updating of the national waste management strategy;
7 - SWEEP-Net, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management Situation Egypt, 2010
8- Heba Handoussa, UNDP, Situation analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt, 2010, (http://www.undp.org.eg/
Portals/0/Homepage%20Art/2010_Sit%20Analysis_KDCFE_English.pdf)
12
drafting legislation, and supporting the passage of legislation through parliament; investment planning/
pipelining, identification and promotion of investment opportunities; management of programs financed
by the government and international development partners; technical assistance to support Governorates
and Municipalities in preparing bankable SWM projects; preparation and dissemination of best practices
guidelines; development of technical and environmental standards; collection and reporting of information
and data; collection and publishing of key performance indicators; management of R&D programs;
awareness raising and communications; and financial regulation, including establishing affordability
benchmarks.9
During the second phase of the project, the following pending activities will be finalized:
- Development of implementation plans for the new waste management policy unit;
- Conducting a regulatory gap analysis focusing on the specific requirements necessary to implement the
various institutional, financial and planning options identified during the study;
- Updating the National Solid Waste Management Strategy;
- Identification of 3-4 Projects for implementation at the Governorate level;
- Formulation of technical assistance interventions;
- Preparation of a NSWMP ready for appraisal.
Solid waste management strategy for Khosoos city
The Solid Waste Management Strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubia Governorate was prepared in 2011.10
The strategy forms part of a project which aims to establish an integrated and decentralized communitybased SWM system that incorporates informal waste management actors in Khosoos city. The strategy was
developed in consultation with all stakeholders including, local administration, civil society, private waste
operators and informal waste collectors and recyclers. The developed strategy highlighted the general
principles governing it, the vision and objectives, proposed policies for SWM and the responsibilities of key
stakeholders.
The strategy objectives are: developing an institutional and regulatory framework for the effective
management of solid waste; establishing an integrated database for solid waste and its use in planning and
management; increasing community awareness and participation in the SWM system; capacity building of
the staff; maximizing waste utilization as resource and recycling processes; improving the sustainability
and financial efficiency of SWM services, developing mechanisms and appropriate systems for collection
and transfer of waste; and increasing the informal sector participation by facilitating their inclusion in the
SWM system.
The key pillars of the strategy are raising awareness of the community on the value of waste, building
capacities of various stakeholders to improve waste collection services, improving living and working
conditions of informal operators and establishing Integrated Resource Recovery Centers (IRRCs) to
enhance recycling activities of both organic and non-organic waste.
9 - ERM and EcoConServe Environmental Solutions, KfW, Preparation of a National Solid Waste Management Programme (NSWMP),
Round Table Meeting Report on the Institutional Arrangement for Waste Management in Egypt, Ein El Sokhna, 21-22 May 2011
10- Shoukry Hussein, GIZ, Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP), Ministry of Planning, Solid Waste
Management Strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubeya Governorate, Draft Final Report, Arabic, 2011
13
Integrated solid waste management project in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

Within the Egyptian-German development co-operation, KfW financed a feasibility study for an integrated
solid waste management project in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate.11 The study comprised two phases: an
initial concept phase and a feasibility phase.
During the concept phase, analysis of the SWM system indicated that it is inefficient, expensive and
environmentally unacceptable; with major financial and economic, institutional and technical major
constraints. The greatest challenge to waste management is the scarcity of space for establishing properly
managed landfill sites. To address the deficits and to structure the work during the feasibility phase, a
project log frame according to KfW standards was developed, indicating the project objectives, results,
measures, indicators, assumptions and risks. The results of the feasibility study were presented in a report
with annexes structured according to the five main results of the project log frame, as follows:
i. Improvement of the institutional set-up and organizational structure;
ii. Improvement of the technical operation and management of solid waste services;
iii. Introduction of a cost recovery tariff system in SWM;
iv. Involvement of private sector in SWM;
v. Improvement of acceptance for environmental health and the SWM system.
Currently, an urgent improvement plan is implemented, based on the following actions:
Supporting the Governorates with some of the required vehicles and/or equipment to develop the
efficiency of collection and transport of waste;
Maintenance and upgrading of some composting plants and developing the management and operation
systems;
Removing accumulated waste and closure of random open dumps within or close to the residential
areas;
Taking legal action to prevent the random sorting of waste;
Urgent tendering and awarding of new contracts for SWM services, according to the template bid
requirements and specifications approved by the Ministries of Finance and Environment; and the provided
services should conform to the requirements in terms of locations, techniques and accounting system.
As evident by the current status, improving the level of the waste management system requires the
adoption of a development plan to enhance the performance of collection and transport, increase recycling
rates and final disposal in sanitary landfills, through the following mechanisms:
Assessment of the current situation to identify opportunities and challenges;
Amending the contracts of the SWM service companies according to the operating cost per ton in the
different phases (collection, transport, sorting, recycling and final disposal);
Establishing handling stations for waste exchange between the waste collection vehicles and large
trucks, and raising the efficiency of collection;
Establishing transfer stations for waste sorting and developing the work of contractors and zabaleen;
Integration of the informal sector (contractors and zabaleen) in the developed system;
Establishing facilities for sorting, recycling and safe final disposal of rejects in sanitary landfills;
supporting and developing the cleansing and beautification departments;
Establishing monitoring and control units to follow up the performance of service provider companies;
Launching comprehensive awareness campaigns and education programs targeting all sectors of the
society;
11- IGIP, IU, RODECO and ALDAR, KfW, Feasibility Study for a SWM Project in Kafr El-Shrikh Governorate, 2007
14
Supporting source segregation and minimization of household waste;

Implementation of capacity-building programs; and
Enforcement of relevant legislation in coordination with related authorities.
2.3 Planning and investments

As indicated in Egypts Country Report on SWM of 2010, to confront the problem of underserviced SWM,
especially in Greater Cairo, amended contracts were prepared, based on costing per ton.12 The first
modified contract was signed on the 8th of October, 2010, between the Cairo General Agency for Cleansing
and Beautification and Ama Arab Environment Company, working in the northern and western regions of
Cairo Governorate. However, the General Assembly of the Advisory Opinion and Legislation Sections of the
State Council refused the amended contract, and concluded that it is contrary to the rules of law and thus
entirely unacceptable. Based on this conclusion, all the activities in this direction were terminated.
The Egyptian Plastic Technology Center (PTC) developed a strategy and an action plan, for the Egyptian
Industrial Modernization Center (IMC), to upgrade the Egyptian plastic recycling sector to face its future
challenges and attract foreign direct investment.13 The current situation of the plastic recycling sector was
assessed and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis were performed.
The strategy recommended establishing a legislative framework for the recycling sector, developing its
main structure, adapting capacity building program for the stakeholders, technology transfer to develop
the quality of recycled plastics, awareness raising and exploring alternative techniques rather than the
traditional plastic recycling methods.
The action plan aims to double the recycling rate from 30 to 60% within 10 years, with an estimated total
budget of 1,000 million LE and an annual budget of 100 million LE. The proposed budget is to be funded
by the recycling industry (40% of total budget), governmental funds (25%), foreign agencies (25%), and the
United Nations Environmental Program (10%).
2.4 monitoring
The Governorate of Cairo, in collaboration with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology,
started a project, in November 2011, for the automated performance monitoring of companies in charge
of street sweeping and municipal solid waste collection and transport. The project aims to create an
integrated system for controlling the performance of the companies by providing accurate and updated
information. The first phase of the project, including eight districts, was completed.
Within the twinning project, improvement of hazardous substance and waste monitoring and inspection
system of EEAA was recommended, e.g. by inspection check lists, lists of waste produced by different
industry branches based on the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) to support the identification of waste for
inspectors, guidance on taking waste samples on inspections, etc.14
12- SWEEP-Net, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management Egypt, page 19, 2010
13- Plastic Technology Center, National Study, Plastic Recycling Sector, Final Report, 2008 (http://www.imc-egypt.org/studies/
FullReport/Plastic%20Recycling%20Development%20Strategy_EN.pdf)
14- TWINNING EG07/AA/EN10, EU, Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System, Twinning
Final Report, May 2011
15
2.5 Fiscal, finance and economical steering instruments

In Egypt, the cost of municipal solid waste management system is partially recoverable, as the revenue of
waste collection fees is not enough to cover the expenses needed to sustain the waste management system.
The gap is normally covered at the outset through Governorates duty funds, and if it is not sufficient, then
the Ministry of Finance covers any financial shortage. However, allocations from Governorates and the
Ministry of Finance are inadequate. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new cost recovery mechanisms to
reduce that gap.
Setting fee-for-waste services has not been based on sound financial models and the system has not
exploited the potential impact of civic educational programs such as sorting of wet organic household
waste at source. Government investments in composting plants, for example, have proven to be financially
not viable, as mixed waste does not lead to the production of marketable compost and raises operational
costs of composting plants. If organic waste were source segregated at negligible cost, composting plants
would be rendered more financially viable. The same is true for other waste such as paper, plastic and
metals.
There is need to increase financial allocations towards upgraded capacity and potential cost recovery, and
to provide incentives to private industry to reuse paper, plastics and metals waste. Creating an informal
commodities market for certain types of waste has also been suggested, to increase the demand value at
the level of the Governorates. The informal sector needs to be formalized, upgraded and drawn into new,
formal structures for SWM
Cairo Governorate generates 15,000 ton/day of municipal solid waste; about 70 80% of the generated
waste is collected. Table 1 shows the annual contract values of SWM companies serving Cairo Governorate.
In addition, the annual budget of Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency is 50 million LE.
Table 1: annual contract values of swm companies serving cairo governorate
No. Company
Service area
Annual value
(Million le)
AMA Arab Environment Co
Northern Zone
132.3
AMA Arab Environment Co
Western Zone
124
FCC
Eastern Zone
118.1
Misr Service
El-Marg
14.8
Europa 2000
Maadi and Helwan
53.3
Ertecaa
Manshiyat Naser
5.8
ECARO
Recycling and disposal
20
EcoConServ
Medical waste management
7.4
Contractors
0.9
Total
476.6
Veolia Environmental Services (Onyx Alexandria) was selected by Alexandria Governorate for a multiservice integrated solid waste management contract, signed in September 2000 and launched in 2001, for
a period of 15 years. Veolia terminated the contract in October, 2011, due to delays in fulfilling its payment
dues, since the beginning of the revolution, meanwhile the Governorate continued to penalize and fine the
company.
16
2.6 Private sector participation policy

Egyptian Governorates have and are systematically under-investing in MSWM. Although Egypts new
PPP Law provides reasonable institutional, procedural and judicial basis for PPP arrangements, it does
not currently apply to MSWM and to Governorates.15 The problems and challenges facing PSP are: the
existing policy and legislation gives insufficient direction and guidance to Governorates on PSP; poor
or absent feasibility, technical, financial and structuring of MSWM projects by Governorates prior to
procurement resulting in PSP arrangements that have structural limitations; contract scoping in larger
urban Governorates raise the political risk associated with unexpected service termination; weak mutual
understanding and trust between the Egyptian public sector and the private sector; and lack of wellstructured PSP opportunities brought to the market by Governorates.
The overall assessment for policy, legal and institutional framework for PSP in MSWM revealed the
following: MSWM legal framework is lacking a consistent model and guidance for PSP arrangements; the
new MSWM master plan goes some way towards addressing an integrated vision for chain management
and financing; difficulty to implement the extensive body of law and policies in a concrete way; and the
new PPP legislation, procedures and institutional arrangements in Egypt must be considered with regard
to PSP in MSWM.
A more sustainable fiscal and financial management, monitoring and tariff regime is required for sustained
financing of the SWM sector, also under PSP arrangements. PSP could offer significant fiscal benefits for
Governorates in MSWM delivery if structured and managed effectively. Moreover, as the informal waste
management sector is substantial in Egypt with multiple forms of informal operators and with a trend
toward higher levels of organization, there is a need to optimize interfaces to integrate both formal and
informal operators.
2.7 Public awareness, education and community participation

