Each, ithe, nether are called Distributive Pronouns because they refer to persons or things one at ‘time For tis reason they are always singular and as suc followed by the verb in the singular. ‘ithe mana the one or the ther of tw. [Nithermens not the one norte other af wo. i the negative of thr Hence either and nether should be used only in speaking of two persons or things. When more than two are spoken of, any, no one, none should be used. 445. The position ofthe pronoun each should be noticed. It may have three positions. 1. Backof the men received a reward. ash ofthese hoes cont five housing rupees Thought eck f thse manecs fr lee rapes 2 These men received each reward “heee hoes ct ach ee thou rapes. 2 These hore ote thousand recs each "ght these mangoes fer three rupees each ‘The third order is usual after a numeral. We do not say, ‘The men received a reward each’; but we say, “The men received five hundred rupees each 146, In the following sentences, each, eltherand neither are used as Adjectives; they are followed by nouns ofthe singular number. ach boy took hist. Nether accusation i tro, ‘At the end was ainubl statue (Here ete eachor both) 187. Study the following sentences, 1. The two men te each cher 2. They cheated one aneter, Ifwe analyse them, they mean— 1. The two men hate, ec hats the othe 2, They cheated one cheated anther. Each and one really belong tothe subject, otherand another are objects. But eachother and one another have become in practice compound pronouns (called Reciprocal Pronouns) and are rarely separated ‘even by @ preposition. Thus we say" “he ethers quareled wich each oer “hey all ave evidence aginst one anther aHIPY/ carter 18: rezarive pronouns 4148. Read the following pairs of sentences. 1. Limet Har Har had jst retuned. 2 ave found the pen loathe en. 5. Here isthe book You lente the Book Let us now combine each ofthe above pairs into one sentence. Thus 1, Tet Har who adjust earned 2. have oundthe pen which ose 5 Heres the ook that yo ent me [Now let us examine the work done by each of the words, whe, which and that ‘The word who is used instead ofthe noun Hart. It therefore, does the work ofa Pronoun,“Tie word win connect to statements tetfore, dot the work of Conjntion “The word who, therefore, does double work—the work of a Pronoun and also the work of a Conjunction. We alight therefore cal ita Conjocive Frou, : Tis however ald Relative Pronoun Benue refeso aes caries sac) to some noun Dlg Bie Ce te ot ar whch ald ts Aaa. Tete pupil show why which and thar ar als Relative Pronouns inthe second ad hin sentences Whats the Anteccct of which the vcd enence? Whatis the Antcedent of that in the thie etenee? © Forms ofthe Relative Pronouns 149, The Relative Pronoun who has diferent forms for Accusative and Genitive Singular and Plural Nominative ‘whe Genitive whose Accusative + ‘wham who This ithe by or gt) who works aed? ‘Ths isthe by or ei whou exer done wel. ‘Thsistheboy (or gd whom hal pabe. ‘hese ace the boys or gs) who work had. ‘hee rth boys or gi) whe eerese ae doe wel, Thee ar the hos or gi) who wh al pre. will be noticed thatthe forms are th same for singular and plural, masculine and feminine. 150, The Relative Pronoun whick has the same form for the Nominative and Accusative cases. ‘Thrithe house whichblogs omy ce The house wich my uncle alk ont hi Re 350.09. 2 “The Relative Pronoun which has no Gehitive Case, but whase is used as a substitute for ‘of which’ ; as, ‘Atriangle whose thre sides ate equals called an equate tinge 151. The Relative Pronoun that has the same form in the Singular and Plural, and inthe Nominative and Accusative It has no Genllive ease He thats content rch “They tha toch pitch willbe defiled “ake ayn ° 152. The Relative Pronoun what is used only inthe Singular, and has the same form inthe Nominative and Accusative. a ‘Whathas happened is ot ea tay what mean efaie in what tempted Use of the Relative Pronouns 153, Ase general rule, whois used for persons ony. Itmay refer to a Singular ora Plual Noun. “he an whoo iste sed ise whos foes