APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Physical Chemistry II Experiment entitled Solubility

Product has been written by:
Name

: Yuli Astuti

ID

: 1413440023

Class

: ICP A

Group

: III

After checked and consulted by assistant and assistant coordinator. So this report
was accepted.

Assistant Coordinator,

Makassar, November
Assistant,

Rahmawati Yasin
ID. 1313041015

Maddaung Nurhardiyanti
ID. 1313440009
Know by,
Responsibility Lecturer

Dr.Muhammad Syahrir, S.Pd., M.Si

19740907 200501 1 004

2016

A. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Solubility Product
B. OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENT
After done this experiment, the student hope to know calculate the eslectrolyte
solubility that less soluble and calculate the solubility thermal of PbCl 2 using the Ksp
property that depend on temperature.
C. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will dissolve in the

solvent at a given temperature. It is claimed that the two substances with large
type and similar intermolecular forces will tend to be mutually dissolve. For
example, both carbon tetrachloride and benzene is nonpolar liquid. Intermolecular
forces that exist within these two substances just dispersion forces. If both of these
liquids dissolve each other because the attractive forces between molecules fellow
CCl4 and C6H6 molecule (Chang, 2005: 5).
The solubility of a given solute in a given solvent typically depends on
temperature. For many solids dissolved in liquid water, the solubility increases
with temperature up to 100 C.[6] In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g., that
approaching the critical temperature), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to
decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water; the lower
dielectric constant results in a less polar solvent. Gaseous solutes exhibit more
complex behavior with temperature. As the temperature is raised, gases usually
become less soluble in water (to minimum, which is below 120 C for most
permanent gases, but more soluble in organic solvents.[6] The chart shows
solubility curves for some typical solid inorganic salts (temperature is in degrees
Celsius).[8] Many salts behave like barium nitrate and disodium hydrogen
arsenate, and show a large increase in solubility with temperature. Some solutes
(e.g., NaCl in water) exhibit solubility that is fairly independent of temperature. A
few, such as cerium(III) sulfate, become less soluble in water as temperature
increases. This temperature dependence is sometimes referred to as "retrograde"
or "inverse" solubility (Sisodya, 2012: 308).
Some familiar words then namely soluble, slightly soluble and insoluble.
These we used to describe the decreasing tendencies of solutes to dissolve in a
particular solvent at a given temperature. You would recall that we mentioned gas

solution, liquid solution and solid solution. Earlier too, we concluded that one of
the most useful applications,of chemical equilibria studies is on sparingly or
slightly solublesalts like AgCI, CaF2 and BaCrO4 etc. We shall first derive a
relationship between solubility of a salt and a quantity called solubility product.
Then we shall study the applications of this relationship to different systems. Let
us consider a salt with a general formula A.B, t where x andy are the number of
moles of ions A and B present in one mole of the salt respectively. e.g. for AgCl, x
= 1, y = 1, for CaF2 x = 1, y = 2, there be equilibrium between the sparingly
solublesolid A.B and its ions A and B in solution. For the sake of simplicity,we are
omitting letters such as s, aq, gas. in a such equilibria. A,B 'xA +yB. For the
present moment;weshall neglect counting to chargeson the cation A and x-charges
on the anion B (Ahmadu, 2004: 102).
Ksp called constant of solubility product or summarily solubility product.
In general the results of solubility of a compound is the product of the molar
concentrations of the constituent ions, which each raised to a coefficient with the
stoichiometric coefficients in the equation at equilibrium (Chang, 2005: 145).
In the traditional theory, it is supposed that in any solution of an electrolyte
there is an equilibrium between dissolved but undissociated electrolyte and the
free ions:
M

