Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
!
F
"
!
F
"
!
d
! !
W ! F "d
If F and d are parallel, the work is W ! F d . If they are not parallel, then the work is
W ! F d cos " .
From this formula, one can conclude that for the work to be done, the following conditions must
be met:
#
The object must move (i.e. d $ 0). A force can be exerted on an object with no work done,
e.g. pushing on a wall, holding up 100 lb, etc.
If F and d are perpendicular, no work is done (cos " = 0). For example, carrying something is
not work because the angle between the force (upwards) and displacement (horizontal) is
equal to 0.
If the angle between force and displacement is less than 900, cos " >0, and the work is
positive. If 90o < " < 180o, cos " <0, and the work is negative. Friction always does negative
work because it always acts in the direction opposite (180o) to the motion of the object.
Work either changes the velocity of an object or counteracts the work done by an opposing force.
For example, if a car is moving at a constant speed, the engine does work on the car to
counteract the work done by friction in the opposite direction. If an object is moving with constant
velocity, the net force acting on it is zero. In this case, the net amount of work done on it must
also be zero (Wnet=Fnetd).
Energy
Energy is one of the most fundamental concepts of Physics. It is a very abstract concept that
does not have a single definition. Energy is a characteristic of a system. Energy in a system gives
it the capability to perform some operation. When work is done on a system or by a system, the
energy of the system changes. In other words, the system gains or loses energy through the
process of work. If positive work is done, the system gains energy. If work is negative, the system
loses energy. If no work is done, the total energy of the system does not change.
There are many types of energy. Kinetic energy (K or Ek) is the energy of motion. It depends only
upon the square of the speed and the mass of the object.
1
2
K ! mv 2
v 2f ! vi2 " 2 a d :
F
v 2f ! vi2 " 2( ) d .
m
vi
!
F
vf
!
d
m 2
1
1
(v f # vi2 ) ! mv 2f # mvi2 ! K f # K i
2
2
2
W ! K f # Ki ! $K
This is the kinetic energywork theorem: The change of kinetic energy of a body is equal to
the work of all the forces acting upon it.
!
F
According to the Work-Energy theorem, the net work done on the box is equal to the change in
the kinetic energy.
W = F d cos # = F d
W = (35 N)(15 m)(cos 0) = 525 J
3. A 4 kg brick slides a distance (d) of 5m along an icy slope of inclination angle of 30o. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is !k = 0.20. What will be the speed of the brick at the end of the
slope?
"
mv 2f
2
2
f
v f 2 $ vo 2 % 2 a # (x
v f 2 $ & 0 m/s '
vf %
30 m 2 /s 2 % 5.48 m/s
$ 30 N % m $ 30.0 J
c. Use the Work-Energy theorem to determine the final velocity of the block. Compare your
answer to the answer obtained in part (a).
W $ &KE $ KE f - KEi
KE f $ W ' KEi $ 30 J ' 0 J $ 30 J
1
2
! 2 kg " vf 2 $
vf $
30 J
$
1 kg
30 J
30 m 2 /s 2 $ 5.48 m/s
d. Find the final velocity of the block if it has an initial velocity of +2 m/s.
W $ &KE $ KE f - KEi
1
1
m v 2f ( m vi2
2
2
1
1
30 J =
! 2 kg " v f 2 (
2
2
30 J = !1 kg " v f 2 ( 4 J
W $
vf $
34 J
$
1 kg
34 m 2 /s 2 $ 5.83 m/s
e. If the block is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s, what magnitude retarding force is needed to
bring the block to rest over a distance of 5 m?
&KE $ KE f - KEi
1
1
m vf 2 m vi 2
2
2
1
1
2
$
! 2 kg "! 0 m/s " 2
2
$ -64 J
$
&KE
&x % Cos #
-64 J
$
(5 m)(1)
$ -12.8 N
F $
W ! # F dx ! #
x2
k x dx ! k
2
!
0
1 2
1
k x " 0 ! k x2
2
2
W!
1 2
kx .
2
b. What is the potential energy of a spring which was initially at zero and was compressed to a
point x?
When the spring has been compressed its velocity is zero, so there is no kinetic energy, all of the
energy is then potential energy.
1
Work is equal to the change in the energy. Thus, U spring ! k x 2 .
2
(The - sign indicates that the force is directed in the opposite direction to the stretch.)
k is the constant of proportionality and is called the springs spring constant. This proportionality
between the force F and the amount of stretching (or compression) x is known as Hookes Law.