work, eprayeth best wholoet est Whoepaces whom in informal EnglishHe wh estate sont “Thay neve El wh dein agra case “They are slaes who dar et be In the ight with oo he ‘Whois sometimes sed in refering to animals Whose (the Possessve form of whe) is used in speaking of persons, animals and also things without life (see § 150); a5, ‘he eun, whore ays give life to the eth, regarded by some people at a go. “hiss the question whose solution has beled philosophers ofall ages. propery, This isthe question the solution of whic har bled philosophers ofl age") ich s used for things without life and for anlmals It may refer to a Singular or Plural Noun. “The moment which ost ot forever. Thebooks which help you mos te those which rake you thik mos. Thehorse whch cently bought isan Arab Which was sometimes formerly used to refer to persons a8, (Our Father, which atin even, Which may aso refer to a sentence : as, ‘he man wa nto be drunk, which wat notte case He saat hes se there, which wa ie He sere, whichis ott, eS ‘To restric, limit, or define more clearly the antecedent; that i, where the clause introduced by a relative pronoun is restrictive or defining ; as, “The an whoa cheated me was yesterday arrested by the plc ‘Tae book which you se on the ale cast me ninety apes. ‘To give some addtional information about the antecedent ; that is, where the clause introduced by & relative pronoun is continuative or non-defining 5 a, ‘The teacher set for the boy, who = nde) came at once ‘My ote who dcr gone fo Anon ‘My bother wh ea den sg Ame. The first sentence implies that the speaker has several brothers, andthe clause who isa dcr tne srishesapartcular oe of them fn the second, the cise doesnot define andthe implication shat the speaker has only one rather 155, Thats used for persons and things Itmay refer to a Singular or Purl Nous (See § 151) That has no genitive case andi is never used witha preposition preceding. Thisisthe boytha tol yoo: Tow th hte he res eyes the ead hr ea cow {vl the wc tht you pre Tie eh aed ara ares {ky thst hlexne beta. He hrs ot whe gn me toy ithe net eth at= J Heaton wo anges eter haa the igh As A The crowd that gathered cheered him to the echo. VRE haar me hn on expe dee? 1 Qe path aia eco (YO Hewat temo cart pear ht ever ead 6 tenet pn ais asd eyeing nes Lies at es limi or define the antecedent 156. Thatmay be used a an adverbial accusative = on which In which at which as, remember the ay tat became ‘nthe doy ha toa este eof hu sat sry. 157, AS the Relative Pronoun that has a restitive Fore it sometimes becomes unsuitable asthe substitute 1 for oho or which Ths Teannot say | [My father that is a schoolmaster is ity years old. . | Trt say iy athe, wo schools fly yas | pur ift happen to have more thn one sister, Lean say ‘My ster hatha een adopted by my uc > 158. The Relative Pronoun that is used in preference to who or shich— (2) After Adjectives inthe Superlative Degree sas, Hewat thet loge sehr thet Lever beard ‘he wert manfred made ‘Danser ar wean. (2) Afterthe words all same, any, none, nothing, (the) only a, ‘As ot ol hare, es th sme man hares een sony desta tay. Twa ot fr sth ae staid pnp. Manthey sal htc ak (9) After the Iterogative Pronouns who what as, Wo tha nw he lot pty her? Whoa at sold oe? ‘hare hat robe yon so ch? Whats there hat dot knw? (@) After two antecedents, one denoting a person and the other denoting an animal or a thing 3s, “The boy and his dog hatha espe thc premises were tne vt 159. Whatrefersto thingsonly. Its used without an antecedent expressed, and is equivalent to that which (orthe thing which. Whar tht wih cane cae te eared {yates hat wc) ea aan wate Whats dene cot be undone. ‘Wht abs one ea ‘Wt sone man's ea another mayne ie carci hed owt ay Weave writen hare wen. efound hare ws ohn fo [willbe noticed thet whats used inthe Nominative and Accusative singular only. 160. In older English, the word as was used as relative pronoun afer sch; a8, Teas sch asangel wry bar fh, These manors se ot ck ong ystedy Beecham acme i Hi Sit Bias Gann‘We have never a such tne asthe