M+ + A-

And hence by the Mass Action Law, in its simple form,

[M+] [A-] = K [MA]
Where [M+] and [A-] are the concentrations of the ions and [MA] is the
concentration of the undissosiated molecules. In a saturated solution at fixed
temperature and pressure, the quantity [MA], is assumed to be a constant, the
subscript s denoting the condition of saturation. This quantity is called the
molecular solubility and its constantcy is assumed to hold independently of the
presence of any other electrolyte. Experimental result in the case of strong
electrolytes, the derivation given above is clearly unsatisfactory in the case of

strong electrolyte which are now generally believed to be completely

ionized (Denbigh, 1941: 126).
For saturated solution an electrolyte, AVA, BVB that ionize into VAAm+
danVBBn- ion:
m+
AVA BVB
+VBBnVA A
Solubility product (K) can Hasil kali kelarutan (K) can be expressed as:
Ks = [Am+]VA x [Bn]VB
So it can be stated, that in a saturated solution of an electrolyte that is very slightly
soluble, the product of the concentrations of ions constituent to any particular
temperature is constant ion concentration raised to the same number with the
number of each ion in question produced by the association of a single molecule
electrolyte. This principle first stated by W. Nernst in 1889. The concentration of
ions in the formula of solubility product in mol L-1. The unit of K itself is (molL-1)
VA + VB (Svehla, 1995: 74).
If the concentration of a saturated solution of the salt B +A-is lower than
about 0.01 mol dm-3 , we speak about a sparingly soluble salt. An equilibrium
between the undissolved and dissolved salt is established in the system. The
dissolved salt dissociates into ions completely. Overall we may write
Bv+ Av- (s) = v+ Bz+ + v- AzThe equilibrium constant of this reaction is called the solubility product Ksp . We
have
v
v v (c st )v

A
v+ +c
B v + A v =c B
a
A
v + + a
aB
K s=

where = + + -.

If we add to a solution of a sparingly soluble salt an electrolyte that shares a cation

or an anion with the salt, the solubility of the salt will decrease. If we add a small
amount of an electrolyte that does not share an ion with the salt, the solubility of
the salt will increase (Malijevsk, 2005: 393).
For dissolving ionic solids in solution means one of the following
conditions may occur 1) a solution of unsaturated 2) saturated solution and 3) a
supersaturated solution. We use the Q is called the ion product, to say the product
of the molar concentration of ions raised to the stoichiometric coefficients. So's a
great solution containing ions Ag+ and Cl- ions at 25C.
Q = [Ag+]o[Cl-]o
O subscript reminds us that this is not always the initial concentration and
concentration at equilibrium. The possible relationship between Q and Ksp is:
Q <Ksp unsaturated solution
[Ag+]o[Cl-]o > 1,6 x 10-10
Q = Ksp
[Ag+]o[Cl-]o > 1,6 x 10-10 saturated solution
Q >ksp
[Ag+]o[Cl-]o > 1,6 x 10-10supersaturated solution AgCl will precipitate to the
product of ion concentration equal to 1.6 x 10 -10 (Chang, 2005: 145-146).
As we have seen, solubility product is the equilibrium constant; deposition
of ionic compounds from solution occurs when the ion product exceeds the KSP
that substance. For example we examine yamh solution containing two solute ions
namesake. Just tell AgCl and AgNO3. In addition to the reduction of AgCl, the
following process also adds to the total concentration of silver ions in solution
namesake:
AgNO3(s) H2O Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
If AgNO3 is added to a solution of saturated AgCl, will increase [Ag +] will make
the ion product is greater than the solution:
Q = [Ag+]o[Cl-]o x Ksp
To return to equilibrium, most of AgCl will be deposited from solution, as
predicted by Le Chatelier's principle to the ion product once again equal to Ksp.
The effect of adding ion namesake, thus lowering the solubility of the salt (AgCl)
in solution. Note that in this case [Ag +] is not the same now with [Cl -] in
equilibrium otherwise [Ag+]> [Cl-](Chang, 2005: 150-151).