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)
The EEAA had organized several awareness campaigns and training sessions in 2010 2011. This activity
was conducted in collaboration with the media management branches, and directorates of education,
agriculture and health at the Governorates, in addition to the NGO cooperation program, the program
of major industries and craft activities and the general authority of cultural palaces. The awareness
activities (seminars, meetings and training) were directed to academia, farmers, medical professionals,
engineers, etc.
The awareness campaigns covered preservation of the environment from pollution; solid waste
management; separation of household waste at source; health problems resulting from burning
agricultural waste; recycling of agricultural waste; and medical waste handling, collection, transport and
treatment. In November 2011, EEAA provided a three days training program, on Formulation of Municipal
Solid Waste Recycling Projects and their Management, for NGOs.
15- Rebel International and EcoConServ Environmental Solutions, World Bank, Private Sector Participation in the Municipal Solid
Waste Management Sector in Egypt, Final Draft Study Report, 09.11.10
17
Solid Waste Management project for Khosoos

One of the key objectives of developing a solid waste management strategy for Khosoos city in
Qalyubia Governorate was to raise awareness on the existing problems and the distribution of roles and
responsibilities. A key objective was to increase awareness on the value of waste as a resource (Trash
is Cash), encourage source segregation and improve the publics perceptions of actors involved in waste
management including informal operators.
The Italian Cooperation in Egypt is implementing a project in Northern Cairo to improve the quality of life
and the environmental conditions, and to raise the inhabitants environmental awareness especially in
solid waste management. The project focuses, among other things on implementing positive actions for
marginalized groups, such as street children and informal waste pickers; and extending good practices
among health providers/operators in dealing with hazardous medical waste.
Twinning project
The twinning project for the development of integrated hazardous substances and waste management
system produced and distributed, in English and Arabic, flyers on e-waste reuse/recycling with an NGO.
Three awareness campaigns for NGOs were conducted in Aswan, Alexandria and Cairo, on March 2011, on
the environmentally sound management of hazardous substances and hazardous waste.
There is an urgent need to implement a long-term and focused awareness campaign and education in
the waste management area. Despite the lack of resources, campaigns should be regularly organized
to promote environmental awareness and resource conservation through recycling/reuse of waste
materials. Most public awareness efforts should be directed to children, since they are responsive and
easily accessible, and it is believed that they can influence adult attitudes.
2.8 National capacity building and training initiatives

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)
The Ministry of Environmental Affairs and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (MSEA/EEAA)
activities were primarily targeting the workforce associated with environmental education, management
and protection. In this respect, several training courses were conducted for governmental authorities and
organizations in the fields of municipal, healthcare, and industrial hazardous waste management, and
judicial impoundment.
Khosoos city project
One of the components of GIZ project in Khosoos city in Qalyubia Governorate is to develop capacities in
sustainable and environmentally sound methods of SWM including waste collection, technical know-how,
and organizing individuals active in waste management and strengthening their business management
skills. The target groups for capacity building activities include local administration, NGOs and particularly
informal operators.
Twinning project
A capacity building and education plan had been implemented, within the activities of the twinning project,
leading to enhanced and upgraded capacities in hazardous substance (HS) and waste management (WM).
About 350 experts from public and private sector attended in total eight training courses, four training of
trainer courses and three awareness campaigns on topics related to waste and hazardous substances. The
plan included, among other items: training on integrated waste management, estimation of the economic
18
value of waste, environmental indicators and their use, life cycle assessment and risk management. The
plan also included training of judges, prosecutors, inspectors and utility police on the legislations and their
application, and awareness campaign on HS and WM targeted the media and NGOs staff. The provided
training programs are illustrated in Table 2.
Table 2: Training Programs Provided on SW and HS Management Systems
Training program
No. of participants
Date
Training course on legal framework of EU
22
14-15 June 2009
Training course on management of municipal solid waste

/ disposal facilities
34
16-18 June2009
Training course on databases and statistics in EU
26
18-19 October 2009
Training course for trainers on classification of hazardous

waste including waste shipments
24
15-17 November 2009
Training course on Integrated Pollution Prevention and

Control IPPC and Reference Documents BREF related to
waste
22
22-24 November 2009
Training courses on cleaner production - hazardous waste

minimization and industrial wastewater management
45
6-8 April 2010
Training courses on risk assessment for chemicals
60
3-5 May 2010
Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project

The Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project for Arab Countries (RIPECAP),
funded by the Government of Finland, and supervised and coordinated by UNEP/DTIE, organized its third
training of trainers seminar on monitoring and treatment of wastewater, hazardous and solid waste
management, in Alexandria, in May 2011.16 The training program included among others: modern
technologies used for organic waste management, risk assessment and management in handling and
treatment of waste, solid and hazardous waste management in the metal finishing industries, and
environmental records of hazardous waste
On-the-Job Training
On-the-job training was provided to the staff of the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility,
in addition to representatives of EEAA, in South Korea, in July 2010, on the operation and maintenance of
the newly established Fluorescent Lamp Treatment Unit.
2.9 Capacity Building Requirements

The required national approach to capacity building in SWM is not only based on technology and economics
but also: understanding the administration systems for waste management and related activities; human
resource development to achieve better results in SWM; building sound institutions and good governance
for attaining improved SWM; and delineating strategies for sustaining achievements.
Within Ministries, Governorates and municipalities, institutional roles and responsibilities are unclear and
capacity is weak. Operating an efficient, effective, environmentally sound SWM program requires building
administrative capacity for government and private sector players and technical capacity for designing,
16- Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project for Arab Countries (RIPECAP), online documentations: http://
www.ripecap.net/Anonymous/Documents_List.aspx?ID=7&Sub=89
19
operating, maintaining, and monitoring each part of the process. Governmental entities, private sector
companies and NGOs lack the technical and financial knowledge and intercommunication to operate
efficiently. Training that builds human resource and institutional capacity at appropriate levels is essential.
2.10 National initiatives for Multi-Stakeholder Exchange

A multi-stakeholder approach enables several stakeholders to pool in their resources and get involved in
projects/schemes in terms of perspectives, inputs, suggestions and participation.17 According to UNEP,
complexity, costs and coordination of waste management has dictated multi-stakeholder involvement in
every stage of the waste stream.18
In the course of preparing the National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP), selection of the
best option(s) to establish the new National Solid Waste Management Entity used a multi-stakeholder
approach involving representatives of the relevant Ministries, Cleansing and Beatification Agencies, private
SWM service providers, NGOs and independent experts.
As a result of communication, dialogue and collaboration between MSEA, Ministry of Local Development
(MoLD), Ministry of Finance (MoF) and Governorates, the following template tender documents and request
for proposals were prepared:
- The tender documents for streets cleanliness, and collection and transfer of municipal solid waste,
based on cost per ton.
- The tender documents for recycling and final disposal, based on cost per ton.
The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) adopted the Egyptian Green ICT
Strategy in close cooperation with MSEA, in February 2010, and the Green ICT stakeholders committee
was established.19 The committee includes members from public and private sectors, NGOs, regional and
international agencies. The Green ICT program is dealing with ICTs from a cradle to cradle perspective,
with a special focus on developing a sustainable management of e-waste program.
In November 2011, MCIT in cooperation with MSEA, hosted and co-organized the fifth ITU Symposium on
ICT, the Environment & Climate Change in coordination with ITU. The symposium tackled green ICT
from its direct, indirect and systemic sides, as well as issues related to mitigation, adoption and e-waste
management. The conference produced The Cairo Road Map.20 The document is a guideline for developing
countries on ICTs and Environmental sustainability.

Two case studies are presented in Annex 5, representing best practices in the field of ISWM. Those are:
- Production of alternative fuels for cement kilns from municipal and agricultural waste; and
- A systemic approach to solid waste management in rural Governorates of Egypt, a pilot scheme for
ElMinya Governorate. The project was financed by the Italian Environmental Cooperation Program.
17- G. William, Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA), Multi Stakeholder approach towards Solid
Waste Management, October, 2009 http://www.borda-sea.org/index.php?id=217&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=10577&cHash=2
1986273457fb6641c862ec6e163fa82)
18- UNEP-IETC: Waste Management Activities: Global Partnership (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/SPC/activities/GPWM/background.
asp
19- Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, http://www.mcit.gov.eg/
20- MCIT, EEAA, and the International Communication Union, Cairo Roadmap: ICTs and Environmental Sustainability, the 5th ITU
symposium, ICT, the environment and Climate Change, 2-3 November, 2010, Smart Village, Cairo, Egypt (http://www.itu.int/
dms_pub/itu-t/oth/06/0F/T060F0060160001PDFE.pdf)
20
2.12 Upcoming initiatives

To assist Egypt in advancing the implementation of the EU-Egypt Association Agreement and the joint
EU-Egypt Action Plan, the EU offers a number of instruments and incentives within the framework of the
European Neighborhood Policy (ENP).21 These include trade liberalization, a stake in the internal market
and targeted technical and financial assistance. The most significant bilateral support is allocated in the
form of the multi-annual National Indicative Program (NIP) that covers the period 2011-2013.
The sub-priority 3 of the NIP is directed to support the SWM sector. This program will support the
implementation of the Governments National Strategy for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management,
through the introduction of efficient and cost-effective systems for dealing with large volumes of solid
waste.
The specific objectives of the program are: improved solid waste management, including collection,
recycling, disposal and treatment of domestic, industrial and agricultural waste; sustainable countrywide waste management policies and related institutional structures; and increased co-ordination with
all relevant stakeholders, including private sector and Civil Society Organization (CSO). The expected
results of applying this program are: extension of municipal solid waste collection services in urban areas;
strengthened oversight, evaluation and monitoring of the implementation of solid waste management
policies; and the establishment of waste management partnerships between the central Government, the
Governorates and private sector actors. Approximately 20 million Euros are allocated towards the start of
the programming period.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and
Cooperation (BMZ) allocated a grant on 2010 for the integrated community-based solid waste management
project in Qalyubia Governorate. GIZ and the Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas (PDP)
at the Ministry of Planning are the project implementing partners. The grant would be used to support
the development and implementation of a Solid Waste Management System (SWMS) which promotes the
value of waste as a resource and integrates the urban poor in the management of waste services. The
initial phase of the project has been conducted in 2011 and dedicated to perform a baseline study and
developing a solid waste management strategy to guide the implementation plan10. The key pillar of the
strategy will be raising awareness of the community on the value of waste. The upcoming phase of the
project is capacity building of various stakeholders to improve waste collection services, improve living and
work conditions of informal operators and establishing Integrated Resource Recovery Centers (IRRCs) to
enhance recycling activities for both organic and non-organic waste.
On the other hand, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (Danida) in collaboration with the
Environmental Sector Program (ESP) of MSEA prepared environmental profiles for a large number
of Egyptian Governorates.22 An Environmental Action Plan was prepared for each Governorate. The
suggested projects addressing municipal solid waste, and hazardous medical and industrial waste in the
Governorates, are summarized in Table 3.
The table provides the proposed projects, the general objective of each project, its location and estimated
cost. Each Governorate will maintain its contribution to the implementation of the project by allocating
21- European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument - Arab Republic of Egypt National Indicative Program 2011-2013, (http://
ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_nip_egypt_en.pdf)
22- MESA, ESP and DANIDA, Environmental Projects Resulting from Environmental Action Plans of Some Egyptian Governorates,
2008
21
the land for the project, facilitating governmental approvals, and providing the baseline data/information
required for project construction, in addition to forming an integrated management unit for operation,
monitoring, control, and legal compliance in order to ensure project success.
Table 3: Proposed Solid Waste Management Projects
Name of project
Solid waste management at the industrial
zones in Ismailia
Disposal of municipal solid waste in
Qantrara Gharb city
Collecting, transporting, and recycling
municipal solid wastes generated from all
cities and villages of Beheira Governorate
Project
location
Proposed
budget
Ismailia
Governorate
3 M LE
Ensure an operating integrated

solid waste management at the
Governorates industrial zones
Qantrara
Gharb city
2,740,000 LE
Municipal solid waste

management in Qantrara Gharb
city
Beheira
Governorate
30,895,000 LE

management in rural and urban
areas of Beheira Governorate
10 M LE
Enhance efficiency of Solid

