ART OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Prof. Lathi Karthi

TIST
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OBJECTIVES
Introduction

Materials used in civil engineering

Forces and Effects
Design Process

Important structural properties

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INTRODUCTION
The art of structural design - to ensure the structure
Fit for their purpose

Safety
Economy and durability
Safe fabrication and transport
Handling and erection
Future maintenance, deconstruction

final demolition, recycling and reuse of materials.

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Introduction contd..

Uncertainties affecting
of a structure

the safety

loading
material

strength

structural

dimensions

behaviour

under load

Design

errors
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Introduction contd..
LOADING UNCERTAINTY
Earthquake

WTC attack

Hurricane

tsunami wave
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Introduction contd..
MATERIAL UNCERTAINTY

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Introduction contd..
BEHAVIOUR UNCERTAINTY

Tacoma_Narrows

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Introduction contd..
DESIGN ERROR

Slender sections, eccentricity,

stress concentrations, end constraints

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MATERIALS USED IN CIVIL ENGG.

Stone, Brick, Block Masonry
Metals
Cast Iron
Steel
Aluminum

Concrete
Wood
Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
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FORCES and EFFECTS

Forces induced by gravity
Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure
and attachments
Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants,
vehicles)
Forces induced by wind

Forces induced by earthquakes

Forces induced by rain/snow
Fluid pressures
Others
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Forces and Effects contd..

Arch

Frame

Truss

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Forces and Effects contd..

Sliding

Overturning

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Forces and Effects contd..

Vertical: Gravity

Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

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DESIGN PROCESS
Typical Structural Systems

Arch

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Design Process contd..

Typical Structural Systems contd..

Truss
C

T
Forces in Truss Members
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Design Process contd..

Typical Structural Systems contd..

Frame

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Design Process contd..

Typical Structural Systems contd..

Flat Plate
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Design Process contd..

Typical Structural Systems contd..

Folded Plate
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Design Process contd..

Typical Structural Systems contd..

Shells

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Design Process contd..

Phase 1: Definition of clients needs and

priorities.

Functional requirements

Aesthetic requirements

Budgetary requirements
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Design Process contd..

Phase 2: Development of project concept

Develop possible layouts, choose material for
construction
Approximate analysis for preliminary members
sizes/cost for each arrangement
Select most desirable structural system
Appropriateness
Economy
Maintainability
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Design Process contd..

Phase 3: Design of individual system
1. Stability of System

Efficient structural framing with clear load path

unto foundation
2. Structural Analysis
Establishing member forces, node displacement, mode
of vibration, temperature effect etc
3.

Element Design
Sizing up of Individual member such as slab, beam,
column, tie, brace, trusses etc.

4. Connection Design
Joints between members and supports.
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Design Process contd..

Structural Stability System
Primary Beam, Frame or Truss
Secondary Beam, Frame, or Truss
Horizontal Floor Plate, Diaphragm action or Bracing
system
Vertical Wall/Core or Bracing system

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Design Process contd..

Structural Stability System

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Design Process contd..

Structural Stability System contd..

Sliding

Overturning

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Design Process contd..

Structural Stability System contd..

Racking Failure of Pinned Frame

Braced Frame

Infilled Frame
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Rigid Joints
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Design Process contd..

Structural Analysis and Element Design
Engineering properties of Structural Elements
Strength
Ability to withstand a given stress without failure
Depends on type of material and type of force
(tension or compression)

Compressive Failure
Tensile Failure

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Design Process contd..

Engineering properties of Structural Elements contd..

Stiffness (Rigidity)
Property related to deformation
Stiffer structural elements deform less under
the same applied load

Stiffness depends on type of material (E),

structural shape, and structural configuration
Two main types
Axial stiffness
Bending stiffness
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Design Process contd..

Engineering properties of Structural Elements contd..

Stiff

Stiffer

Stiffest
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