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QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE/NAME: EC2252- COMMUNICATION THEORY
NAME: D.A.RAJ
DEPT : ECE
DESIGNATION: ASST.PROFESSOR
SEMESTER
: IV
(1Mark)
(C) 75%
(D) 100%
9. If the modulation index of an AM wave is changed from 0 to 1, the transmitted power
(A) increases by 50%
(B) increases by 75%
(C) increases by 100%
(D) remains unaffected
10. A diode detector has a load of 1k shunted by a 10000 pF capacitor. The diode has a
forward resistance of 1. The maximum permissible depth of modulation, so as to avoid
diagonal clipping, with modulating signal frequency of 10 kHz will be
(A) 0.847
(B) 0.628
(C) 0.734
(D) None of the above
11. An AM signal is detected using an envelope detector. The carrier frequency and
modulating signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 kHz respectively. An appropriate value for
the time constant of the envelope detector is.
(A) 500 sec
(B) 20 sec
(C) 0.2 sec
(D) 1 sec
12. For an AM signal, the bandwidth is 10 kHz and the highest frequency component
present is 705 kHz. The carrier frequency used for this AM signal is
(A) 695 kHz
(B) 700 kHz
(C) 705 kHz
(D) 710 kHz
13. In a broadcast transmitter, the RF output is represented as
e(t) = 50[1+0.89cos5000t+0.30sin9000t]cos(6x106t)V. What are the sidebands of the
signals in radians?
(A) 5x103 and 9x103
(B) 5.991x106, 5.995x106, 6.005x106 &
6.009x106
(C) 4x103, 1.4x104
(D) 1x106, 1.1x107, 3x106 and 1.5x107
14. An AM modulator has output x(t) = 40cos400t + 4cos360t + 4cos440t. The
modulation efficiency is
(A) 0.01
(B) 0.02
(C) 0.03
(D) 0.04
15. An AM modulator has output x(t) = Acos400t + Bcos380t + Bcos420t. The carrier
power is 100 W and the efficiency is 40%. The value of A and B are
(A) 14.14, 8.16
(B) 50, 10
(C) 22.36, 13.46
(D) None of the above
16. A super heterodyne receiver is designed to receive transmitted signals between 5 and
10 MHz. High-side tuning is to be used. The tuning range of the local oscillator for IF
frequency 500 kHz would be
(A) 4.5 MHz - 9.5 MHz
(B) 5.5 MHz - 10.5 MHz
(C) 4.5 MHz - 10.5 MHz
(D) None of the above
17. A super heterodyne receiver uses an IF frequency of 455 kHz. The receiver is tuned
to a transmitter having a carrier frequency of 2400 kHz. High-side tuning is to be used.
The image frequency will be
(A) 2855 kHz
(B) 3310 kHz
(C) 1845 kHz
(D) 1490 kHz
18. A super heterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range 550 kHz-1650 kHz,
with the intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. Let R = Cmax denote the required
Cmin
capacitance ratio of the local oscillator and I denote the image frequency (in kHz) of the
incoming signal. If the receiver is tuned to 700 kHz, then
(A) R = 4.41, I = 1600
(B) R = 2.10, I = 1150
(C) R = 3, I = 1600
(D) R = 9, I = 1150
19. Let x(t) be a signal band-limited to 1 kHz. Amplitude modulation is performed to
produce signal g(t) = x(t) sin2000t. The ideal low pass filter has cutoff frequency1 kHz
and pass band gain 2. The y(t) would be
(A) 2y(t)
(B) y(t)
(C) 1/2y(t)
(D) 0
20. In an AM signal the received signal power is 10-10W with a maximum modulating
signal of 5 kHz. The noise spectral density at the receiver input is 10-18W/Hz. If the noise
power is restricted to the message signal bandwidth only, the signals-to-noise ratio at the
input to the receiver is
(A) 43 dB
(B) 66 dB
(C) 56 dB
(D) 33 dB
Answers:
1 2 3
C B A
4
B
5
A
6
A
7
B
8
D
9
A
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B B B B A B B A D A
PART B
(2 Mark)
These modulators are used in high level These modulators are used in low level Modulation.
modulation.
The carrier voltage is very much greater than The modulating signal voltage is very much greater
modulating signal voltage.
than the carrier signal voltage.
35. What are the advantages of DSB-SC and SSB-SC?
DSB-SC:
Suppression of carrier results in economy of power.