Lead Chloride less soluble in water. The equilibrium that occurs in PbCl 2
saturated solution can be written as follows:
PbCl2
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the above reaction equation is:
Ka = (aPb2+)(aCl-)2
(aPbCl2)
Because the activity of pure solids equal to one, then to the above equation can be
simplified into:
Ksp = (aPb2+)(aCl-)2
In aqueous solution, the activity can be considered equal to the concentration in
molar units. Values above are known as constant Ksp solubility results
PbCl2 (Lecturer Team, 2016: 9).
The other example about case of solubility product is the solubility of
CdF2in the mixed solvent (water (1) + ethanol (2)) with mass fraction, wi=0.9
increase linearly with increasing the ionic strength in a wide range of NaCI
concentration from (0.1 to 1.5)/ mo1111as a background salt. The value of
thermodynamic solubility product constant of CdF2 in the mentioned mixed
solvent could be estimated on the value of the solubility of the considered ionic
compound at zero ionic strength upon extrapolating method. The saturated
solution of CdF2 in the mixed solvent with the presence of NaCl is highly non
ideal. The non - ideality is partly due to the mean activity coefficients and partly
due to the ion association phenomenon (Aghaie, 2012: 340).
The standard methods for the experimental determination of a Ksp value
of a particular reaction involve either the formation of a precipitate or the
dissolution of a previously formed salt in distilled water. Although temperature
has a lower impact on struvite precipitation than other parameters such as pH and
supersaturation [4], it can yet influence struvite solubility. The Ksp value depends,
on the one hand, on the experimental precision, and on the other hand on the
thermodynamic method used to calculate the equilibrium constant values, at
different temperatures, for all the equilibrium relations involved during the
precipitation of struvite (Hanhouna, 2011: 2).
D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

1
a

Apparatus
Beaker 250 mL

2 pieces

b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
2
a
b
c
d
e
f

Beaker 250 mL
2 pieces
Funnel
1 piece
Beaker 1000 mL
1 piece
Beaker 100 mL
1 piece
Bunsen burner
1 piece
o
Thermometer 100 C
4 pieces
Stirrer
1 piece
Test tube
11 pieces
Rack of test tube
1 piece
Stative
2 pieces
Clamp
2 pieces
Spray bottle
1 piece
Burette 50 mL
2 pieces
Tripod and gauze
@1 piece
Wood clamp
5 pieces
Rough cloth and soft cloth
@1 piece
Chemicals
Lead (II) nitrate 0,075 M solution (Pb(NO3)2)
Potassium cloride 1,0 M solution (KCl)
Aquades (H2O)
Tissue
Spiritus
Matches

E. WORK PROCEDURE

1. Pb(NO3)2 0,075 M danKCl 0,1 M was placed into two different burette.
2. 10 mL of Pb(NO3)2 0,075 Msolution was filled into four different test tube.
3. KCl 0,1 M solution was added with the volume for each test tube were 0,50
mL ; 1,0 mL; 1,50 mL and 2,0 mL,then the mixture was shaked and allowed to
stand for 5 minutes.
4. The mixture was observed after allowed, formed the precipitate or not on the
volume 0.50 mL; 1.0 mL; 1.50 mL; and 2.0 mL.
5. Based on the result of observed, formed precipitated at 1.50 mL.so, for the
next procedure. Repeat, 10 mL of Pb(NO3)2 0,075 M solution was filled into
four different test tube.
6. KCl 0,1 M solution was added with the volume for each test tube were 1,60
mL ; 1,70 mL; 1,80 mL and 1,90 mL,then the mixture was shaked and allowed
to stand for 5 minutes.
7. The mixture was observed and written the volume of KCl that appropriate
causes precipitation.
8. Temperature of each mixtures was measured.