Waste System at Giza
Governorate
10 M LE
Enhance efficiency of Solid

Waste Management System at
Giza Governorate
16,450,000 LE
Establish an integrated solid

waste management system at
the 6th October
50 M LE
Safe disposal of solid wastes

in the centers of Atsa and AlFayoum
10 M LE
Establish an Integrated
Industrial and Hazardous Waste
Management System at the
Governorate
50 M LE
Integrated Management of
generated solid wastes in the
Governorate
10 M LE
Final and safe disposal of solid

wastes
8 M LE
Reusing and recycling of solid

wastes in Shebin El Kom markaz
and city to produce compost and
restore sorted materials
New Valley
Governorate
6,300,000 LE
Mitigating environmental and

health problems resulting from
ill management of solid wastes
and to maximize the use of the
solid and agriculture wastes
Beni Suef
Governorate
200,000 LE
Improving the Solid Wastes

Integrated Management System
of Wasta markaz and city
Construction of Industrial facilities for

producing compost from organic wastes
Construction of solid waste recycling
facility (glass- plastics, paper wastes)
Establishing Organic Fertilizer Industrial
facility and a Landfill in Berqash
Giza
Governorate
6th October
Construct a new landfill for solid wastes in

Kasr El Basel
Fayoum
Integrated Industrial and Hazardous Waste Governorate
Management System at the Governorate
Improving municipal solid wastes

collection and transportation system,
generated from Governorate cities
Upgrading the current landfill of solid
wastes in Abu Zaabal
Establishing solid wastes recycling factory
in Shebin El Kom markaz and city
Solid wastes recycling in the Governorate

villages and establishing a plant for solid
wastes recycling in El Dakhla area
Solid Wastes Integrated Management of

Wasta markaz and city
Rehabilitation of public waste dumpsites
and Establishing 3 recycling units for solid
wastes in the Governorate
Safe disposal of hazard medical wastes
Project objectives
Kalubia
Governorate
Menofyia
Governorate
15 M LE
North Sinai
Governorate
4,566,000 LE
22
Safe disposal, reuse and recycle

of solid waste
Protecting citizens from risks
of exposure to hazard medical
wastes
3. INDUSTRIaL aND HaZaRDOUS

WaSTE MaNaGEMENT
In principle the Egyptian legal framework agrees with the fundamental concepts and principles of the EU
legal framework, but it faces implementation problems, due to the huge number of laws and decrees, in
addition to the different ministries and stakeholders responsible for their implementation.23 This causes
interference and contradiction between laws and creates a kind of confusion of which law should be applied and which is the competent authority responsible of its implementation. The result is wasting time
and efforts. In addition the weak performance of authorities and the lack of financial resources create
additional obstacles.
A legislative framework incorporating harmonized provisions of the EU legal framework on HS and WM
and the respective amendments to Law No. 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment was drafted. A
hazardous waste regulation including new definitions for waste treatment/disposal facilities was drafted.
The European Waste Catalogue (EWC), its classification system for hazardousness and its origin related
identification system of waste types was proposed for implementation to substitute the current system.
All proposed amendments are applicable in three different legal framework settings, which are:
- Amendments to Law 4/1994, its executive regulations and addition of more executive regulations especially to improve the waste related legal aspects.
- Amendments to Law 4/1994 to include a waste framework executive regulation and subordinated waste
related regulations.
- A waste framework law and executive regulations additionally to Law 4.
Under the current institutional framework, in addition to EEAA, environmental management responsibilities are shared by 17 sector (in line) Ministries that exercise environmental management responsibilities.
The key institutions are: MSEA/EEAA; Ministry of Trade and Industry; Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation; Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Community; Ministry of Health and Population;
Ministry of Local Development; Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Ministry of Petroleum; and Ministry of Interior; in addition, a number of supporting institutions such as scientific and research institutes
and universities that play a role in environmental policy formulation and implementation.
Based on the findings of the twinning project, modifications of the structure and the mandate of the departments in HS and WM, in EEAA, were suggested. The basic changes are to establish a separate department for HS and to unify the solid and hazardous waste departments to improve the shape of policies and
the enforcement. To improve the information flow and the database available for planning and strategy
developments, a new department for Data and Registry is introduced.
23- Standard Twinning Project FICHE, Support to the EU Egypt Association Agreement Programme (SAAP), Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System for EEAA, (http://www.esteri.it/mae/Gemellaggi/Meda/Egitto/
EEAA_Twinning_Project_Fiche_Final_Coments.pdf)
23
3.2 Strategies and planning

One of the goals of the sixth National Five-Year Plan (2007 2012) is to establish an integrated HS and
WM system over a 5-year period that cover all stages of sorting, collection from its sources, storage and
handling, transport to treatment, recycling and recovery units.24 The cycle ends up with the final disposal
stage in a gradual-phased and prioritized manner. In order to accomplish this task a special system must
be designed and developed in technical, legislative, institutional and financial terms.
The twinning project aims to develop a framework for integrated HS and WM including the preparation of
an integrated strategy, system, and plan for efficient management of solid and other waste. An Integrated
Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management (ISHSWM) was developed, consisting of two
parts, one on waste and the second on HS/chemicals. It was recommended to launch a senior level Inter-Ministerial Committee (SIC) with two Advisory Groups (AGs) to strengthen the strategic management
structure. The SIC would play a key role in the formulation and monitoring of the strategy, master plan
and each one of the implementation plans, taking advantage of the completed studies and strategic documents, as well as the recommendations of the AGs.
Within the twinning project, improvement on the hazardous substance and waste monitoring and inspection system of EEAA was recommended, e.g. by inspection check lists, lists of waste produced by different
industry branches based on the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) to support the identification of waste for
inspectors, guidance on taking waste samples on inspections, etc.
The World Bank is currently assisting MCIT in playing a more active advocacy role in green ICT in the
context of the overall development agenda of Egypt, through the following: development of the framework
of a National Green ICT Strategy; design of an e-waste pilot project; and design of an awareness, information dissemination and knowledge development campaign on e-waste management.
In light of decreasing the environmentally negative impact of the ICT sector, MCIT is currently performing
the following activities: 25
- Conducting a national e-waste study focusing on assessing the current situation, potential for establishing an e-waste recycling industry, and identification of economic incentives;
- Designing an e-waste recycling pilot project;
- Designing a capacity building program for e-waste management, in cooperation with the World Bank;
- Compiling a proposal for setting and updating the appropriate legislations and regulations to support the
rational e-waste management in Egypt.
3.3 Financing
The Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme (EPAP) is a major initiative of MSEA to help industry improve performance and comply with environmental regulations.26 Funding partners with MSEA are the
European Investment Bank, French Development Agency, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and
24- Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Planning, the Sixth Five-Year Plan (2007 2012) (http://www.mop.gov.eg/english/sixth%20
five%20year.html)
25- Research and Studies Unit, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egyptian Green ICT strategy: Status
and achievements, October 2011
26- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme (EPAP) / Industrial Unit web site (http://industry.eeaa.gov.eg/)
24
the World Bank. Funding is available for industrial companies under the following areas: end of pipe
treatment for air emissions and wastewater; in-process modifications and cleaner technologies; energy
conservation and conversion to cleaner fuels; hazardous waste management; and environmental services.
Up to 90% of project investment costs are provided with a maximum loan of US$15 million and a minimum
loan of US$100,000. Interest for foreign loans is 2% above Libor/Euribor for 6 months plus 0.1% monthly
on highest debit balance; whereas 12% annually plus 1.5% monthly commission on highest debit balance
for local currency. The repayment range is 5-8 years with 1-2 years grace period.
The Nasreya Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment Center at Alexandria provides collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal services for hazardous industrial waste. The center has defined a
price structure for the treatment of inorganic hazardous waste to be disposed of in the landfill, treated by
physical-chemical methods or by solidification. Polluter pays principle has been adopted from the very
beginning of operations, i.e. the treatment price payable by the waste producers includes all costs arising
from the operations, as well as depreciations of the investments. Direct investment costs are not included
in the treatment price. Table 4 illustrates the corresponding cost for those services.
Table 4: cost of Transportation, Treatment and disposal of Hazardous Industrial Waste
COST
SERVICE
TRANSPORTATION
TREATMENT
(PHYSIO-CHEMICAL)
TREATMENT
(WASTE FLUORESCENT
LAMPS)
LANDFILLING
LE
USD
REMARKS
40. 60 or 80 LE/ton
6.7, 10.1, or 13.45

USD/ton
Within Alexandria
Governorate; depending on
the distance
130 LE/ton
21.85 USD/ton
From Cairo Governorate or

similar distance (minimum
of 2 tons)
1080 LE/cubic meter
181.5 USD/cubic
meter
Acidic or alkaline liquid

waste
433 LE/cubic meter
72.8 USD/cubic meter Neutral Liquid Waste
500 LE/ton
84 USD/ton
1 Ton contains about 6,000

lamps
0.1 LE/one fluorescent lamp 0.017 USD/one

fluorescent lamp
500 LE/ton
84 USD/ton
Solid Waste
3.4 Collection, treatment and disposal

The Ministry of Industry surveyed and documented the solid wastes generated from the industrial activities of the public sector companies, in addition to disposal methods of those wastes including the hazardous waste. A list of industrial hazardous wastes was already prepared in order to issue a Ministerial
Decree to regulate the handling and disposal of those hazardous wastes according to Basel Convention.
Industrial wastes (including hazardous wastes) are generated from about 24,518 establishments distributed nation-wide. Types and impacts of wastes differ according to the activity, technology used and location
of each establishment.
In 2011, EEAA authorized three local private companies for transporting hazardous liquid and solid waste
to the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility, at Alexandria. Those are: Arab Contractors
Co. located in Alexandria Governorate; Al-Zellal Environmental Services Co. in Cairo Governorate; and AlWaseem for Transport and Trading Co. in Damietta Governorate.
25
The Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility has been established in September 2006. The
industry has been rather slow in sending its hazardous waste to Nasreya for the following reasons: the
information about the facility has not yet reached all industries; they claim that the treatment prices are
too high; and law 4/1994 for the protection of the environmental and its amendment, Law 9/2009, are not
sufficiently enforced. Currently, the facility is operating at 70% of its working capacity. In any case, the facilitys full capacity is much less than required to cover all generated hazardous waste in Egypt. The existing
facility should be enlarged and the experiences gained should be taken into account when planning similar
facilities elsewhere.
The administrative control of waste streams and the enforcement by the authorities on the waste generators and companies/individuals contracted by the generators for waste treatment/disposal is essential
to encourage environmentally sound disposal of hazardous waste and avoid illegal dumping or disposal.