It is commonly used in carrier current telephony system, in which one sideband is
filtered out to reduce the width of the channel required for transmission.<strong>
It offers secrecy.
It increases the efficiency because the carrier is suppressed.
SSB-SC
Bandwidth of SSB is half that of DSB-SC AM. Thus twice the number of channels can
be accommodated at a given frequency spectrum.
No carrier is transmitted, hence possibility of interference with other channels are
avoided.
It eliminates the possibility of fading. Fading occurs due to multipath propagation of
electro-magnetic waves.
36. Give the methods of generating SSB-SC-AM. And mention some applications of SSBSC. (Nov-08)
The two methods of generating the SSB-SC waves are
Frequency discrimination or Filter method.
Phase discrimination method.
Applications:
Police Wireless communication.
SSB telegraph system.
Point to point radio telephone communication.
VHF and UHF communication systems.
37. What is image frequency? (May-04)
If some other frequency fsi = fs + 2fi appears at the input of the mixer then it produces
fi at the output of the mixer. This interface with the desired IF since it is same as IF. The
frequency fsi is called image frequency. fo = fs + fi
38. What are the types of AM modulators?
There are two types of AM modulators. They are
Linear modulators
Non-linear modulators
Linear modulators are classified as follows
Transistor modulator
There are three types of transistor modulator.
(i) Collector modulator
(ii) Emitter modulator
(iii) Base modulator
Switching modulators
Non-linear modulators are classified as follows
Square law modulator
Product modulator
Balanced modulator
39. What is the need for modulation?
Needs for modulation:
Ease of transmission
Multiplexing
Reduced noise
Narrow bandwidth
Frequency assignment
Reduce the equipments limitations
40. Compare AM with DSB-SC and SSB-SC.
AM signal
DSB-SC
SSB-SC
Bandwidth=2fm
Bandwidth=2fm
Bandwidth=fm
Contains USB, LSB, carrier
Contains USB,LSB
Contains LSB or USB
More power is required for
Power required is less than
Power required is less than
transmission
that of AM.
AM &DSB-SC
41. What are the types of linear detectors?
Synchronous or coherent detector.
Envelope or non coherent detector.
42. A transmitter supplies 8 Kw to the antenna when modulated. Determine the total
power radiated when modulated to 30%.
ma = 30/100 = 0.3; Pc = 8 kw
Pt = Pc(1+m2/2)
= 8.36 kw
43. Compare low level modulation and high level modulation. (Nov-08)
Low level modulation
High level modulation
Modulation takes place before final stage of Modulation takes place in the final stage of
the transmitter.
the transmitter.
Low power modulating circuit.
High power modulating circuit.
Amplifier following modulator must be No constraint of linear operation on
linear.
amplifiers preceding modulator.
44. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when only carrier is sent. It increases
to 8.93A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the percentage
modulation.
Solution:
Given: Ic =8A It=8.93A
m=0.8
2
Formula:
It=Ic (1+m /2)
8.93=8(1+m2/2)
m=0.701
It=8 (1+0.82/2)
It=9.1A
45. A 1MHz carrier is amplitude modulated by 400Hz modulating signal to a depth of
50%.The modulated carrier power is 1KW.Calculate the power of the unmodulated
signal.
Solution:Pc=1KW, ma=0.5=50%
The increase in power is given by 1.125-1=0.125KW is contained in two side bands.
46. What do you mean by Hilbert transform and inverse Hilbert Transform? Write few
applications of Hilbert transform?
It may be observed that the function xh(t) obtained by providing(-/2) phase shift to
every frequency component present in x(t),actually represents the Hilbert transform of x(t).This
means that xh(t) is the Hilbert transform of x(t) defined as
x ( )
1
d
xh(t) = 1/ x(t)
= 1/
t
t
Few applications of Hilbert transform.
For generation of SSB signals,
For designing of minimum phase type filters,
For representation of band pass signals.
PART C
(16Marks)
47. Explain the generation of AM signals using square law modulator. (May-08)
48. Explain the detection of AM signals using envelope detector.
49. Explain about Balanced modulator to generate DSB-SC signal.
50. Explain about coherent detector to detect SSB-SC signal.
51. Explain the generation of SSB using balanced modulator.
52. Draw the circuit diagram of Ring modulator and explain with its operation?
53. Discus the coherent detection of DSB-SC modulated wave with a block diagram of detector
and Explain.
