CAD & Simulation

ASSIGNMENT # 2 (BEE 1ABC)

DUE DATE: Monday 28th May 2012
TOTAL POINTS: 30

Noninvertingamplifier
An opamp connected in a closedloop configuration as a noninverting amplifier with a controlled
amountofvoltagegainisshown:

Theinputsignalisappliedtothenoninverting(+)input.Theoutputisappliedbacktotheinverting(
) input through the feedback circuit (closed loop) formed by the input resistor R1 and the feedback
resistor Rf. This creates ve feedback as follows. Resistors R1 and Rf form a voltagedivider circuit,
whichreducesVOandconnectsthereducedvoltageVftotheinvertinginput.Thefeedbackisexpressed
as:

Thedifferenceoftheinputvoltage,Vinandthefeedbackvoltage,VfisthedifferentialinputoftheOp
Amp.ThisdifferentialvoltageisamplifiedbythegainoftheOpAmpandproducesanoutputvoltage
expressedas:

Theclosedloopgainofthenoninvertingamplifieris,thus:

Noticethattheclosedloopgainisindependentofopenloopgainofopampandsetbyselectingvalues
ofR1andRf.Anexpressionfortheinputimpedanceofanoninvertingamplifiercanbewrittenas:

Thisequationshowsthattheinputimpedanceofthenoninvertingamplifierwithvefeedbackismuch
greaterthantheinternaloutputimpedanceoftheOpAmpitself.
TheoutputimpedanceofaNIamplifiercanbewrittenas:

Thisequationshowsthattheoutputimpedanceofnoninvertingamplifierismuchlessthan
theinternaloutputimpedance,ZooftheOpAmp.

NonInvertingAmplifierinSimulink

NonInvertingAmplifierinSimulinkisshowninthefigurebelow:

BlockDescription:

1. SolverConfiguration
Each physical device represented by a connected Simscape block diagram requires global
environment information for simulation. The Solver Configuration block specifies this global
informationandprovidesparametersforthesolverthatyourmodelneedsbeforeyoucanbegin
simulation.

Each topologically distinct Simscape block diagram requires exactly one Solver Configuration
blocktobeconnectedtoit.Youcanfindmoreaboutsolverconfigurationblockinlookinginto
thehelpofSolverConfiguration.

2. OpAmp
TheOpAmpblockmodelsanidealoperationalamplifier(opamp).Ifthevoltageatthepositive
pinisdenotedbyVp,andthevoltageatthenegativepinbyVm,thenanidealopampbehavior
isdefinedbyVp=Vm.Inotherwords,theopampgainisassumedtobeinfinite.Byimplication,
thecurrentfromtheVptotheVmterminaliszero.

3. VoltageSensor
The Voltage Sensor block represents an ideal voltage sensor, that is, a device that converts
voltagemeasuredbetweentwopointsofanelectricalcircuitintoaphysicalsignalproportional
tothevoltage.
Connections+andareelectricalconservingportsthroughwhichthesensorisconnectedto
thecircuit.ConnectionVisaphysicalsignalportthatoutputsthemeasurementresult.

4. PSSimulinkConverter
ThePSSimulinkConverterblockconvertsaphysicalsignalintoaSimulinkoutputsignal.Use
this block to connect outputs of a Physical Network diagram to Simulink scopes or other
Simulinkblocks.
TheOutputsignalunitparameterletsyouspecifythedesiredunitsfortheoutputsignal.These
unitsmustbecommensuratewiththeunitsoftheinputphysicalsignalcomingintotheblock.
TheSimulinkoutputsignalisunitless,butifyouspecifyadesiredoutputunit,theblockapplies
againequaltotheconversionfactorbeforeoutputtingtheSimulinksignal.Forexample,ifthe

inputphysicalsignalcomingintotheblockisdisplacement,inmeters,andyousetOutputsignal
unittomm,theblockmultipliesthevalueoftheinputsignalby10e3beforeoutputtingit.
In the diagram below, the input signal for the PSSimulink Converter block is torque in N*m,
andifyoudonotspecifytheoutputsignalunit,theDisplayblockshowsthevalueof10.Ifyou
changetheOutputsignalunitparametervalueinthePSSimulinkConverterblocktoN*cm,the
torquevalueintheDisplayblockchangesto1000,asshowninthediagram.