As indicated in Section 3.4, three local private companies are involved in the transport of hazardous industrial liquid and solid waste to the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility.
In 2010, MCIT supported CompuMe Company, one of the large retailers of ICT goods in Egypt, in establishing the first Egyptian Electronic Recycling Company (EERC). The core business of the company is refurbishing old ICT products, and Total Recycling of e-waste. Another company that is active in Egypt in this
industry is Spear-ink Company. The company core business is: refurbished; reused; and remanufactured
ink and toner cartridges.

Two case studies that represent best practices in the field of industrial and hazardous waste management
are given separately. Those are:
- The fluorescent lamp waste treatment unit at Nasreya Hazardous Waste Treatment Center; and
- The Egyptian National Cleaner Production Center (ENCPC)

Based on the findings of the twinning project on the development of integrated hazardous substances and
waste management system and the upcoming National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP); the
Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility (MEHSIP-PPIF) would launch a feasibility study for the extension of the Nasreya hazardous waste management
facility.28 The estimated value of the project is 25 million Euros.
28- MeHSIP-PPIF, Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Program, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility, Horizon2020,
PHASE II, 3rd Progress Report of MeHSIP-PPIF (Phase II), FINAL DRAFT, July 2011
(http://www.mehsip-ppif.eu/MEHSIP/3rd_Progress_Report_MeHSIP-PPIF_DRAFT_Updated.pdf)
26
If the green light to launch feasibility study is given, the following activities would be foreseen based on
the initial plan:
i. Prepare an industrial inventory;
ii. Coordinate with ongoing donor intervention;
iii. Continue close follow up on the development of the enabling institutional and legal framework currently
under development;
iv. Design clear TORs for the scope of MeHSIP-PPIF work in conducting a feasibility study (including mobilize expert team);
v. Initiate the process of developing the feasibility study including the institutional due diligence process of
the entity managing the hazardous waste site.
The project progress to date is: submission of pre-feasibility study; detailed assessment of the current
situation and existing infrastructure at the Nasreya hazardous waste management facility; comprehensive literature review of existing relevant studies; technical assessment including forecast and needed
infrastructure; description of environmental compliance related to national regulations; determination of
environmental mitigation measures; and financial and economic assessment and analysis.
Recommendations for further development of the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment centre include the
following:
- Using the remaining area of the Nasreya site for building more secured landfill cells for inorganic hazardous waste;
- Introducing car battery and electronic scraps collection and treatment.
27
4. MEDICaL WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

The legal framework is comprised of several laws that are directly or indirectly regulating healthcare
waste management. Those are Law no. 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment and its Executive Regulation No. 338 of 1995, Law 38 of 1967 on General Public Cleaning and its Executive Regulation no.134
of 1968 and Law 48 of 1982 for the Protection of the River Nile and Waterways from Pollution, in addition
to the Unified Labor Law 12 of 2003 for the protection of workers from expected harmful exposure. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health and Population (MHP) decrees 82, 343 and 413/1996 and 192/2001, are
parts of the legal framework.
The institutional framework for medical waste management that defines roles and responsibilities of different authorities are summarized as follows:
The Cabinet of Ministers, MHP and EEAA are responsible for development and adoption of public policies.
MHP, EEAA and the Civil Defense Authority supervise the implementation of policies and monitoring of
performance.
MHP and EEAA are responsible for issuing lists and codes of hazardous substances and waste.
MHP, EEAA, Ministry of Housing and Governorates are responsible for development of guidelines and
standards of performance and preparation of various contracts and licenses.
The Cabinet of Ministers, the Finance and Planning Ministries, and MHP are responsible for allocation
of credits of finance.
MHP, EEAA with the participation of scientific and technical experts, and the Ministry of Communication
and Information Technology are responsible for capacity building programs and awareness campaigns;
The Governorates and local municipalities are responsible for the management of the medical waste
system, either directly or by contracting private companies, contractors, or NGOs.
The responsibilities of health care facilities are: reducing the rate of waste generation; and creating
an integrated hazardous medical waste management system including source separation, collection,
transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal.
The responsibility for hazardous medical waste management is distributed between three basic systems,
under the supervision of MHP and EEAA:
A governmental system where medical waste is directed to treatment units located inside the governmental hospitals;
A governmental system that form partnership with the private sector or contract private companies to
address waste inside the medical facilities; and
Private companies that collect, transfer, and treat medical waste.
Table 5 shows government institutions and other stakeholders that have been identified to have a role to
play in the management of medical waste.
28
Table 5: institutional Framework for Medical Waste Management

AUTHORITY
Issuing lists and

codes of hazardous
substances and waste
Development of
guidelines and
standards of
performance and
preparation of
contracts and licenses
Allocation of credits of
finance
Capacity building
programs and
awareness campaigns
X
X
X
X
HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES
GOVERNORATES
AND
MUNICIPALITIES
MINISTRY OF
MEDIA
Implementation of
policies and monitoring
of performance
MINISTRY OF
PLANNING
EEAA
MINISTRY OF
FINANCE
MHP
Development and
adoption of public
policies
MoLD
CABINET OF
MINISTERS
ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
X
X
Medical waste
management,
either directly or
by contracting
private companies,
contractors, or NGOs
Waste reduction and

creating an integrated
hazardous medical
waste management
system
4.2 Strategies and planning

MSEA in cooperation with MHP had prepared a strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous medical waste.
The strategy adopts using the most appropriate techniques to deal with the hazardous medical waste,
raise public awareness about the impact of improper management of waste to the health and environment; as well as development of national legislation, policies and sound environmental practices.29 The
strategy emphasizes the concept of waste separation from source and central disposal; it includes proposals for safe, effective, sustainable and acceptable ways for medical waste treatment and disposal, both
inside and outside the medical facilities.
The strategy focuses on the involvement of the private and civil sectors in the combined efforts to put an
end for using incinerators in hospitals, that produces harmful gaseous emissions to the environment and
29- EEAA, Implementing the Strategy for Safe Disposal of Hazardous Medical Waste in cooperation with Swiss Environmental Protection Agency, April 2010 (http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/main/allnews.asp?Article_Id=220)
29
public health. The strategy seeks to provide support to national institutions and individuals in medical
facilities to improve management of medical waste. The strategy urges hospitals and medical facilities
to perform their responsibilities of generated waste and to be sure of the absence of risk from handling,
treatment or disposal of medical waste.
MSEA is taking necessary arrangements for implementing the strategy for safe disposal of hazardous
medical waste in cooperation with the Swiss Environmental Protection Agency. This strategy will be implemented in Greater Cairo as a model that can be duplicated and deployed in all Egypts Governorates
in full and effective coordination with MHP; two sites will be selected for establishing treatment and final
disposal plants of such waste.
The strategy implementation will focus on human capacity building, developing databases in MHP and
MSEA that are connected to all Governorates, to follow up and monitor effective implementation of the
strategy; in addition to complete elimination of illegal transport of hazardous medical waste and remove
inappropriate incinerators from hospitals to reduce their serious environmental impacts.
An action plan for the development of a national program for the management of medical waste was proposed by the MHP and EEAA.30 The following work plan would be adopted to prepare a national program
for the sound management of medical waste:
i. Commitment to establish and implement policies and procedures for the management of medical waste;
ii. Assessment of generated medical waste and identifying waste management practices;
iii. Developing national guidelines;
iv. Developing a policy on the techniques used for medical waste treatment, including treatment techniques and equipment specifications;
v. Upgrade legislation to comply with the international standards and ensure its effective enforcement.
vi. Developing a national training program for capacity building;
vii. Establishing a monitoring and evaluation mechanism of the national program.
4.3 Financing
Funding for medical waste management is allocated from the following sources:
- A limited portion of the governmental financial allocations for the health facilities is directed to medical
waste management;
- Foreign grants and loans for studies, projects and equipment purchases in a non-regular bases; and
- Private sector contribution in the field of waste management.
Funds allocated from both the Government and the private sector is insufficient for performing the required
tasks of medical waste management in a safe and sustainable manner, nationwide. In 2010, the annual
generation of hazardous medical waste in Greater Cairo (Cairo, Giza and Qalyubia Governorates) was about
6,387.5 tons. An estimated budget for hazardous medical waste management in Greater Cairo shows the
need for 47 million LE as capital cost and 6.5 million LE as annual operational cost (1 USD = 5.95 LE).
4.4 Collection, treatment and disposal

Egypt generates about 77.5 ton/day of hazardous medical waste.30 Governorates are responsible of collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous medical waste either directly or by contracting private companies, contractors, or NGOs.
30- MSEA/EEAA and Ministry of Health and Population, Integrated Hazardous Medical Waste Management System, April 2010
30
The main problems of medical waste management are present at Cairo, Giza and Qalyubia Governorates
that generate 21 ton/day. About 75% of the generated waste in those Governorates is not treated and disposed in a safe manner, leading to serious health and environmental problems. The untreated medical
waste is either mixed with municipal solid waste or illegally traded for recycling. Those shortcomings are
attributed to the following administrative, technical and financial constraints:
- Lack of an implementation plan, and coordination and monitoring of collection, treatment and disposal
of waste;
- Lack of trained manpower and infrastructure to deal with the generated waste;
- Lack of medical waste separation at source;
- Lack of adequate budget for the implementation of an integrated plan;
- Shortage in funding for capacity building and training programs; and
- Poor awareness of the dangers of unsafe handling of medical waste.
Section 4.2 highlights the recommended work plan to be adopted for preparing a national program for the
sound management of medical waste.

The private sector contribution in hazardous medical waste management is limited. Two private companies, Egypt for Environmental Services and EcoConServe Environmental Solutions, are operating in the
field of hazardous medical waste management in the eastern and western zones of Cairo Governorate.
Arab Contractors company provides the service in Alexandria Governorate; and the International Environment Services Co., Tanzfco Co. and Misr Services Co. present the services in Sharqia, Suez and Port Said
Governorates, respectively.
4.6 Case Studies, Best Practices, and Lessons Learnt

Poor management of medical waste potentially exposes health care workers, waste handlers, patients and
the community to infection, and risks of polluting the environment. A case study in Qalyubia Governorate
is presented that addresses the above risks through youth awareness and training on the safe disposal of
hazardous medical waste, as well as the creation of employment opportunities.
4.7 Upcoming initiatives