54. Draw the block diagram for the generation and demodulation of a VSB signal and explain
the principle of operation. (Nov-05)
55. Write short notes on frequency translation and FDM?
56. Explain the VSB modulation with frequency response characteristics. (May-06)
UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION SYSTEMS
Phase and frequency modulation Single tone Narrow band and wideband FM
Transmission bandwidth Generation and demodulation of FM signal.
PART A
57. In frequency division multiplexing each multiplexed signal occupies
(A) the entire transmission bandwidth
(B) a fraction of the transmission bandwidth
(C) a bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of each input signal.
(1Mark)
(D) a bandwidth equal to the summation of all the bandwidth of a the input signal.
58. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis networks are essential in
(A) frequency modulation system
(B) amplitude modulation system
(C) pulse amplitude modulation system
(D) none of the above
59. A pre-emphasis circuit provides extranoise immunity by
(A boosting the base frequencies
(B) amplifying the higher audio frequencies
(C) pre-amplifying the whole audio band
(D) converting the phase modulation to FM
60. If the intermediate frequency is very high
(A) image frequency rejection is very good (B) the local oscillator need not be extremely
stable.
(C) the selectivity will be poor.
(D) tracking will be improved
61. In wideband FM system, the output signal to noise ratio increases
(A) Linearly as the bandwidth
(B) as the square root of the bandwidth
(C) as the square of the bandwidth
(D) as the cube of the bandwidth
62. Time division multiplexing is superior to frequency division multiplexing because
(A) interchannel cross talk is avoided
(B) circuitary required is digital
(C) noise is absent
(D) bandwidth requirement is reduced
63. Audio bandwidth for standard telephone is
(A) 30Hz to 3000Hz
(B) 50Hz to 3400Hz
(C) 300Hz to 3400Hz
(D) 50Hz to 5000Hz
64. The use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in an FM system improves the noise
performance over
(A) the entire frequency range
(B) lower frequency modulation
(C) higher frequency range
(D) medium range of frequency only
65. A voltage to frequency converter circuit would perform
(A) amplitude modulation
(B) frequency modulation
(C) phase modulation
(D) angle modulation
66. Power in an FM signal is dependent on
(A) the amplitude of the carrier
(B) both amplitude and frequency of the carrier
(C) amplitude and frequency of the carrier (D) none of the above
67. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is halved and the
modulating voltage remains constant. The modulation system is
(A) AM
(B) PM
(C) FM
(D) none of the above
68. An FM wave is 100% modulated by 10KHz signal. The bandwidth required is
(A) 170KHz
(B) 20KHz
(C) 7.5KHz
(D) 75KHz
69. The modulator stage in a radio transmitter is normally
(A) Class A
(B) Class B
(C) Class AB
(D) Class C
70. The modulating frequency in frequency modulation is increased from 10KHz to
20KHz the bandwidth
(A) decreases by 20KHz
(B) increases by 20KHz
(C) decreases by 10KHz
(D) increases by 10KHz
71. An FM signal with modulation index is passed through frequency tripler. The wave
in the output of the tripler will have a modulation index of
(A) mf/3
(B) mf
(C) 3 mf
(D) 9 mf
72. A receiver has poor IF selectivity. It will therefore have poor
(A) blocking adjacent channel interference (B) double-spotting
(C) diversity reception
(D) sensitivity
73. A carrier is simultaneously modulated by two sine waves with modulation indices of
0.3 and 0.4; the total modulation index will be
(A) 1
(B) cannot be calculated unless the pulse relations
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.7
74. In commercial FM broadcasting, the maximum frequency deviation is
(A) 75KHz
(B) 200KHz
(C) 5KHz
(D) 15KHz
75. Time division multiplexing is used in
(A) analog circuit
(B) digital circuit
(C) modulation circuit
(D) multiplier circuit
76. The local oscillator of a broadcast receiver is tuned to a frequency higher than the
incoming frequency
(A) to help the image frequency rejection (B) to permit easier tracking
(C) because otherwise an intermediate frequency could not be produced
(D) to all adequate frequency coverage without switching
Answers:
5 5 5
7 8 9
B A B
6
0
D
6
1
C
6
2
D
6
3
C
6
4
C
6
5
B
6
6
A
6
7
C
6
8
A
6
9
B
7
0
B
7
1
C
7
2
A
7
3
C
7
4
D
7
5
B
7
6
D
PART B
(2Mark)
77. Define frequency modulation.
Frequency modulation is defined as the process by which the frequency of the carrier
wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or message
signal.