The work done by a spring with a given spring constant depends only on x, so an associated
potential energy is
U spr ( x) ! 12 k x 2 .
Note that x = 0 is at the equilibrium (unstretched) position of the spring.
Nonconservative forces
Unlike conservative forces, the work done by nonconservative forces depends on the path the
object moves and not just on the initial and final points. Friction is an example of a
nonconservative force. A nonconservative force is often called a dissipative force.
FApp = 50 N
Wt = 50 N
b. How much work is done by the lifting force to lift the bowling ball from the ground to the top of
the tower?
W ! FNet d !
" 50 N #" 45 m #
! 2250 J
c. What is the Gravitational Potential Energy of the bowling ball on the top of the tower?
GPEtop ! W ! $ 2250 J
d. How do the GPE and the KE of the bowling ball change if the bowling ball falls from the top of
the tower to the ground?
As the bowling ball falls, it loses height and its GPE decreases. Because of the
gravitational force, the bowling ball accelerates (g = 10 m/s2), its speed increases, and its
KE increases.
e. Use the equations of motion to find the speed of the bowling ball at the moment it hits the
ground. What is the KE of the bowling ball at the instant it strikes the ground? Compare it with the
answer from part (c).
d ! % 45 m ; v0 ! 0 m/s ; a ! %10 m/s 2
v f 2 % vo 2 ! 2a d
v f 2 % (0 m/s) 2 ! 2 " %10 m/s 2 # " %45 m # ! 900 m 2 /s 2
vf !
900 m 2 /s 2
! 30 m/s
Ek f !
1
1
2
m vf 2 !
" 5 kg #" 30 m/s # ! 2250 J
2
2
f. Use the equations of motion for free fall to determine the height above the ground and the
potential energy of the bowling ball at t = 2 s after it is released.
h f # h0 $ v0 t $
1 2
at
2
1
2
h f # 25 m
GPE f # mgh #
! 5 kg "
# 1250 J
g. Calculate the velocity and the KE of the bowling ball at time t = 2 s after it is released.
v f # v0 $ a t
# 0 m/s $
# % 20 m/s
1
m v 2f
2
1
2
(5 kg) ! %20 m/s " # 1000 J
#
2
KE f #
h. Calculate the sum of the KE and GPE of the bowling ball at this time and compare it with its
initial potential energy and with its final kinetic energy at the moment it hits the ground.
GPEf + KEf = 1000J + 1250J = 2250J = GPEtop = KEf
i. The bowling ball hits the ground and compresses the ground a distance of 0.020 m.
What is the magnitude of the average force exerted by the ground on the bowling ball as it
comes to rest?
Ignoring the small change in GPE as the ground is compressed, the Change in KE is
equal to the work done by the force exerted by the ground:
&KE # KE f % KEo # 0 J - 2250 J # -2250 J
Work Done # &KE
F d =F (d f % d i ) # &KE
F (%0.020 m % 0 m) # % 2250 J
F #
%2250 J
# 113,000 N
%0.020 m
In the absence of dissipative forces in a mechanical system, the mechanical energy Emech= K + U
is a constant. For example, Emech in time t = tinitial is the same as Emech at time t = tfinal.
The work energy theorem gives the result
In an isolated system where only conservative forces cause energy to be transformed, the
mechanical energy of the system is constant.
If no non-conservative forces are acting in a system, then 0 ! "K # "U
When there are forces such as friction present, we can still include these forces and conserve
total energy taking into account the heat generated as a result of work of dissipative forces such
as friction.
!!" !"
Thermal energy is one of the forms of non-mechanical internal energy stored inside of the bodies.
Internal energy will be covered in the following units of the course. The conservation of energy
with inclusion of internal energy becomes
0 " %Emech & %Eint
If there are external forces applied to an isolated system as a whole then, the work energy
theorem is
!!!" !"
Fext # d " %Emech & %Eint
or,
Total final
Total initial
Any losses due to
=
+ Any work done mechanical energy
mechanical energy
nonconservative forces
or
K f & U f " K i & U i & Wapp $ Wloss
Power
Power is the rate (how fast) at which work is done.
Power !
P!
Work Done
.
Time Spent Performing Work
W
t
The unit of power is the "Watt," which is equal to a Joule/second. The "horsepower" is the English
system unit of power; it is equal to 746 W.
t = 10 s
P=?