MSEA/EEAA in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Population proposed the following initiatives to
implement the strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous medical waste30:
- Approval of the integrated hazardous medical waste management system and endorsement of its policy;
- Developing the legal, institutional/organizational and financial frameworks;
- Development of Human resources and capacity building programs;
- Issuing an Egyptian standard specifications for medical waste treatment units;
- Preparing guidelines and technical specifications for the integrated system constituents;
- Establishing a national information system for medical waste management;
- Establishing the technical requirement for source separation and sorting, collection, transport, treatment and final disposal; and
- Finalizing the executive schemes for establishing the integrated hazardous medical waste management
system in all Governorates.
31
5. international financial assistance

programmes (bi-, and multilateral)
The EU will support the achievement of the objectives contained in Egypts National Environmental Action Plan
for 2002-2017, by continuing to provide assistance to reforms in the water sector and to improve the solid waste
management systems. The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Arab Republic of Egypt
National Indicative Program (NIP) 2011-2013, allocated an indicative budget of approximately 20 million Euros
towards the start of the programming period.
The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is financially assisting the four
year project for developing an Integrated Community-Based Solid Waste Management System in two selected
areas in Khosoos and Khanka cities, in Qalyubia Governorate, in the Greater Cairo Region.31 Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation allocated 5 million USD for the implementation of the project.
The Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility
(MEHSIP-PPIF), is considering launching a feasibility study for the extension of the Nasreya hazardous
waste management facility in Alexandria. The estimated value of the project is 25 million Euros. The return
on investment of the proposed project is: providing solutions for 40% of Egypts industry; creating favorable
conditions for the continuing expansion of business and employment opportunities in Alexandria Governorate;
improving corporate social responsibilities for industrial facilities in the area; and providing cost effective means
for managing hazardous waste including e-waste.
31- The Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas, GIZ Enhances Solid Waste Management in Qalyubeya/Cairo (http://
egypt-urban.net/german-technical-cooperation-gtz-enhances-the-solid-waste-management-system-in-qalyubeyacairo-egypt)
32
6. international technical assistance

programmes (bi-, and multilateral)
The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Arab Republic of Egypt National Indicative
Program (NIP) 2011-2013, will support the implementation of the Governments National Strategy for
Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management, through the introduction of efficient and cost-effective
systems, as discussed in detail in section 2.12.
GIZ in collaboration with various stakeholders is currently developing an integrated community-based
solid waste management system in two selected areas in Khosoos and Khanka cities, in Qalyubia Governorate. The project is executed through the Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP),
an Egyptian-German development program implemented by the Ministry of Planning and GIZ. The project
aims to encourage community participation in the management of waste services, promote the value of
waste as a resource and improve living and working conditions for the urban poor working on the provision
of waste services.
The first phase of the project has been conducted in 2011, in collaboration with local stakeholders including public administration, civil society, informal operators and the private sector and developed an
agreed upon community-based solid waste management strategy for Khosoos city. The approach adopted
by the project is based on the need for collective community participation to address the challenges facing
urban communities. There are hopes that if this model prove its success it could be replicated in other cities in Egypt through the support of EEAA, which is a key partner providing technical support to the project.
Within the context of the developed strategy, forthcoming activities will include awareness rising to promote the value of waste and to encourage reuse and source segregation, capacity development for stakeholders on various aspects of waste management, integration of informal workers in the waste management system and establishing two integrated resource recovery centres in the two cities. These activities
will lead to the creation of job opportunities for the urban poor and contribute to general improvement in
the living environment for local communities in these cities.
A feasibility study for the extension of the Nasreya hazardous waste management facility, at Alexandria
will be launched by the Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility (MEHSIP-PPIF). The project objectives are: use of the remaining area of the Nasreya
site for building more secured landfill cells for inorganic hazardous waste; and introduction of car battery
and electronic scraps collection and treatment. The technical aspects of the project are discussed in
section3.7.
33
7. needs assessment for capacity

development until 2015
Annex 8 summarizes the capacity building and training requirements.
The main capacity building needs that have to be addressed so as to firmly secure integrated solid waste
management are:32
a. Governance:
Improving existing legislation and policy;
Supporting the structure of the competent authorities to tackle and enforce relevant legislation;
Appropriately addressing institutional weaknesses in applying ISWM;
Developing methodologies for effective involvement of all necessary stakeholders; and
Building/strengthening management skills.
b. Financing:
Promoting Corporate Social Responsibility, voluntary agreements, etc.;
Developing efficient Public Private Partnerships; and
Developing incentive systems to promote innovation (e.g. identifying financial benefit for operators).
c. Stakeholder Involvement Communication Conflict Resolution:

Changing attitudes of the wider public (e.g. effective awareness campaigns);
Influencing consumption and production patterns (e.g. through targeted education for sustainable development);
Effective networking within and among actors (knowledge sharing, expertise, experiences, coordination
mechanisms among relevant public authorities, implementing consortia, etc.); and
Enabling the private sector to take responsibility to manage their own compliance with environmental
legislation and to reduce their environmental impact by use of tools (technical, incentives, etc.) and
awareness.
d. Operations:
Monitoring the implementation of projects;
Developing reliable and harmonized data for waste related issues;
Developing skills for adopting guidelines and regulations to specific conditions and contexts;
Developing good quality project proposals;
Effective tendering of public works/infrastructure and services;
Developing advanced methods for selecting appropriate methodologies, sites, technologies, etc. (technical issues); and
Effective evaluation of performance, cost recovery, viability/sustainability of projects, etc.
32- Draft Work Programme of the H2020 Steering Committees Sub Group on Capacity Building, April 2009
34
8. conclusion and recommendations

for sweep-net assistance
Poor quality and coverage of MSWM services in Egypt has led to serious negative repercussions on public
health and economic development. The problem of underserviced SWM is aggravated by the lack of implementation and enforcement of legislations, the complexity and inadequacy of the governmental administrative structure in charge of waste management, and the challenge of insufficient investment. There is an
urgent need to adopt a development plan to enhance the performance of collection, transport, treatment
and final disposal in sanitary landfills.
Shortly, a national solid waste management policy and implementation entity will be established, within
the Ministry of Local Development. It is foreseen that this entity will improve the SWM sector as it would
be responsible for: establishing policy and legislation covering all waste streams, and assist the passage
of this legislation through Parliament; be the Program Management Unit for the German/EU national solid
waste management program, and all other new programs to be financed by government and international
development partners; and develop the final institutional arrangements for the solid waste management
sector, and support the strengthening of professional capacity within Governorates and Municipalities.
For successful development of the solid waste sector, there is need for:
Undertaking routine strategic planning to design and implement integrated solid waste systems that
are responsive to dynamic demographic and industrial growth33. Strategic planning would start with the
formulation of long-term goals based on the local needs, followed by a medium- and short-term action
plan to meet the goals. The strategy and action plan should identify a clear set of integrated actions,
responsible parties and needed human, physical and financial resources. Opportunities and concepts
for private sector involvement should be included. The strategic plan should match service levels to user
demand and affordability especially for the urban poor. It should also integrate all components of the
service-minimization, collection, transfer and transport, recycling, treatment and final disposal.
A comprehensive policy framework is needed at the national and provincial level to link public health,
environmental, privatization, decentralization and economic instrument policies to the needs of the solid
waste sector so that they are mutually supportive. This framework should include incentives to municipal authorities to deliver better services, recover more costs from users, and cooperate with neighbouring municipalities.
The institutions that provide the service typically need to be restructured so that they are more accountable and transparent to the inhabitants and business establishments they serve. The departments
should be upgraded and placed directly under the management of engineers that are trained in systems
design and operations rationalization. Organizational development support would typically include improved job descriptions, training, operations rationalization, and reduction of labor redundancy. Private
sector involvement to introduce competitive forces that enhance productivity might also be a part of
revised institutional arrangements.
33- The World Bank, Urban Solid Waste Management, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTUSWM/0,,menuPK:463847~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:463841,00.html
35
Adequate cost recovery is the key to both sustainability and private sector participation in solid waste
management. One of the most important ways to improve solid waste management and finance is to
improve the overall management capacity of municipal authorities and the corresponding municipal
finance systems.
Increase revenue through careful implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle.
Determining cost-effective collection methods requires careful analysis of alternatives, using local unit
costs for labor, equipment, consumables (such as fuel), civil works, and land, combined with typical local
productivity norms. Door-to-door system is more costly, but is preferred and might lead to greater willingness to pay cost recovery charges. Incorporation of micro-enterprises and informal waste recycling
cooperatives in the municipal solid waste management system is essential. Efforts to organize, legitimize, upgrade, and support zabaleen and waste pickers are necessary to improve solid waste disposal
conditions.
Community participation in collection, community consultation on cost recovery, and public participation
in siting and design of facilities is crucial to sustainability.
Administrative control of hazardous waste streams and the enforcement by the authorities on the waste
generators and companies/individuals contracted by the generators for waste treatment/disposal is essential to encourage environmentally sound disposal of hazardous waste and avoid illegal dumping or
disposal of non-hazardous/solid waste landfills.
Separation of hazardous from non-hazardous waste and separation of recyclable waste at source.
The currently available information and data for hazardous substances and waste are not sufficient.
Web-based information system is a vital tool to inform the industry and the general public on waste and
chemicals related subjects.
The national SWM network is not established yet. Exporting the successful experience of SWEEP-Net
bilateral cooperation with other member countries in the region would facilitate establishing the national
network for developing the needed capacities, better coordination between the involved institutions and
stakeholders and improving the solid waste management sector.
Egypt can use both the consulting services offered by SWEEP-Net technical cooperation and the exchange
of experiences between the respective member countries for setting up the national SWM network.
36
2012 by SWEEP-Net. All rights reserved

The regional solid waste exchange of information
and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the SWEEP-Net Secretariat. This document represents the work of SWEEP-Net
consultants, supported by the designated National Coordinator. No attempt was made to verify the reliability and consistency of the provided
data and information within the individual country reports.
w w w . s we e p - n e t.o rg
c o n tac t : c o n tac t @ s we e p - n e t.o rg
annexeS
37
annex 1: SWM Legal Framework1

Solid waste management elements
Type of Instrument
Environment and other
Laws
Decrees
Name of Instrument
Responsibilities
Addressed
Addressed
Waste Management System

Component Addressed
Financing and Cost Recovery

Provisions
Institutional Roles Addressed
Law 38/1967 on General

Public Cleaning. Executive
regulations (MoH134/1968)
Solid waste from residential,

commercial and industrial
establishments and wastewater
Policy/regulatory,
enforcement/monitoring
Waste collection, transfer and

disposal
Ministry of Housing
Law 31/1976 amended Law

38/1967
Domestic, municipal and

industrial wastes
Policy/regulatory
Operations and types
Waste collection, transfer and

disposal
Law 43/1979

industrial wastes
Policy/regulatory,
enforcement/monitoring
Waste collection, disposal
Law 48/1982 for the Protection

of the River Nile and
Waterways against Pollution
Municipal, industrial waste
Policy/regulatory
Waste disposal
Ministry of Water Resources and

Irrigation Ministry of Health and
Population
Law 4/1994 for the Protection

of the Environment

hazardous wastes
Policy/regulatory
Enforcement, monitoring
Waste collection, treatment,

disposal
EEAA (mainly) Ministry

of Housing (for selecting
disposal sites)
Law 10/2005 for Public

Cleanliness amends Law
38/1967
All solid waste types
Policy/regulatory
Waste collection fee on the

electricity bill
Peoples Assembly
Collection fee depending

on area of residence and
income level
Law 9/2009 amended Law

4/1994 for the Protection of
the Environment
Hazardous waste management
Policy/regulatory
Enforcement, monitoring
Hazardous waste collection,

treatment and disposal
Ministry of Housing Decree

134/1968, implement
Law 38 / 1967

industrial wastes
Policy/regulatory
operations and types
Waste disposal
Regulations for identification and

selection of sites for municipal
waste recycling and landfilling and
equipment requirements for waste
collection and transfer
Presidential Decree 272/1982

(PD 272/1982), Article 1
Domestic and municipal waste
Policy/regulatory
Collection of garbage and solid Establishing Cairo and Giza

wastes and their disposal in
Beautification and Cleansing
special areas
Authorities
Prime Ministers Decree

338/1995

hazardous waste
Waste collection, transfer,

treatment, disposal
Waste collection entities
Cabinet Decree, 2000
Policy/regulatory
Waste collection
Local Council
Prime Ministers Decree