78. Define modulation index of frequency modulation.
It is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the modulating frequency.
mf = m = KVm /m = d
Phase modulation (PM) and Frequency modulation (FM) are the types of angle
modulation.
83. Write the expression for the spectrum of a single tone FM Signal. [Nov-04]
VFM(t) =Vccos(ct+mfsim mt)
84. Define phase deviation.
The maximum phase deviation of the total angle from the carrier angle is called phase
deviation.
85. What do you mean by Narrow Band and Wide band?
Based on the modulation index FM can be divided into types. They are Narrow band
FM and Wide band FM. If the modulation index is greater than one then it is wide band FM
and if the modulation index is less than one then it is Narrow band FM
86. Compare FM to PM
FM
AM
The FM system having greater Modulation PM system generally uses a smaller
index results in larger band width.
bandwidth because of smaller modulation
index.
In FM, the modulation index is increased In PM, when the modulating frequency is
when the modulating frequency is increased changed, the modulation index in PM
& vice versa.
remains constant.
87. Compare AM to FM
AM
FM
FM system has infinite number of sidebands in
In AM system there are three frequency
addition to a single carrier. Hence its Bandwidth is
components and hence the bandwidth is finite.
infinite.
The amplitude of modulated wave in AM is The amplitude of frequency modulated wave in FM
dependent of modulation index.
is independent of modulation index.
In AM, most of the transmitted Power is wasted In FM, noise is very less.
88. What is the basic difference between an AM signal and a Narrowband FM signal?
In the case of sinusoidal modulation, the basic difference between an AM signal and a
narrowband FM signal is that the algebraic sign of the lower side frequency in the narrow band
FM is reversed.
89. Compare Wideband FM and Narrowband FM. [April-04]
Parameter/Characteristics
Wideband FM
Narrowband FM
Modulation index
Greater than 1
Less than or slightly greater than 1
Maximum Deviation
75KHz
5KHz
Range of Modulating Frequency 30Hz to 15KHz
30 Hz to 3KHz
Maximum Modulation index
5 to 2500
Slightly greater than 1
Large, about 15 times higher Small, approximately same as that
Bandwidth
than BW of narrowband FM
of AM
FM Mobile Communication like
Applications
Entertainment broadcasting
Police wireless, ambulance etc.
90. What are the advantages of Angle Modulation?
Angle modulation has several inherent advantages over Amplitude modulation.
Noise immunity.
Noise performance and signal-to-noise improvement.
Capture effect.
Power utilization and efficiency.
91. What is transmission bandwidth of FM?
For n side bands the bandwidth of FM wave is given by
B.W=2nm radians/sec
B.W=2nfm Hz
92. What are the two methods of producing an FM wave?
Basically there are two methods of producing an FM wave. They are,
i) Direct method
In this method the transmitter originates a wave whose frequency varies as function of the
modulating source. It is used for the generation of NBFM
ii) Indirect method
In this method the transmitter originates a wave whose phase is a function of the modulation.
Normally it is used for the generation of WBFM where WBFM is generated from NBFM
iii)
J n2() = 1
PART C
(16Marks)
100. Explain the indirect method of generation of FM wave and any one method of
demodulating an FM wave. (Nov-06)
101. Derive the expression for the frequency modulated signal. Explain what is meant by
narrowband FM and wideband FM using the expression. (Nov-05 & May-04)
102. Explain any two techniques of demodulation of FM. (16)
103. Explain the working of the reactance tube modulator and drive an expression to show
how the variation of the amplitude of the input signal changes the frequency of the output signal
of the modulator. (16)
104. Discuss the effects of nonlinearities in FM. (8)
105. Discuss in detail FM stereo multiplexing. (8)
106. Draw the frequency spectrum of FM and explain. Explain how Varactor diode can be
used for frequency modulation. (16)
107. Discuss the indirect method of generating a wide-band FM signal. (8)
108. Draw the circuit diagram of Foster-Seeley discriminator and explain its working.(Nov-05
& May-09)
109. Explain the principle of indirect method of generating a wide-band FM signal with a neat
block diagram. (8)
110. Explain the working of balanced slope detector? (May-07)
(C) 56.48
(D) 97.38
115. A system has three stage cascaded amplifier each stage having a power gain of 10 dB
and noise figure of 6dB. The overall noise figure is
(A) 1.38
(B) 6.8
(C) 4.33
(D) 10.43
116. A signal process m(t) is mixed with a channel noise n(t). The power spectral densities
are as follows Sm() = 6/9 + 2, Sn() = 6. The optimum Wiener-Hopf filter is
(A) 2 + 9/ 2 + 10
(B) 1/2 + 10
(C) 2 + 10/2 + 9
(D) None of the above
117. An amplifier has a standard spot noise figure F0 = 6.31 (8.0 dB). The amplifier that
is used to amplify the output of an antenna have antenna temperature of Ta = 180 K. The
effective input noise temperature of this amplifier is
(A) 2520 K
(B) 2120 K
(C) 2710 K
(D) 1540 K
118. An amplifier has a standard spot noise figure F0 = 6.31 (8.0 dB). The amplifier that
is used to amplify the output of an antenna have antenna temperature of Ta = 180 K. The
operating spot noise figure is
(A) 3.2 dB
(B) 6.4 dB
(C) 9.8 dB
(D) 11.9 dB
119. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 200K (first stage), Te2 = 450K and Te3
= 1000K (last stage). If the available power gain of the second stage is 5, what gain must
the first stage have to guarantee an effective input noise temperature of 250 K?