SimulationofNonInvertingAmplifier:

A) InvertingAmplifier
Anopampconnectedasaninvertingamplifierwithacontrolledamountofvoltagegainisshownin
figurebelow:

TheinputsignalisappliedthroughaseriesinputresistorR1totheinvertinginput.Also,theoutput
isfed back through Rf to the same input. The noninverting input is grounded. An expression for
theoutputvoltageoftheinvertingamplifieriswrittenas:


Thevesignindicatesinversion.Theclosedloopgainoftheinvertingamplifieris,thus:

The input & output impedances of an inverting amplifier are:

The output impedance of both the noninverting and inverting amplifier configurations is very low;
infact, it is almost zero in practical cases. Because of this near zero output impedance, any load
impedanceconnectedtotheopampoutputcanvarygreatlyandnotchangetheoutputvoltageatall.

InvertingAmplifierinSimulink
InvertingAmplifierinSimulinkisshowninthefigurebelow:

BlockDescription:
1. Resistor
TheResistorblockmodelsalinearresistor,describedwiththefollowingequation:

where
V
Voltage
I
Current
R
Resistance

Connections+andareconservingelectricalportscorrespondingtothepositiveandnegative
terminalsoftheresistor,respectively.Byconvention,thevoltageacrosstheresistorisgivenby
V(+)V(),andthesignofthecurrentispositivewhenflowingthroughthedevicefromthe
positivetothenegativeterminal.Thisconventionensuresthatthepowerabsorbedbya
resistorisalwayspositive.

2. Ground
TheElectricalReferenceblockrepresentsanelectricalground.Electricalconservingportsofall
theblocksthataredirectlyconnectedtogroundmustbeconnectedtoanElectricalReference
block.AmodelwithelectricalelementsmustcontainatleastoneElectricalReferenceblock.

3. ACVoltageSource
TheACVoltageSourceblockrepresentsanidealvoltagesourcethatmaintainssinusoidal
voltageacrossitsoutputterminals,independentofthecurrentflowingthroughthesource.

Theoutputvoltageisdefinedbythefollowingequation:

where
V
Voltage
V0
Peakamplitude
?
Frequency
?
Phaseshift
t
Time

Connections+andareconservingelectricalportscorrespondingtothepositiveandnegative
terminalsofthevoltagesource,respectively.Thecurrentispositiveifitflowsfrompositiveto
negative,andthevoltageacrossthesourceisequaltothedifferencebetweenthevoltageatthe
positiveandthenegativeterminal,V(+)V().

SimulationofInvertingAmplifier:

B) ThreePhaseSystemsandMachines

1. Introduction

Inthissectionyou

Learnhowtosimulateathreephasepowersystemcontainingelectricalmachinesandother
threephasemodels
Performaloadflowstudyandinitializemachinestostartsimulationinsteadystatebyusing
theLoadFlowandMachineInitializationoptionofthePowergui
Simulatethepowersystemandobserveitsdynamicperformancebyusingboththestandard
solutiontechniqueusingacontinuoussolverandthePhasorSolutionmethod

YounowusethreetypesofmachinesoftheElectricalMachineslibrary:simplifiedsynchronous
machine,detailedsynchronousmachine,andasynchronousmachine.Youinterconnectthesemachines
withlinearandnonlinearelementssuchastransformers,loads,andbreakerstostudythetransient
stabilityofanuninterruptiblepowersupplyusingadieselgenerator.

2. ThreePhaseNetworkwithElectricalMachines

Thetwomachinesystemshowninthissinglelinediagramisthissection'smainexample:


Thissystemconsistsofaplant(busB2),simulatedbya1MWresistiveloadandamotorload(ASM)
fedat2400Vfromadistribution25kVnetworkthrougha6MVA,25/2.4kVtransformer,andfroman
emergencysynchronousgenerator/dieselengineunit(SM).
The25kVnetworkismodeledbyasimpleRLequivalentsource(shortcircuitlevel1000MVA,
qualityfactorX/R=10)anda5MWload.Theasynchronousmotorisrated2250HP,2.4kV,andthe
synchronousmachineisrated3.125MVA,2.4kV.