9. The result of observation was written on the observation table

10. Five test tube was prepared, then 10 mL of Pb(NO 3)2 0.075 Mwas filled
foreach test tube.
11. KCl 0,1 M was added with the volume sequent0,50 mL; 2,0 mL; 2,50 mL; 3,0
mL and 3,00 mL for each test tube.
12. The mixture in the first test tube was put into beaker that contain hot water and
the temperature was measured with thermometer when the precipitate was
right soluble.
13. The step 12 was repeat for the second until the fifth tube, then the result was
written in the observation table.
F. OBSERVATION RESULT

Mixture

0,075

number
1.
2.
3.
4.
V

Pb(NO3)2

Pb(NO3)2
0,075 M

(mL)

Not yet
Not yet
Not yet
Formed

Formed
Formed
Formed
Formed

30
30
31
30
Temperature

700C
720C
730C
780C

1/T K-1

(K)

(0C)

(mL)
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5

of

Temperature (0C)

precipitate

V KCl 1 M Temperature

(mL)
10
10
10
10
10

0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00

1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9

Precipitate formation

(mL)

V KCl 1 M Formation

(mL)
10
10
10
10

V KCl 1 M

(mL)
10
10
10
10

0,075 M

Pb(NO3)2

343
345
346
351

0,002915
0,002898
0,002890

0,002849
G. DATA ANALYSIS

First activity (first table)

All calculation only need to calculate Q value. Q is Ksp of ions quadrate
coefficient stochiometry on first condition (it does not calculate the equilibrium
condition) so only calculated the ions concentration in total mixture.
1
a

Determination of Q of PbCl2room temperature

Tube 1
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
=1M

V KCl

= 0.5 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

[Pb2+]

[Cl-]

=
Q

[KCl]

b2+
Vtotal

0.75mmole
10.5 mL
C

= 0.071 M

l
Vtotal

0.5 mmole
10.5 mL

= 0.048M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.071) (0.048)2
= 0.00016M3
= 1.6 x 10-4 M3< 2.4 x 10-4 M3

b Tube 2
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M

V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1.0 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

[Pb2+]

[Cl-]

b2+
P
Vtotal

0.75mmole
11 mL

= 0.068 M

l
Vtotal

1.0 mmole
11 mL

= 0.091 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.068) (0.091)2
= 0.00056M3
= 5.6 x 10-4 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

Tube 3
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1.5 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

[Pb2+]

b2+
Vtotal

0.75mmole
11.5 mL

= 0.065 M

[Cl-]

1.5 mmole
11.5mL

=
Q

l
Vtotal

= 0.130 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.065) (0.130)2
= 0.0011M3
= 1.1 x 10-3 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

d Tube 4
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 2.0 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

=
2+

[Pb2+]

0.75mmole
12 mL

[Cl-]

= 0.0625 M

l
C
Vtotal
=

=
Q

b
Vt otal

2.0 mmole
12 mL

= 0.1667 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.0625) (0.1667)2
= 0.0017M3
= 1.7 x 10-3 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

Second activity (Second table)

All calculation only need to calculate Q value. Q is Ksp of ions quadrate
coefficient stochiometry on first condition (it does not calculate the equilibrium
condition) so only calculated the ions concentration in total mixture.
1

First tube
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1,6 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

=
2+

[Pb2+]

b
Vtotal

0.75mmole
11,6 mL

= 0.064 M

[Cl-]

l
Vtotal

1,6 mmole
11,6 mL

= 0.137 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2

= (0.064) (0.137)2
= 0.0012M3
= 1,2 x 10-3 M3< 2.4 x 10-4 M3
2

Second tube
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.075 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1,7 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

[Pb2+]

[Cl-]

=
Q

b2+
Vtotal

0.75mmole
11,7 mL
C

= 0.064 M

l
Vtotal

1,7 mmole
11,7 mL

= 0.145 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.064) (0.145)2
= 0.0013M3

= 1.3 x 10-3 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

3

Third tube
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.075 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1,8 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

[Pb2+]

b2+
Vtotal

0.75mmole
11,8 mL

= 0.063 M

[Cl-]

l
C
Vtotal
=

=
Q

1,8 mmole
11,8 mL

= 0.152 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.063) (0.152)2
= 0.0014 M3
= 1,4 x 10-3 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

Forth tube
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.075 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1,9 mL

Asked

=Q?