(A) 10
(B) 13
(C) 16
(D) 19
120. An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when driven by a source of
effective noise temperature 225K. The standard spot noise figure of amplifier is
(A) 4 dB
(B) 5 dB
(C) 7 dB
(D) 9 dB
121. An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when driven by a source of
effective noise temperature 225K. If a matched attenuator with a loss of 3.2 dB is placed
between the source and the amplifier's input, what is the operating spot noise figure of
the attenuator amplifier cascade if the attenuator's physical temperature is 290 K?
(A) 9 dB
(B) 10.4 dB
(C) 11.3 dB
(D) 13.3 dB
122. An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when driven by a source of
effective noise temperature 225K. What is the standard spot noise figure of the cascade?
(A) 10.3 dB
(B) 12.2 dB
(C) 14.9 dB
(D) 17.6 dB
123. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 150K (first stage), Te2 = 350K and Te3
= 600K (output stage). Available power gain of the first stage is 10 and overall input
effective noise temperature is 190 K. The available power gain of the second stage is
(A) 12
(B) 14
(C) 16
(D) 18
124. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 150K (first stage), Te2 = 350K and Te3
= 600K (output stage). Available power gain of the first stage is 10 and overall input
effective noise temperature is 190 K. The cascade's standard spot noise figure is
(A) 1.3 dB
(B) 2.2 dB
(C) 4.3 dB
(D) 5.3 dB
125. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 150K (first stage), Te2 = 350K and Te3
= 600K (output stage). Available power gain of the first stage is 10 and overall input
effective noise temperature is 190 K. What is the cascade's operating spot noise figure
when used with a source of noise temperature Ts =50K
(A) 1.34 dB
(B) 3.96 dB
(C) 6.81 dB
(D) None of the above.
126. Three networks are cascaded. Available power gains are G1 = 8, G2 = 6 and G3 = 20.
Respective input effective spot noise temperatures are Te1 = 40K, Te2 = 100K and Te3 =
180K.
(A) 58.33 K
(B) 69.41 K
(C) 83.90 K
(D) 98.39 K
127. Three identical amplifiers, each having a spot effective input noise temperature of
125 K and available power G are cascaded. The overall spot effective input noise
temperature of the cascade is 155 K. The G is
(A) 3
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 9
128. What is the maximum average effective input noise temperature that an amplifier
can have if its average standard noise figure is to not exceed 1.7?
(A) 203 K
(B) 215 K
(C) 235 K
(D) 255 K
129. An amplifier when used with a source of average noise temperature 60 K, has an
average operating noise figure of 5.If the amplifier is sold to engineering public, the noise
figure that would be quoted in a catalog is
(A) 0.46
(B) 0.94
(C) 1.83
(D) 2.93
130. An amplifier when used with a source of average noise temperature 60 K, has an
average operating noise figure of 5. What average operating noise figure results when the
amplifier is used with an antenna of temperature 30 K?