1741/2005 amended Decree
338/1995
Municipal waste
Policy/regulatory
and types
Regulations for selection

of sites for recycling and
landfilling and equipment
requirements for waste
collection and transfer
General budget, fee on

building inhabitants of
not more than 2% of their
rent and fines collected for
violation of the law
Delegates
responsibility for
physical and social
infrastructure to
city councils
Transferred jurisdiction for general

cleaning from the Ministry of
Housing to local administrative units
Collection of SWM fee on the

electricity bill
1 - Based on and includes updates, Table 2: SWM Legal framework, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 9, 2004
38
Other
39
Solid waste management elements

Type of Instrument
Decrees
Name of Instrument
Addressed
Responsibilities
Addressed
Waste Management System

Component Addressed
Financing and Cost Recovery

Provisions
Institutional Roles Addressed
Ministry of Interior Decree

18722/2004 amended Decree
5030/1999
Hazardous waste
Policy/regulatory and types
Hazardous waste lists
Updating hazardous waste lists
Governor of Cairo Decree

4775/2009
Municipal waste
Policy/regulatory
Waste monitoring unit
Transferring the units from

Cleansing and Beatification
Authorities to the General
Department for follow-up at Cairo
Municipality
Municipal waste
Policy/regulatory
Transferring all dumping sites and

the landfill out of Greater Cairo
Other (Policy, Bill, draft

regulation, etc.)
EEAA Guidelines for selection

sites for recycling and
treatment facilities
Municipal waste
Policy/regulatory
Recycling, treatment
Ministry of Housing, Local Council,

EEAA
EEAA Guidelines for Landfill
Policy/regulatory
Waste disposal
Ministry of Housing, Local Council,

EEAA
40
41
Other
annex 2: Institutional Framework

Institution
Function and mandates
National
Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation
Setting national policies, legislations, strategies, action plans,

implementation, guidelines for planning, contracting and management,
training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection
for agricultural waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA
Ministry of Housing, Utilities &

Urban Development
All of the above for construction and demolition waste in cooperation/

coordination with MSEA/EEAA
Ministry of Trade & Industry
All of the above for industrial waste in cooperation/coordination with

MSEA/EEAA
Ministry of Health
All of the above for healthcare waste in cooperation/coordination with

MSEA/EEAA
Ministry of Local Development
All of the above for all types of waste in cooperation/coordination with

MSEA/EEAA
MSEA/EEAA
All of the above for all types of waste
Local
Governorates
Setting regional strategies and action plans, implementation of the

system, training and human resource development, monitoring and
inspection
Municipalities
Implementation of the system, training and human resource

development, monitoring and inspection
Cleansing and Beautification

Authorities
Implementation of the system, training and human resource

development, monitoring and inspection
International Private Companies
ISWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting, treatment,

recycling and disposal of municipal and healthcare waste
National Private Companies
SWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting, treatment,

recycling and/or disposal of municipal and healthcare waste
Informal Sector Zabaleen
Household waste collection, transportation, sorting and recycling
NGOs
SWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting and/or

recycling of municipal waste, projects for improving the livelihoods of the
Zabaleen
Based on Table 5.1: Solid Waste Management Stakeholders, Arab Republic of Egypt, Country Environmental Analysis (19922002), Water and Environment Department, The Middle East and North Africa Region, the World Bank, page 66, published in
April 2005
42
annex 3: Strategies, action plans

and priorities
Waste
Management
components
Nature of Strategy/ Priority
Articulation of Strategy/
Priority
Policy/Institutional
Introduction of economic incentives for the MSW

management services. This included a tax break for
at least 5 years and exemption of custom duties for
equipment used in waste management services.
Ministerial Decree
Finance/Cost
Recovery
The Peoples Assembly issued a law for collection

of cleaning fees depending on area of residence and
income level
Law 10/2005
Private Sector
Participation
The Government of Egypt issued international tenders The establishment of a ministerial

to privatize solid waste services in a Alexandria and
SWM committee to facilitate and
Cairo
follow-up privatization efforts at
the different Governorates.
A private sector participation strategy was developed
for the solid waste sector. The strategy covered
assessment for: policy, legal and institutional
framework of PSP in MSWM; PSP contract
structuring; financing of MSWM and PSP; and social
aspects related to MSWM.
Community
Some NGOs work in SWM (collection, transfer,

sorting and/or recycling) and adopt programs for
improving the livelihoods of the Zabaleen. Moreover,
pilot projects for source segregation of household
waste were implemented in limited areas of Egypt
The informal sector Zabaleen perform door-to-door There is need to integrate the
collection of household waste, transfer, sorting and/
informal sector in the privatization
or recycling.
mechanism of the sector.
Waste Management The number of constructed composting plants are 88

System/
Technologies
Siting of facilities gives effect to

need for composting expressed in
national SWM strategy
The Government of Egypt had identified 53 landfill

sites, of which 41 accepted by inter-ministerial
national committee, and 12 to be finalized. However,
only 6 landfills are operating now and 3 under
construction
Solid waste recycling is considered to be a priority
in solid waste management. The Social Fund for
Development is financing micro recycling projects
either through 100% grant or loan with subsidized
interest
Social Fund for Development.
Establishing Nasreya hazardous waste treatment

center in Alexandria consisting of a physicalchemical treatment unit, for inorganic waste, and
a solidification unit to match landfill criteria for
hazardous waste
Hazardous waste handling,

transfer, treatment and landfilling
Establishing a fluorescent lamp waste treatment

unit at Nasreya hazardous waste treatment center
in Alexandria. The wasted fluorescent lamps are
collected in assigned boxes and transferred to the
mercury treatment facility. The facility has units
to separate mercury, glass, metal and other lamp
components.
The unit is used for separation,

collection and treatment of
mercury present in wasted
fluorescent lamps. The remaining
glass and metal parts, in the
waste, are recycled and reused.
Based on and includes updates, Annex 3: Strategies, action plans and priorities, Country Report on the Solid Waste
Management in Egypt, SWEEP-Net, page 43, July, 2010
43
annex 4: Solid Waste Management

Planning and Investment Programs
Planned investments*
Institutional
level
National
Governorate
Action
Projected investment requirement
Municipal solid waste management

program (EEAA - Ministry of Local
Development Ministry of Finance Governorates)
LE 200 million as capital investment and LE

1,050 million annual operating costs
Agriculture waste management program

(Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation)
LE 100 million as capital investment and LE 150

million annual operating costs

Project for First Priority Governorates
LE 700 million projected as annual operating

cost

Project for Second Priority Governorates

cost

Project for Third Priority Governorates

cost
Investment commitments
Sector/
locality
Project
Investment commitment
Health Care/
National
Healthcare waste management program

(Ministry of Health)
LE 370 million as capital investment
MSW/Cairo

Project for Cairo East District
Annual contract value: LE 94.6 million

Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years
MSW/Cairo

Project for Cairo North District

MSW/Cairo
Recycling, Composting & Sanitary

Landfilling Project for Cairo South District

Start Date:2004 - Duration of Contract: 7 years
MSW/Cairo
General Cleansing Project for El-Marg and Annual contract value: LE 13.2 million
Part of El-Nahda
Start Date:2007 - Duration of Contract: 5 years
MSW/Giza

Project for Giza Urban District I
Annual contract value at start of service:

LE 36 million
MSW/Giza

Project for Giza Urban District II

LE 44.9 million
MSW/Alexandria

Project Alexandria
Annual contract value: LE 115 million

MSW/Aswan

Project Aswan

LE 9 million
MSW/Seuz

Project Suez

LE 9 million
* The National and Governorates projected investment requirements and the contract values were updated and two companies
were added
Based on and includes updates, Table 3: Solid Waste Management Planning and Investment Programmes, Country Report:
Egypt, METAP, page 12, 2004
44
To adapt the national strategy for IMSWM of the year 2000, MESA/EEAA prepared an executive implementation plan, in the year 2005, to improve the MSWM sector by developing the efficiency of collection,
transfer and recycling, in addition to rehabilitation of existing controlled dumping sites and establishing
new sanitary landfills. Table 5 shows an estimated cost for implantation at each governorate, with a total
investment of about 2 billion LE. The plan was submitted to the Ministerial Committee for Examining the
Phenomenon of Acute Episodes of Air Pollution, headed by the Prime Minster. In the Ministerial Committee meeting dated December 5, 2005, a decision was taken that each Governorate should self-finance
its share of the required investment of the plan, and to support private sector participation. However, the
Governorates were unable to allocate budgets for implementation.
Required Investments for the Implementation Plan to Improve the MSWM Sector (2005)
Program Cost / million L.E
Removing
Improving
Governorate Accumulations Efficiency of
Collection &
Transfer
Establishing
Transfer
Stations
Establishing
Improving
Establishing
Recycling
Controlled
Sanitary
Centers
Dumping Sites
Landfill
Total
Million LE
Cairo
--
13
13
30
40
30
126
Alexandria
15
17
--
--
42
Giza
--
30
30
10
10
30
110
Kalyobiya
--
19.5
19.5
10
10
30
89
Dakahilya
60
56.5
16
10
--
30
172.5
Gharbeya
52
31.5
16
10
--
30
139.5
Monofiya
33
10
10
--
30
89
Beheira
47
13
10
40
118
Kafr
ElShiekh
27
10
10
--
30
83
Sharkia
10
48.5
10
10
--
30
108.5
Damietta
26
10
10
--
--
64
Fayoum
20.5
--
15
62.5
Souwaif
22
--
30
65
Bani
Menia
10
28.5
10
--
30
84.5
Assiut
28.5
10
--
30
72.5
Sohag
4.5
35
--
30
86.5
Qena
4.5
30.5
--
30
82
Luxor
--
15
27
Aswan
17
3.5
--
15
46.5
Ismailia
17.5
--
30
62.5
Port Said
2.5
--
25.5
Suez
10
7.5
2.5
--
30
Red Sea
7.5
14
--
30
58.5
Matrouh
--
26
--
15
51
North Sinai
--
31
--
30
70
South Sinai
7.5
15
--
30
60.5
New Valley
--
15
--
10
37
234
666
218
220
70
655
2,063
Total
45
annex 5:
Finance and cost recovery
Budgetary allocations by Central Government
No Central Governmental budgetary allocation for

SWM services
Budgetary allocation by Municipalities/ governorates
Budgetary allocation by Governorates is limited and

variable depending on their budgets, resources and
priorities
Cost/ton for collection & street sweeping, transportation,

treatment and disposal
100 110 LE per ton in Greater Cairo and Alexandria

Less than 60 LE in other Governorates
Cost recovery per ton
70 LE
Total cost recovery per year
200 Million LE
Percentage of cost recovered
60 - 65%
Gaps if any between the government budget and the cost

incurred for collection and disposal
35 - 40%
Type of SWM recovery system
Taxes, recycling operation revenue, penalties
Amount of SWM recovery (billing, levy, etc.)
As stated in total cost recovery/year
Current negotiations to modify the contracts to improve MSWM services in Greater Cairo :
Cost per ton for collection, street sweeping and
transportation
110 - 120 LE
Cost per ton for treatment and disposal
95 LE
Total Cost per ton from collection to disposal/treatment
205 - 215 LE
46
annex 6: private sector participation
SWM Chain
Collection and
transfer
Role of Private sector