Solution

=
2+

[Pb2+]

b
Vtotal

0.75mmole
11,9 mL

= 0.063 M

[Cl-]

=
Q

l
Vtotal

1,9 mmole
11,9 mL

= 0.156 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.063) (0.156)2
= 0.0015 M3
= 1,5 x 10-3 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

[Cl-]

=
Q

0.75mmole
10.9 mL
C

= 0.068 M

l
Vtotal

0.9mmole
10.9 mL

= 0.0825 M

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2
= (0.068) (0.0825)2
= 4,93 x 10-4 M3
= 4,93 x 10-4 M3> 2.4 x 10-4 M3

Third Activity (Table 3)

1 Determination of PbCl2 Ksp in certain temperature (T)
a Mixture I
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 1.5 mL

For the mixture I not formed the sediment

b Mixture II
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 2.0 mL

= 343 K

Asked

= Ksp and ln Ksp ?

Solution

Pb(NO3)2(aq)

2 KCl(aq)

PbCl2(s)

+ 2KNO3(aq)

0.75 mmole

2.00 mmole

Rx

0.75 mmole

1.50 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

0.50 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

[Cl-]

n KCl
V total

PbCl2(s)
F
Rx

0.50 mmole
12 mL

Pb2+(aq)

-s

+s

n PbC l 2
V total

Ksp

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2

+ 2s
0.0416 M + 2s
0.75mmole
12 mL

= (s) (0.0416 M + 2s)2

= (0.0625 M) (0.1666 M)2
= 0.00173 M3
ln Ksp = ln (0.00173)
= - 6.357
= 343 K

2 Cl-(aq)
0.0416 M

= 0.0416 M

= 0.0625 M

1
T

=
c

1
343 K

= 0,00291 K-1 = 2,91 x 10-3 K-1

Mixture III
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 2.5 mL

= 340 K

Asked

= Ksp and ln Ksp ?

Solution

Pb(NO3)2(aq)

2 KCl(aq)

PbCl2(s)

+ 2KNO3(aq)

0.75 mmole

2.50 mmole

Rx

0.75 mmole

1.50 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

1.00 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

[Cl-]

n KCl
V total

PbCl2(s)
F
Rx

1.00 mmole
12.5 mL

Pb2+(aq)

= 0.08 M

2 Cl-(aq)

0.08 M

-s

+s

+ 2s

s
n PbC l 2
V total

Ksp

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2

0.08 M + 2s
0.75mmole
12.5 mL

= (s) (0.08 M + 2s)2

= (0.06 M) (0.20 M)2
= 0.012 M3
ln Ksp = ln (0.012)
= - 4.423

= 0.06 M

= 345 K
1
T

1
345 K

= 0.00289 K-1 = 2.89 x 10-3 K-1

d Mixture IV
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 3.0 mL

= 346 K

Asked

= Ksp and ln Ksp ?

Solution

Pb(NO3)2(aq)

2 KCl(aq)

PbCl2(s)

+ 2KNO3(aq)

0.75 mmole

3.00 mmole

Rx

0.75 mmole

1.50 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

1.50 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

[Cl-]

n KCl
V total

PbCl2(s)
F
Rx

1.50 mmole
13 mL

Pb2+(aq)

-s

+s

= 0.1154 M

0.1154 M
+ 2s

s
n PbC l 2
V total

Ksp

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2

0.1154 M + 2s
0.75mmole
13 mL

= (s) (0.1154 M + 2s)2

= (0.0577 M) (0.2308 M)2
= 0.00307 M3
ln Ksp = ln (0.00307)

2 Cl-(aq)

= 0.0577 M

= - 5.785
T

= 346 K
1
T

1
346 K

= 0.00289 K-1 = 2.89 x 10-3 K-1

Mixture V
Known

= [Pb(NO3)2] = 0.75 M
V Pb(NO3)2 = 10 mL
[KCl]

=1M

V KCl

= 3.5 mL

= 352 K

Asked

= Ksp and ln Ksp ?