(A) 9.54 dB
(B) 10.96 dB
(C) 11.23 dB
(D) 12.96 dB
Answers:
111 112
A
A
128 129
A
C
113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
B
A
C
B
D
C
B
D
D
B
A
B
C
A
B
130
A
PART B
(2Mark)
(16Marks)
150. Derive the effective noise temperature of a cascade amplifier. Explain how the
various noises are generated in the method of representing them. (May-02)
151. Explain how the various noises are generated and the method of representing them.
152. Write notes on noise temperature and noise figure.
153. Derive the noise figure for cascade stages.
154. What is narrowband noise discuss the properties of the quadrature components of a
narrowband noise. (May-08)
155. What is meant by noise equivalent bandwidth? Illustrate it with a diagram (8)
156. Discuss briefly the characteristics of various noises present in a communication
system and their impact in a typical system. (Nov-06)
157. Discuss the following:
i) Noise equivalent bandwidth
ii) Narrow band noise
iii) Noise temperature
iv) Noise spectral density
159. How sine wave plus noise is represented? Obtain the joint PDF of such noise
component.
UNIT IV PERFORMANCE OF CW MODULATION SYSTEMS
Superheterodyne radio receiver and its characteristic SNR Noise in DSBSC systems
using coherent detection Noise in AM system using envelope detection FM system
FM threshold effect Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM Comparison of
performances.
PART A
(1Mark)
(A) AM
(B) DSB-SC
(C) SSB
(D) PPM
176. Entropy gives
(A) amount of information
(B) rate of information
(C) measure of uncertainity
(D) probability of message
177. A given source will have maximum entropy if the messages produced are
(A) equiprobable
(B) mutually exclusive
(C) statistically independent
(D) none
178. The ideal value of noise figure is
(A) 0
(B) 0 dB
(C)
(D) none of the above
179. The information rate is defined to be
(A) avg no. of bits of information/sec
(B) avg information per message interval
(C) total no. of bits/sec
(D) none of the above
Answer:
160 161
C
C
177 178
A
B
162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
B
D
C
B
D
C
A
B
A
C
B
D
A
C
C
179
B
PART B
(2Mark)
Tuned Radio Frequency is also called straight receiver. Here the receiver operates in
straight forward manner without frequency conversion.
198. What is meant by figure of merit of a receiver? (Nov-06)
The ratio of output signal to noise ratio to channel signal to noise ratio
PART C
(16 Mark)
199. Explain the working of super heterodyne receiver with its parameters.
200. Discuss the noise performance of AM system using envelope detection.
201. Compare the noise performance of AM and FM systems.
202. Calculate the noise power of a DSB-SC system using coherent detection. (Nov-05)
203. Discuss in detail the noise performance in SSB-SC receiver.
204. Explain the significance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM system. (May-04)
205. Derive the noise power spectral density of the FM demodulation and explain its
performance with diagram.
206. a. Draw the block diagram of FM demodulator and explain the effect of noise in detail.
b. Explain the FM threshold effect and capture effect in FM.
207. Describe the characteristics of super heterodyne receiver. (Nov-06)
UNIT V INFORMATION THEORY
Discrete messages and information content Concept of amount of information
Average information Entropy Information rate Source coding to increase average
information per bit Shannon-fano coding Huffman coding Lempel-Ziv (LZ) coding
Shannons theorem Channel capacity Bandwidth S/N trade-off Mutual
information and channel capacity Rate distortion theory Lossy source coding.