Door-to-door collection of household and commercial waste through either zabbaleen or
private sector companies.
Collection in public bins and containers
Collection from collection/transfer points that are randomly distributed.
Street waste collection for ISWM contracts
Treatment
Informal sector Zabaleen practice solid waste sorting, recovery and re-use
Some NGOs assist Zabaleen and mange recycling facilities
ISWM contracts involve sorting, recycling and composting of organic waste
Some private companies lease non-operating composting plants
Disposal
Companies contracted ISWM services are responsible for disposal in sanitary landfills or
controlled dumping sites.
Cleansing and Beatification Authorities and municipalities are responsible for disposal
activities in other locations.
47
annex 7: Public awareness

and community participation
Pa & cp programs and
activities with Reference
to swm
Key partner (NGOs/Programs/Stakeholders)

Contact person
Phone
Fax
Mail
sEAM Project: Increasing

awareness of residents on
the need to maintain a good
waste collection service, Sohag
Governorate
EEAA, Technical
Co-operation
Office for the
Environment
+202-25256452
+202-25256457
30 Misr Helwan
Agricultural
Road, 5th floor,
Maadi, Cairo
(AGCCD)
Health awareness and

industrial safety of waste
pickers
Association
of Garbage
Collectors for
Community
Development
(AGCCD)
+202-25118997
+202-25126150
17 B, Michael
Sharkawy Street,
Mansheiet Naser,
Mokattam, Cairo
+202-24619901
+202-24619900
Kilo 15 -16
Kattameya, Ain
Sokhna Road,
Kattameya, Cairo
+202-25227000
+202- 25164628
1A Ahmed Kamel
Street off
El-Laselki Street,
New Maadi, Cairo
Awareness campaign for source The Association

for the
separation of household waste
Protection of
Health awareness program for the Environment
(A.P.E.)
Zabaleen
Community participation in
solid waste collection, disposal,
and recycling in Gharbiya and
Qena Governorate
USAID
48
annex 8: capacity building

and training requirements
THEME
Partners and beneficiaries

National
Local
Institution
Beneficiary
Workshops: Incorporation of
private sector to solid waste
management activities
MSEA & Ministry of

Local Development
Governorates &
Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs
Decision
makers,
graduates
Workshops: SWM finance

and cost recovery, planning,
contracting, implementation,
monitoring and enforcement of
SWM services
MSEA & Ministry of

Local Development
Governorates &
Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs
Decision
makers,
graduates
Workshops: Municipal solid waste MSEA & Ministry of

management and CDM projects
Local Development
Governorates &
Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs,
private
companies
Decision
makers,
graduates
Workshops / on the job training:

Sanitary landfill operation and
maintenance
Governorates &
Municipalities
EMUs, private
companies
Graduates,
operators
On the job training: Municipal

waste collection, transport,
sorting treatment
Governorates &
Municipalities
EMUs , private
companies
NGOs,
Zabaleen,
Operators
Workshops / on the job training:

Recycling and composting:
Techniques, leasing contracts,
manufacturing, development of
equipment, maintenance & repair
Governorates &
Municipalities
EMUs, private
companies
Graduates /
Technicians
Workshops: Integrated hazardous MSEA, Ministry of

waste management
Local Development,
Ministry of Industry
Governorates,
Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs,
Industrial
manufacturing
companies,
service
provider
companies
Decision
makers,
graduates
On the job training: Hazardous

waste handling, transport,
recycling and disposal activities
Governorates,
Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs,
Industrial
manufacturing
companies,
private service
companies
Graduates,
operators
MSEA, Ministry of
Local Development,
Ministry of Industry
Based on and includes updates, Annex 8: Capacity building and training requirements, Country Report on the Solid Waste
Management in Egypt, SWEEP-Net, page 47, July, 2010
49
Partners and beneficiaries
THEME
National
Local
Institution
Beneficiary
Training Programs: Integrated

Waste & Hazardous Substances
Management System
MSEA, Ministry of
Local Development,
Ministry of Industry,
Ministry of Trade
and Industry
Governorates,
Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs,
Industrial
manufacturing
companies,
private service
companies
Environmental
engineer,
technical
engineer,
persons with
environmental
education
Training Program: Formulation of

Municipal Solid Waste Recycling
Project and its Management
MSEA
Governorates,
Municipalities
EMUs , private
companies
NGOs
Training of trainers program on

monitoring and treatment of
wastewater and hazardous and
solid waste management
MSEA
Governorates,
Municipalities
EMUs , private
companies
Decision
makers,
graduates
annex 9: Industrial and hazardous

waste management
Type of
Waste
Quantity
Estimation
Technology
of treatment
Name of
Place
landfill/ Plant
Inorganic
Hazardous
Waste
2,129 ton/year
Physical-chemical
treatment plant
for inorganic liquid
hazardous waste
and a solidification
unit
Nasreya
Hazardous Waste
Treatment Centre
45, El Sheikh Ali

Youssef street,
Abi Al Derdaa,
Alexandria
Organic
Hazardous
Waste
23,640 ton/
year
Cement kiln
incineration
Egypt Cement Co.
93 km, The Old

Katamia Road,
Sokhna, Suez
50
Responsible
Dr. Deif
Soliman
annex 10: Medical Waste Management

Quantity
estimation
Technology of
treatment
Name of
Place
infrastructure
Cairo Southern
Zone Medical
waste
5 ton/day
Outsourced autoclave
sterilization and
incineration (Cairo
University Hospital
incinerator)
EcoConserve
Environmental
Solutions
15th of May
Dr. Tarek
Genina
Cairo Eastern
Zone Medical
waste
4 ton/day
Autoclave sterilization
FCC
El-Wafaa
Wal-Amal
Mr. Manuel
Ramirez
Alexandria
Medical waste
3 ton/day
Incinerator and
autoclave sterilization
Arab Contractors
Co.
Borg El-Arab
Port Said
Medical waste
0.5 ton/day
Incinerator
Misr Sevice
Company
Port Said
Gen. Ghonimy
Samra
Suez Medical
waste
0.35 ton/day
Incinerator
Tanzefco Company
Suez
Mr. Salah
El-Borno
Beni Suef
Medical waste
2 ton/day
Incinerator
Danida Project
Beni Suef
Mr. Mohamed
El-Kalawi
Health
Directorates in
Governorates
Medical waste
50 ton/day
Incinerator and
autoclave sterilization
Healthcare
Facilities
Different
governorates
Type of Waste
Responsible
Based on and includes updates, Annex 10: Medical Waste Management, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in
Egypt, SWEEP-Net, page 49, July, 2010
51
annex 11: Solid Waste Management Donor activity

Total budget
and financial
scheme
Contact Person,
Phone and
E-Mail
Donor/Lender
Name of Project
Project Start/Finish
Dates
Project Location
World Bank, Mega-Cities

Project, UNDP
Zabbaleen Environmental Development Programme (ZEDP)
Start: 1981
End: 1993
Moqattam area, Cairo
Improve the living conditions and build the

capacities of the Zabbaleen community
DANIDA
Pilot/Demonstration Project for Hospital Waste Management
Start: May 1995

End: March 1996
Cairo University
Hospitals
Designing and implementing a pilot project for

medical waste management
Tel: + 202-2739650
caiamb@um.dk
DANIDA
Solid Waste Management Project
Start: July 1995

End: Dec 1996
Kom Ombo/Daraw
Providing functional and safe systems for the

collection and disposal of solid waste
Tel: + 202-2739650
caiamb@um.dk
UNDP, LIFE program
Establishing a SWM system
Start: July 1995

Finish: July 1997
El-Ramad district,
Beni-Suef
UNDP, LIFE program,

GIZ
Establishing a SWM system
Start: 1997
End: 1999
Qanater City
SWM system operated by a community

development organisation in collaboration with the
city administration
Cairo, Qalubyia,
Alexandria
Governorates
Privatization of waste management services

Development of guidelines to assess and manage
private sector Work on solid waste
USAID/ Public
Outreach Office,
tel.:
+202- 2522 6557
National
Setting the overall direction for municipal solid

waste management in Egypt over a period of 10
years, laying down the principles for its operation.
USAID/ Public
Outreach Office,
tel.:
+202- 2522 6557
National
Identification of landfill sites to serve the country.
USAID
Privatization of waste management (part of EEPP II)
Start: Sept. 1999
USAID
Establishing the National Strategy for Integrated Solid waste

Management
Start: 1999
End: 2000
Landfill identification project

Start: March 1999
End: Sep 2002
EU
Landfill identification project
Finland
GIZ
USAID
165,000 LE
422,850 EUR
Cairo
Establishing a pilot landfill
Start: 1999
End: 2006
End: 2000
Start: 2001
End: 2003
Establishing household, commercial and industrial

waste collection system
Recommendations for management of industrial

hazardous waste generated in Greater Cairo
Construction of a sanitary landfill and a physicalchemical treatment process
Nasreya, Alexandria
Aswan
National
Project Objectives
1.3M USD
Establishing a pilot landfill at Aswan
Dr. Roland F.
Steurer
+20 2 2735 9750
roland.steurer@
giz.de
Building the regulatory framework to safely

manage hazardous waste
Dr. Roland F.
Steurer
+20 2 2735 9750
roland.steurer@
giz.de
Dr. Roland F.
Steurer
+20 2 2735 9750
roland.steurer@
giz.de
KfW, GIZ
Privatization of waste
management services
Kafr El Sheik and Qena

Governorates
Developing an integrated plan for the Management

of Municipal Solid Waste
Netherlands
ISWM
Fayoum
Preparation of SWM plans, support for privatization

of waste management services, investment in fleet,
transfer station and landfill
UNDP/ MEDCITIES
Mediterranean Urban Waste

Management Project financed by the EC-SMAP 1
Alexandria
Governorate
Provision of Technical assistance and capacity

building and establishing a citizens complaint
center at the Governorate
52
Start: 2000
End: 2003
53
Donor/Lender
Name of Project
Dates
Project Location
Total budget
and financial
scheme
Project Objectives
EU LIFE 3rd Countries
Integrated Industrial Solid Waste Management
Start: 2000
End: 2003
6th of October City
597,550 EUR
Classifying industrial solid waste, formation of

database for exchange and marketing waste
between the industries.
UK Dept. for Int. Dev.
SEAM II, with particular focus on waste management
Start: 2000
End: 2004
Sohag, Qena, Damietta

and
Dakahleya Governorates
Waste strategies supported by 14 demonstration

projects are being implemented in the four
governorates
Mr. Phill Jago

seam@eis.com.eg
Hazardous Waste Management
Start: 2001
End: 2003
National
Building regulatory framework to safely manage

hazardous waste and preparing 7 brochures on
Hazardous Waste Management System
USAID/ Public
Outreach Office,
tel.:
+202- 2522 6557
Analysis of existing SWM laws and regulations
Start: 2003
End: 2003
Alexandria Governorate
Review and analysis of existing SWM laws and

regulations
USAID/ Public
Outreach Office,
tel.:
+202- 2522 6557
Start: 2002
End: 2004
El-Minya
Governorate
Institutional, information, technical and financial

needs for a sound and effective SWM system in
El-Minya Governorate.
Dr. Luca Montaccini

Tel: +202-27910271
pcu.eiecpcairo@
esteri.it
National
Improving the conditions of private sector

participation (PSP) in the communal SWM in the
frame of the national program of solid waste
management.
Dr. Roland F.
Steurer
+20 2 2735 9750
roland.steurer@
giz.de
USAID
USAID
Government of the Italian

Egyptian-Italian Environmental Cooperation Program, EIECP
Republic
GIZ
National programme for the privatisation of

solid waste management (NPPSWM)
Finland
Solid Waste Management Project
EU, METAP, World Bank
Regional Solid Waste Management Project financed by SMAP II
Start: June 2002