Solution

Pb(NO3)2(aq)

2 KCl(aq)

PbCl2(s)

+ 2KNO3(aq)

0.75 mmole

3.50 mmole

Rx

0.75 mmole

1.50 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

2.00 mmole

0.75 mmole

1.5 mmole

[Cl-]

n KCl
V total

PbCl2(s)
F
Rx

2.00 mmole
13,5 mL

Pb2+(aq)

-s

+s

= 0.1481 M

0.1481 M
+ 2s

s
n PbC l 2
V total

Ksp

= [Pb2+] [Cl-]2

2 Cl-(aq)

0.1481 M + 2s
0.75mmole
13,5 mL

= (s) (0.1481 M + 2s)2

= (0.0555M) (0,2591M)2

= 0.0555 M

= 0.0143 M3
ln Ksp = ln (0.0143)
= - 4,247
T

= 351 K
=

2
a

1
T

1
351 K

= 0.00284 K-1 = 2.84 x 10-3 K-1

Determination of Ksp in PbCl2 in room temperature (25oC)

Table 3 of Observation Result
1
lnKsp
= m T +c

()

1
= 5373 301 K +10,34

Ksp

= - 7,510
7,527
= e
= 0.000547 = 5,47 x 10-4

Q = Ksp for samples in room temperature. So, the value of Q or Ksp for
samples in room temperature as much as 5,47 x 10-4 and if its value compared to
the theory Ksp value (2,4 x 10 -4) will showed that Ksp value which found in
experiment was smaller then theory value (5,47 x 10-4> 2,4 x 10-4).
3

Determination of error degree

Known

= Ksp in 25oC from graph =5,47 x 10-4

Asked

= %error..?

Solution
% error

graph Ksptheory Ksp

x 100
theory Ksp

5,47 x 1042.4 x 1 04
x 100
4
2.4 x 1 0

= - 128,1%
4

Determination of Ho in 25oC
y
= mx + c
H 1
lnKsp
=
R T +c

H
R

Ho
5

= - (mR)
= - (- 5373 x 0.495)
= 2659,63
Calculation of PbCl2 solubility (s) in water as temperature function (oC)

Ksp (M3)
0.00111
0.00173
0.01200
0.00307
0,00143
Known
=
PbCl2(s)
s
a

= 4s3

Ksp
4
0.00111
4

4
= 1,40 10

PbCl2

Pb2+(aq)
s

Ksp

T (oC)
28
70
72
73
78

S (g/L)
0.0652
0.0625
0.0600
0.0577
0,0555

mol/L

= s x Mr PbCl2
4
= 1,40 10 mol/L x 278.1 g/mol

= 0,0389 g/L
b

Ksp

= 4s3

=
=

Ksp
4
0.00173
4

4
= 1,62 10 mol/L

PbCl2

= s x Mr PbCl2

2 Cl-(aq)
(2s) 2

4
= 1,62 10 mol/L x 278.1 g/mol

= 0,0453 g/L
c

Ksp

= 4s3

=
=

Ksp
4
0.01200
4

3
= 1,44 10 mol/L

PbCl2

= s x Mr PbCl2
3

= 1,44 10

mol/L x 278.1 g/mol

= 0,4004 g/L
d

Ksp

= 4s3

=
=

Ksp
4
0.00307
4

4
= 1,96 10 mol/L

PbCl2

= s x Mr PbCl2
4
= 1,96 10

mol/L x 278.1 g/mol

= 0,0054 g/L
e

Ksp

= 4s3

=
=

Ksp
4
0.00143
4

= 0.00015 mol/L
PbCl2

= s x Mr PbCl2
= 0.0015 mol/L x 278.1 g/mol

= 0,4171 g/L

Graph of Determination of PbCl2 Ksp in certain temperature (T)