Initially,themotordevelopsamechanicalpowerof2000HPandthedieselgeneratorisinstandby,
deliveringnoactivepower.Thesynchronousmachinethereforeoperatesasasynchronouscondenser
generatingonlythereactivepowerrequiredtoregulatethe2400VbusB2voltageat1.0pu.Att=0.1
s,athreephasetogroundfaultoccursonthe25kVsystem,causingtheopeningofthe25kVcircuit
breakeratt=0.2s,andasuddenincreaseofthegeneratorloading.Duringthetransientperiod
followingthefaultandislandingofthemotorgeneratorsystem,thesynchronousmachineexcitation
systemandthedieselspeedgovernorreacttomaintainthevoltageandspeedataconstantvalue.
ThissystemismodeledinaSimPowerSystemsdemo.OpentheDemoslibraryofpowerliband
doubleclickthedemocalledThreePhaseMachinesandLoadFlow.Asystemnamedpower_machines
opens.
PowerSystemofDieselGeneratorandAsynchronousMotoronDistributionNetwork


TheSynchronousMachine(SM)blockusesstandardparameters,whereastheAsynchronousMachine
(ASM)blockusesSIparameters.
Theotherthreephaseelementssuchastheinductivevoltagesource,theYgrounded/Deltatransformer,
andtheloadsarestandardblocksfromtheElectricalSourceandElementslibrariesofpowerlib.Ifyou
openthedialogboxoftheThreePhaseFaultandThreePhaseBreakerblocks,youseehowtheswitching
timesarespecified.TheMachineMeasurementDemuxblockprovidedintheMachineslibraryisusedto
demuxtheoutputsignalsoftheSMandASMmachines.
TheSMvoltageandspeedoutputsareusedasfeedbackinputstoaSimulinkcontrolsystemthat
containsthedieselengineandgovernorblockaswellasanexcitationblock.Theexcitationsystemisthe
standardblockprovidedintheMachineslibrary.TheSMparametersaswellasthedieselengineand
governormodelsweretakenfromreference[1].

DieselEngineandGovernorSystem

Ifyousimulatethissystemforthefirsttime,younormallydonotknowwhattheinitialconditionsarefor
theSMandASMtostartinsteadystate.

Theseinitialconditionsare

SMblock:Initialvaluesofspeeddeviation(usually0%),rotorangle,magnitudesandphasesof
currentsinstatorwindings,andinitialfieldvoltagerequiredtoobtainthedesiredterminal
voltageunderthespecifiedloadflow
ASMblock:Initialvaluesofslip,rotorangle,magnitudesandphasesofcurrentsinstatorwindings

OpenthedialogboxoftheSynchronousMachineandAsynchronousMachineblocks.Allinitialconditions
shouldbesetat0,exceptfortheinitialSMfieldvoltageandASMslip,whicharesetat1pu.Openthe
threescopesmonitoringtheSMandASMsignalsaswellasthebusB2voltage.Startthesimulationand
observethefirst100msbeforefaultisapplied.
Asthesimulationstarts,notethatthethreeASMcurrentsstartfromzeroandcontainaslowlydecaying
DCcomponent.Themachinespeedstakeamuchlongertimetostabilizebecauseoftheinertiaofthe
motor/loadanddiesel/generatorsystems.Inourexample,theASMevenstartstorotateinthewrong
directionbecausethemotorstartingtorqueislowerthantheappliedloadtorque.Stopthesimulation.

Tofindthismodel,justtypepower_machinesinmatlabcommandwindow.

AssignmentTask:

Task1: Make a NonInverting Amplifier in Simulink with a gain of your NUST

Registration Number. (If your Reg# is 2009NUSTBEE325 then gain should be
325).
Task2: Make an Inverting Amplifier in Simulinkwith a gain of your NUST
Registration Number. (If your Reg# is 2009NUSTBEE325 then gain should be
325).
Task3:ExplainbrieflyeachblockusedinthePowerSystemofDieselGeneratorand
AsynchronousMotoronDistributionNetwork