End: June 2005
Start: 2002
End: 2005
SWM facilities and provision of waste disposal site.
National
Strategic Framework for Enhancing Solid Waste

Recycling in Egypt with Special Focus on Plastics
Recycling; Development of SWM guidelines
National program for the privatization of waste management in

Egypt
Start: Jan. 2003

End: Jun. 2005
National
EC-LIFE 3rd
countries
ISWM for Al Fayoum and Etsa
Start: Dec 2004

End: Dec 2006
Cities of Al Fayoum and

Etsa
DANIDA
EMG Component, ESP, SWM Improvement Project.
Start: April 2005

End: 2007
CIDA
Demo project for the Abatement of GHG from Solid Waste landfills
in Egypt.
Feasibility Study for a Solid Waste Management Project
54
Start: 2005
End: 2007
2.088M EUR
Beni- Suef
GIZ
KfW
1.3M USD
Improving the conditions of private sector

participation in municipal waste management.
Contact Person,
Phone and
E-Mail
Dr. Roland F.
Steurer
+20 2 2735 9750
roland.steurer@
giz.de
299,900 EUR
Developing a safe and environmentally sound

Integrated Waste Management System
Beni Suef and EL Fashn
3.28M DKK
Support planning and implementation of new waste

collection and source separation systems; proper
service and maintenance procedures for collection
trucks and other SWM equipment;
Cairo
1.7M USD
Methane Recovery from Landfills, Bioreactor

(Digester) Landfill Cells Demonstration Project
Mr. Rami Lotfy

rami@egyptpsu.com
Enhancing private sector participation in the SWM

sector on the level of governorates
Mr. Walid AbdelRehim

Tel: +202-27369525
Walid.abdel-rehim@
kfw.de
Qena Governorate
190,000 EUR
55
Tel: + 202-2739650
caiamb@um.dk
Donor/Lender
KfW
Korean International
Cooperation Agency
(KOICA)
Dates
Name of Project
Feasibility Study for a Solid Waste Management Project
Mercury Wastes Integrated Management
Start: 2005
End: 2007
Start: 2007
End: 2011
EC
South Sinai Regional Development Programme (SSRDP)
Running
EU, GIZ
Standard Twinning Project FICHE

Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste
Management System
Start: Sep 2008

End: Aug 2010
Italian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs Italian
Cooperation in Egypt
Combating poverty through the creation of employment

in the informal sector of urban solid waste management in the
region of Cairo
World Bank PPIAF
UNDB & WB
CIDA
KfW & GIZ
Private sector participation (PSP) strategy in the solid waste sector

in Egypt
Start: 2008
End: 2011
Start: 2010
End: 2011
Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) for SWM Reform Policy
Start: 2010
Finish: 2010
Training Youth on Safe Disposal of Hazardous Medical Waste
Start: 2010
End: 2011
Preparation of the National Solid Waste Management Program

(NSWMP)
56
Running
Project Location
Kafr El-Sheikh
Governorate
National
South Sinai
National
Manchiet Nasser and

Ezbet El Nakhal, Cairo
Governorate
National
Total budget
and financial
scheme
Project Objectives
Contact Person,
Phone and
E-Mail
202,000 EUR
Exploring and implementing options to enhance

private sector participation in the solid waste

Tel: +202-27369525
Walid.abdel-rehim@
kfw.de
3M USD
Survey of mercury wastes in general and

fluorescent bulbs wastes containing mercury.
Capacity building through local and international
training of EEAAs staff working in the field of
hazardous wastes. Establishing a unit for recycling
fluorescent bulbs
64M EUR for the

whole program
One of the program components is waste

management system for South Sinai, closing 6
existing dumpsites and two landfills will be rebuild
according to standards, and closed and two landfills
will be rebuild according to standards
Dr. Khaled Metwally

Programme
Director/
Authorising Officer
Khaled.Metwally@
eu-ssrdp.org
1.6M EUR
Strengthening EEAAs institutional and policy

capacities and adopting relevant EU best practices
in Hazardous Substances and Waste Management
System
Mr. Osama Abd

Elsalam
Tel: +202- 25266016
irts@eeaa.gov.eg
399,672 USD
Improving working conditions for Zabaleen

community in Cairo and creating new jobs, through
technology and manufacturing process updates.
Dr. Luca Montaccini

Tel: 0020227910271/2
pcu.eiecpcairo@
esteri.it
200,000 USD
Evaluation of the existing PSP experience;

analysis of the current policy and legal
framework; evaluation of the current procedures
and management capacity for PSP planning,
transaction, structuring, tendering and
implementation, monitoring and supervision;;
recommendations for a strategic plan to enhance
PSP efficiency
Mr. Jaafar Sadok

Friaa
Tel: + 1202 473 7124
jsfriaa@worldbank.
org
National
Dr. Mohamed
Evaluating the different impacts of each SWM policy Bayoumi
alternative in order to assess its likely outcomes on Tel: +202-25784840
registry.eg@undp.
equity, effectiveness, and feasibility.
org
Qalyubia Governorate
Raising public awareness of the danger of exposure

to hazardous medical waste and training and hiring
youth in hospitals for collecting and disposing of
hazardous medical waste
National
100,000 LE
Analyzing options and making recommendations

on the institutional (national, regional and local),
financial, environmental, regulatory, planning
and service delivery framework for solid waste
management services and estimate the required
human and financial resources, develop an action
plan for gradual implementation.
57
Mr. Rami Lotfy

+202-27942125
rami@egyptpsu.com
Tel: +202-27369525
Walid.abdel-rehim@
kfw.de
Donor/Lender
Bill & Melinda Gates

Foundation,
BMZ & GIZ
USAID
UNDP
UNDP
Dates
Name of Project
Integrated Community-Based Solid Waste Management Project in

Qalyubia- Greater Cairo
Small Development Activities Program
BioEnergy for Sustainable Rural Development
Solid Waste Management in Minya Governorate Phase II
58
Running
Running
Start: 2010
End: 2015
Start: 2012
End: 2016
Project Location
Total budget
and financial
scheme
Project Objectives
Contact Person,
Phone and
E-Mail
Mr. Tawfik El
Kheshen
Tel: +20201001677454
tawfik.elkheshen@
giz.de
Qalyubeya Governorate
4.996M USD
Development and implementation of a Solid Waste

Management System (SWMS) which promotes the
value of waste as a resource and integrates the
urban poor in the management of waste services.
Menia Governorate
10,000 to
25,000 USD
Awarding grants to Community Development

Associations for environmental projects such as
solid waste collection and removal
USAID/ Public
Outreach Office,
tel.:
+202- 2522 6557
5.16M USD
Remove the technical, institutional, information,

financial, and other market barriers to the
increasing use of biomass (agricultural and solid
waste) energy
Dr. Mohamed
Bayoumi
Tel: +202-25784840
registry.eg@undp.
org
5.8M USD
Upgrade waste collection in Minya city and modify

the service in other relevant cities; establish
a waste recycling plant; and remediation and
upgrading of two open dumps
Ms. Amany Nakhla

Tel: +202-25784840
registry.eg@undp.
org
National
Menia Governorate
59
annex 12: e-waste management

Electric and electronic equipment contain over 1,000 different substances including toxic heavy metals and
organics which can pose serious environmental pollution problem upon irresponsible disposal. E-waste
has been identified as the fastest growing waste stream in the world.
E-waste status in Egypt:*
- The number of mobile phone subscribers increased from 4.3 Million in 2001 to approximately 24 Million
in 2007, and to 44 Million in 2009.
- The number of internet subscribers reached 13 Millions in March 2009.
- Growth in the ICT sector in Egypt exceeds 20% during 2007 and 2008 and expected to be 15% for 2009
due to the global financial crisis.
- Import of used personal computers and CRT monitors increased dramatically since 2001 (the number
increased approximately 6-8 times in five years).
- During 2007, the Minister of Trade and Industry had issued a decree prohibiting importing personal
computers that are older than 5 years (it was 10 years before). In 2010, another decree was issued that
reduced it to 3 years.
- Few collection programs for end of life mobile phone batteries were initiated by local mobile operators
but not publicly propagated.
- No records regarding e-waste generation rates are available.
- An e-waste forum initiated by Egypt Cleaner Production Center and the regional organizations CEDARE
and BCRC-Egypt was established.
- An inter-ministerial committee with members from the private sector and national and regional organizations is formed and is currently discussing a roadmap for e-waste management in Egypt.
Problems Facing E-Waste Management:
- Awareness for e-wastes and its possible impacts; generation rates and impact scenarios should be the
alarming vehicle for awareness.
- Legislative framework for e-waste management that incorporates responsibilities to importers, manufacturers, and owners.
- Need to enhance and collect accurate data on quantities and types of e-waste generated and appear in
waste streams.
- Need to enhance participation of the concerned stakeholders in e-waste management.
- Need to develop a proper collection, transportation, recycling, and exporting or disposal system.
- Need to build local capacity/experts on e-waste management.
- Need to identify recycling technologies for known e-waste stream.
*- Hani Moubasher, Basel convention Regional Center for training and Technology Transfer for the Arab States, BCRC-Egypt
E-waste Activities - 2006-2009,
60
2012 by SWEEP-Net. All rights reserved

The regional solid waste exchange of information
and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the SWEEP-Net Secretariat. This document represents the work of SWEEP-Net
consultants, supported by the designated National Coordinator. No attempt was made to verify the reliability and consistency of the provided
data and information within the individual country reports.

2012 Country Report SWM Egypt Sweep Net

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The regional solid waste exchange of information and

expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE

The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and

This report update is presented as an annex to the original 2010 report,

Prepared by Dr. Tarek Zaki

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Special thanks are due to the SWEEP-Net National Coordinator,

1.1 Socio-economic and Political Situation

1.2 Solid Waste Facts and Figures

2. National Municipal Solid Waste Management Policies

2.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework

2.2 Strategies, Action Plans and Initiatives

2.3 Planning and Investments

2.5 Fiscal, Finance and Economical Steering Instruments

2.6 Private Sector Participation Policy

2.7 Public Awareness, Education and Community Participation

2.8 National Capacity Building and Training Initiatives

2.9 Capacity Building Requirements

2.10 National Initiatives for Multi-stakeholder Exchange

2.11 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt

2.12 Upcoming Initiatives

3. Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management

3.1 Legal and Institutional Framework

3.2 Strategies and Planning

3.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal

3.5 Private Sector Involvement

3.6 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt

3.7 Upcoming Initiatives

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

4. Medical Waste Management

4.1 Legal and Institutional Framework

4.2 Strategies and Planning

4.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal

4.5 Private Sector Involvement

4.6 Case Studies, Best Practices, and Lessons Learnt

4.7 Upcoming Initiatives

5. International Financial Assistance Programmes

(Bi-, and Multilateral)

6. International Technical Assistance Programmes

(Bi-, and Multilateral)

7. Needs Assessment For Capacity Development until 2015

8. Conclusion and Recommendations for SWEEP-Net Assistance

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

German Federal Ministry for Economic Development

Best Available Techniques Reference Document

Civil Society Organization

Danish International Development Agency

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

Egyptian Electronic Recycling Company

Egyptian National Cleaner Production Center

European Neighborhood Policy

Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme

Environmental Sector Program

European Waste Catalogue

Foreign Direct Investment

Gross Domestic Product

Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale

Zusammenarbeit/German Agency for International Cooperation

Information and Communications Technology

Industrial Modernization Center

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

Integrated Resource Recovery Center