PART A
(1Mark)
208. A direct sequence spread binary phase-shift-keying system uses a feedback shift
register of Length 19 for the generation of PN sequence. The system is required to have
an average probability of symbol error due to externally generated interfering signals
that does not exceed 10-5. The Antijam margin is
(A) 47.5 dB
(B) 93.8 dB
(C) 86.9 dB
(D) 12.6 dB
209. A slow FH/MFSK system has the following parameters. Number of bits per MFSK
symbol = 4; Number of MFSK symbol per hop = 5. The processing gain of the system is
(A) 13.4 dB
(B) 37.8 dB
(C) 6 dB
(D) 26 dB
210. A fast FH/MFSK system has the following parameters. Number of bits per MFSK
symbol = 4; Number of pops per MFSK symbol = 4. The processing gain of the system is
(A) 0 dB
(B) 7 dB
(C) 9 dB
(D) 12 dB
211. A rate 1/2 convolution code with dfrec = 10 is used to encode a data sequence
occurring at a rate of 1 kbps. The modulation is binary PSK. The DS spread spectrum
sequence has a chip rate of 10 MHz. The coding gain is
(A) 7 dB
(B) 12 dB
(C) 14 dB
(D) 24 dB
212. A rate 1/2 convolution code with dfrec = 10 is used to encode a data sequence
occurring at a rate of 1 kbps. The modulation is binary PSK. The DS spread spectrum
sequence has a chip rate of 10 MHz. The processing gain is
(A) 14 dB
(B) 37 dB
(C) 58 dB
(D) 104 dB
(A) 23.6 dB
(B) 17.5 dB
(C) 117.4 dB
(D) 109.0 dB
223. An FH binary orthogonal FSK system employs an m = 15stage liner feedback shift
register that generates an ML sequence. Each state of the shift register selects one of L
non over lapping frequency bands in the hopping pattern. The bit rate is 100 bits/s. The
demodulator employs non coherent detection. If the hop rate is one per bit, the hopping
bandwidth for this channel is
(A) 6.5534 MHz
(B) 9.4369 MHz
(C) 2.6943 MHz
(D) None of the above
224. An FH binary orthogonal FSK system employs an m = 15stage liner feedback shift
register that generates an ML sequence. Each state of the shift register selects one of L
non over lapping frequency bands in the hopping pattern. The bit rate is 100 bits/s. The
demodulator employs non coherent detection. Suppose the hop rate is increased to
2hops/bit and the receiver uses square law combining the signal over two hops. The
hopping bandwidth for this channel is
(A) 3.2767 MHz
(B) 13.1068 MHz
(C) 26.2136 MHz
(D) 1.6384 MHz
225. A slow FH binary FSK system with non coherent detection operates at b/Jo = 10,
with hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a bit rate of 10 kbps. The processing gain of this
system is
(A) 23 dB
(B) 43 dB
(C) 43 dB
(D) 53 dB
226. A slow FH binary FSK system with non coherent detection operates at b/Jo = 10,
with hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a bit rate of 10 kbps. If the jammer operates as a
partial band jammer, the bandwidth occupancy for worst case jamming is
(A) 0.4 GHz
(B) 0.6 GHz
(C) 0.7 GHz
(D) 0.9 GHz
227. A slow FH binary FSK system with non coherent detection operates at b/Jo = 10,
with hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a bit rate of 10 kbps. The probability of error for
the worst-case partial band jammer is
(A) 0.2996
(B) 0.1496
(C) 0.0368
(D) 0.0298
Answer:
208 209
A
D
225 226
D
A
210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224
D
A
B
C
D
D
D
C
D
B
A
B
B
A
B
227
C
PART B
(2Mark)
there exists a coding technique such that the output of the source may be transmitted over the
channel with a probability of error in the received message which may made arbitrarily small.
230. What is entropy? (May-04,07 & Nov-06)
The average information per source symbol in a particular interval is called entropy. It
is denoted by H and given as,
M
P k log2(1/Pk)
k 1
3. Continue this process, each time partitioning the sets with as nearly equal
probabilities as possible until further partitioning is not possible.
(16Mark)
246. Explain the significance of the entropy H(X/Y) of a communication system where X
is the transmitter and Y is the receiver.
247. An event has six possible outcomes with probabilities 1/2.1/4,1/8,1/16,1/32,1/32. Find
the entropy of the system.
248. Discuss Source coding theorem, give the advantage and disadvantage of channel
coding in detail, and discuss the data compaction.
249. Explain the properties of entropy and with suitable example, explain the entropy of
binary memory less source.
250. Five symbols of the alphabet of discrete memory less source and their probabilities
are given below. S=[S0,S1,S2,S3]; P[S]=[.4,.2,.2,.1,.1].Encode the symbols using Huffman
coding.
251. Write short notes on Differential entropy, derive the channel capacity theorem and
discuss the implications of the information capacity theorem.
252. What do you mean by binary symmetric channel? Derive channel capacity formula
for symmetric channel.
253. Construct binary optical code for the following probability symbols using Huffman
procedure and calculate entropy of the source, average code Length, efficiency,
redundancy and variance? 0.2, 0.18, 0.12, 0.1, 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06, 0.04.
254. State and prove continuous channel capacity theorem.
255. Encode the following source using Shannon-Fano and Huffman coding procedures.
Compare the results.
X
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
P(X)
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.08
0.12
256. Encode the following source using Shannon-Fano coding
X
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
P(X)
0.4
0.2
0.12
0.08
0.08
X6
0.08
X7
0.04