Graph Relation Between ln Ksp and 1/T

0
-1 0

-2
-3

ln Ksp

-4
-5
-6
-7

Linear ()

f(x) = - 5373.22x + 10.35

R = 0.5

-8

1/T

Graph of relation between s (g/L) and T (oC)

0
0
0

s (g/L )

s (g/L ) 0

Linear (s (g/L ))

0
0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

T (oC)

H. DISCUSSION

Kelarutan merupakan kemampuan suatu zat terlarut untuk larut dalam suatu
pelarut pada suhu tertentu. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menghitung kelarutan
elektrolit yang bersifat sedikit larut dan menghitung panas kelarutan PbCl 2 dengan
menggunakan sifat kebergantungan Ksp pada suhu. Ksp adalah hasil kali dari
konsentrasi ion-ion yang membentuk suatu larutan yang harganya sangat
bergantung pada suhu. Panas kelarutan adalah suhu dimana suatu endapan dapat
larut dimana suhu ini menyatakan energi yang dibutuhkan untuk melarutkan
endapan.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kelarutan yaitu suhu, sifat pelarut, dan
kehadiran ion-ion lain yang ada dalam larutan. Suhu merupakan faktor yang akan
diperhatikan dalam percobaan ini. Larutan yang dipakai yaitu larutan Pb(NO 3)2
yang ditambahkan larutan KCl. Fungsi dari larutan ini adalah untuk membentuk
endapan PbCl2 yang berwarna putih dengan persamaan reaksi sebagai berikut:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KCl
(bening)

(bening)

PbCl2
(endapan putih)

+ 2KNO3
(bening)

Endapan PbCl2 ini yang akan dilihat kelarutannya yang dipengaruhi oleh
suhu. PbCl2 merupakan endapan yang sedikit larut dalam air. Kesetimbangan yang
terjadi pada larutan PbCl2 jenuh yaitu:
(aq)

2+ (aq) +2 Cl
PbCl2(s ) Pb
Pada pengujian kelarutan PbCl2, dilakukan 3 perlakuan. Perlakuan pertama
yakni adanya pengubahan volume KCl yang digunakan yaitu 0,50 mL; 1,00 mL,
1,50 mL, dan 2,00 mL. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pada volume berapa

endapan PbCl2 akan terbentuk. Hasil yang diperoleh pada percobaan ini yakni
endapan PbCl2 terbentuk pada campuran volume KCl sebanyak 2,00 mL dan
Pb(NO3)2 sebanyak 10 mL. Hal ini berarti bahwa larutan telah melewati/lewat
jenuh dimana larutan sudah tidak mampu lagi untuk melarutkan sehingga endapan
terbentuk. Endapan yang terbentuk merupakan endapan putih PbCl 2 yang
terbentuk akibat adanya gabungan ion-ion di dalam larutan membentuk partikel
yang memiliki ukuran lebih besar yang menyebabkan terjadinya endapan.
Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, diperoleh bahwa semakin banyak volume KCl yang
digunakan maka endapan yang terbentuk pun semakin banyak.