2. A block slides down a frictionless inclined plane of height h = 1 m, making angle # with the
horizontal. At the bottom of the plane, the block continues to move on a flat surface with a
coefficient of friction $ = 0.30. How far does the mass move on the flat surface?
We apply the law of Conservation of energy. The equation is
%E ! % K & % U
The velocity of the block is zero both in the beginning and the end. Thus, %K ! 0
We also have
%E ! W friction ! ' $ k m g d
The change in GPE is
%U ! 'mgh
Putting it all together
%E ! %K & %U
$k
1m
! 3.3m
0.30
3. A cyclist approaches the bottom of a hill at a speed of 11 m/s. The hill is 6 m high. Ignoring
friction, how fast is the cyclist moving at the top of the hill? Assume that he doesnt peddle and
ignore air resistance.
Since there is no friction, the total mechanical energy is conserved. Thus,
%U & %K ! 0 .
%U ! mgh ' 0 ! mgh and %K ! 12 mv 2f ' 12 mvi2 ,
Substitute these into the energy conservation equation
mgh & 12 mv 2f ' 12 mvi2 ! 0
v 2f ! vi2 ' 2 gh
Thus, v f ! vi2 ' 2 gh ! (11m/s)2 ' 2 (9.81m/s2 )(6 m) =
3.28m 2 /s 2 ! 1.81m/s .
4. A 100 kg mass traveling with a velocity of 15 m/s on a horizontal surface strikes a spring with a
spring constant k = 5 N/m.
a. Find the compression of the spring required to stop the mass if the surface is frictionless.
Since there is no dissipative force, we will use the Law of Conservation of Energy.
!U " !K # 0 .
!U # 12 kx 2 $ 0 # 12 kx 2
!K # 0 $ 12 mv 2 # $ 12 mv 2
1
2
kx 2 $ 12 mv 2 # 0
Solve for x:
x#
m
v
k
x#
100 kg
(15 m/s) # 67.1m
5 N/m
b. Find the compression of the spring if the surface is rough ( %k # 0.4 0).
The more general form of the equation including nonconservative forces is
!E # ! U " ! K
! !
!E # F & d # $ %k m g x
!U # 12 kx 2 and !K # $ 12 mv 2
Putting it all together we get:
$ %k m g x # 12 kx 2 $ 12 mv 2
where
and
1
2
and
1
2
Simplifying (and leaving off the units to make the quadratic equation easier to read)
$392.4 x # 2.5 x 2 $ 11250
In standard form this quadratic equation becomes
2.5 x 2 " 392.4 x $ 11250 # 0
Solving by the quadratic formula we obtain
x # 24.8 m or x # $ 182 m
The physical solution here is positive. Thus, x = 25 m.
5. An amusement park roller coaster car has a mass of 250 kg. During the ride, it is towed to the
top of a 30 m hill, where it is released from rest and allowed to roll. The car plunges down the hill,
then up a 10 m hill and through a loop with a radius of 10 m. Assume that the tracks are
frictionless. (Use g = 10 m/s2.)
a. What is the Potential Energy of the car at the top of the 30 m hill?
GPETop of Hill # m g h
#
# 75000 J
b. What are the Kinetic Energy and the speed of the car at the bottom of the 30 m hill?
GPETop of Hill # ETot # KEBottom of Hill # 75000 J
1
m v2
2
2 KE
2 (75000 J)
#
#
m
250 kg
KEBottom of Hill #
v #
600 m 2 /s 2 # 24 m/s
c. What are the Kinetic Energy and the speed of the car at the top of the 10 m hill?
GPE10 m # m g h #
2 KE
#
m
2 (50000 J)
#
250 kg
400 m 2 /s 2 # 20 m/s
d. If the hill makes an angle of 60o with the horizontal and the car takes 15 seconds to be towed
up the hill, determine the length of the hill, the velocity of the car, the force required to tow the car
up the hill, and the power of the motor pulling the car up the hill.
30 m # L(sin 60o )
30 m
L#
# 34.64 m
sin 60o
F|| # Wt & sin 60o
(2500 N)( sin 60o ) # 2165 N = 2200 N
v#
L 34.64 m
#
# 2.31m/s = 2.3m/s
't
15s
P#
or
P # F v = (m g)(sin 60! )(v)=(250 kg)(10 m/s2 )(sin 60! )(2.31 m/s)
= (2165 N) ! 2.31m/s " # 5001J/s # 5.0 kW