Berdasarkan

analisis data, hanya tabung pertama dengan volume 10 mL Pb(NO3)2 dan 0.5 mL
KCl yang larut. Hal in berarti hasil kali konsentrasi ion-ion (Qc) lebih kecil dari
harga Ksp sedangkan tabung lainnya memiliki nilai hasil kali konsentrasi ion-ion
(Qc) lebih besar dari harga Ksp sehingga endapan terbentuk. Volume ini kemudian
dijadikan patokan untuk perlakuan kedua.
Perlakuan kedua dilakukan dengan menggunakan volume KCl dengan
tingkat ketelitian 0,1 mL. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menentukan volume sebenarnya
pembentukan endapan PbCl2 dan pengaruh suhu pada pembentukan endapannya.
Dari percobaan diperoleh pembentukan endapan PbCl 2 terjadi pada volume KCl
yang digunakan yaitu 1,6 mL; 1,7 mL; 1.8 mL dan 1,9 mL. Hasil ini menunjukkan
bahwa larutan tepat jenuh pada volume antara 1,5 mL 1,6 mL.
Percobaan ketiga bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses kelarutan PbCl 2 yang
tebentuk dari larutan Pb(NO)3 dan KCl yang dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Seperti pada
tahap sebelumnya yang volume larutan Pb(NO)3 yaitu 10 mL dan volume KCl
yang digunakan dengan variasi volume 1,5 mL; 2,0 mL; 2,5 mL; 3,0 mL dan 3,5
mL dengan pemanasan. Hasil percobaan yang didapatkan endapan paling banyak
terbentuk pada volume 3,5 mL dan paling sedikit pada 1,5 mL, sehingga bisa
dikatakan bahwa semakin banyak volumenya kelarutan semakin kecil atau
endapan yang terbentuk pun semakin banyak. Suhu yang digunakan untuk
melarutkan endapan yang tebentuk pada volume 1,5 mL sampai 3,5 mL berturutturut 700C, 720C, 730C dan 780C, hal tersebut juga menunjukkan semakin banyak
endapan yang terbentuk maka suhu atau panas kelarutannya semakin tinggi.

Dimana panas kelarutan adalah saat dimana endapan pada larutan tersebut terlarut
semuanya dan larutan menjadi tepat jenuh. Berdasarkan analisis data diperoleh
hanya tabung pertama yang larut artinya nilai hasil kali konsentrasi
Pada percobaan ini campuran kedua sampai kelima menghasilkan endapan
dan hasil tersebut sesaui dengan hasil analisis data

dimana hasil nilai Ksp

praktikumnya masing-masing campuran lebih besar, Ksp 1,6 x 10-4. Selain itu
didapatkan juga volume KCl mempengaruhi nilai hasil kali kelarutan ion-ionnya.
Pada proses pemanasan dilakukan pengadukan agar endapan lebih cepat larut.
Berdasarkan grafik yang dibuat, hubungan antara suhudan jelarutan adalah
berbanding lurus, diman semakin tinggi suhu amkam semakin tinggi pula
kelarutannya. Hal ini disebabkan karena smeakin tinggi tumbukan antarf partikel
maka kelarutan pyun semakin banyak. Untuk grafik hubungan antara suhu
terhadap ln Ksp. Dimana jika semakin tinggi suhunya maka ln Kspnya semakin
kecil dan pada grafik 1/T dan ln K dimana semakin tinggi.
I. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1. Conclusion
Based on the experiment can conclude, that
a

The more volume KCl is used then the precipitate obtained too much so that

b
2

the temperature becomes high solubility.

The solubility of the precipitate increases with temperature.
Suggestion
For the next appreantice, hope to observe the change occur on the mixture

well incuding when formed the precipitate and the precipitate became soluble,
because this is the key for the result in experiment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ANSWER OF QUESTION

1. Reaction of PbCl2
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
is endothermic because the K / T positive. The rise in temperature (To) will
increase the value of K increases Ksp so that an increase in pressure and a
decrease in the reaction product. In addition, it can also be seen from the AH
that is positive which indicates the reaction is endothermic.
2. At temperature 25oC = 1,6 x 10-5
y = -4331x + 7,0339
1
lnKsp = -4331 ( 298 ) + 7,0339
= -14,8691 + 7,0339
= -7,8352
Ksp= 3,96 x 10-14
Ksp value according to different literature with ksp value of the experimental
results. This is caused by differences in rate of temperature increase obtained
constant.