preset ‘is answer was suck as expected hi 1 give ‘The word ascan be used as a Relative Pronoun after same; a, Ay troubles he ene yours i). “Tis imo th same at [But] Iplayed with the same at shat you “The same as’ usually means ‘of the same kind’ “The same..that” means ‘one and the same’. ‘The word asis also used as a Relative Pronoun after as followed by an adjective: as, Tolle es many specimens oul find 4161, Inolder English, the word but was used as a relative pronoun after a negative; it often had the force of arelative pronoun. “vere is noe bt wil gre with me. (bu wll pee = who will ot ge) ‘Tere iso Hind but knows the story of the arvana (Tat theres ne Hind whe does not know te) “Thetis man bt wie a ive “Tete sn roe huthas some thorn (bt = which) ‘Tete sete acid but ex end ‘Thee is no man burknows thes things (bt ~ who doesn) twill be seen thet the pronoun but is here equivalent to who..not, which.not Orsisson of the Relative Pronoun 162. The Relative Pronoun is generally omited when it woud be in the accusative cas; 5, Few and short were he prayers * wei ‘contented min the reset sing" aan can ejy in the worl {am monacha" ase enn ep he ngs" ys Thatis used preferably with reference to person. Thus, we tend to say ‘the mecting whick attended yesterday! rather than ‘the meeting that attended yesterday’ But more frequently stl do we say ‘the ‘meeting attended yesterday the Accusative Relative being asa rule oitted altogether’Onions ‘This tendency to omit the Accussative Relative is more marked in the spoken language. Inthe written language its omission is often fl to be undignified. Inthe following examples fom poetry a Relative Pronoun inthe nominative casei omited “Tus dtc lense othe iw" “Thave brother ncondened to e™ /Onrission of the Antecedent 164. In older English, the Antecedent of a Relative Pronoun was sometimes left out; 8, ‘Who works not shal ot xt. = (ie whe works no ball no at ‘Whom the gods love. ie young *= Chose) whom the gods lowe die young, ‘Who steals my purse sel trash Who aug ast laughs best.‘Whos ost all hope as also os al fea. ‘Be good set maid and it who willbe dever ‘Agreement ofthe Relative Pronoun and its Antecedent 168 Aa ip Reine refers to a Noun or Pronoun (called its Antecedent) it must be ofthe same ‘and persénas its Antecedent. [Remember tha the verb shows the number and person ofthe ‘Relative Pronoun.) “he boy who was ny was punished. “he oy ho wean were punished “Lhe am you ig willed ov. Tam the pemon that sto Mame We wo ro your protection, sr rangers here Othow that lade eal! “ou who ar mighty, shouldbe mere You who seek wisdom shoald be hunble, He that not with mee again He ate down, eed fet. He that eto sick mt fal be well “hey who lien pas Bouses sould nt throw stones “They who selon for fats se noting ele. “Tae flomers which row nour pardon art or ale ‘This the ony en of his poems that i worth reading, [Of poems thsi the only on hate worth eding But the case ofthe Relative Pronoun depends upon is relation tothe ver inthe clause in which it occurs Se mew sys et Po yw Ramat bay wot wat See ty tow Ren ccc by oon tee Henlow tered yoo git we rete Lond Postion ofthe Relative Pronoun |166._To prevent ambiguity, the Relative Pronoun should be placed as near as possible to its Antecedent ; as, | [ie bh enti rie in apis the sono my fend Ms |_| Wewould mean something quite diferent if we separate the Relative Pronoun fm its Antecedent and say: “10'/| ‘Teboy isthe sn amy fiend Moshi who won he fst pie. 1" / | Apain such a sentence as “Thave read Gokale's speeches, who was a disciple of Ranade” would be improved ifchanged to “have read the speeches of Gokhale who was a disciple of Remade” So aso the following sentence requires to be rearranged = 1 with ny fail ese in. vig neat Pane which consis fy wi andthe chien ‘Compound Relative Pronouns 167. Pronouns formed by adding ever, oF soeverto who, whickand what are called Compound Relative / Pronouns. They ae: one wo. noe whihee: what, whaboeer ‘These Relatives have no antecedent expresed. Whoscewr(- any and every person who) exatethhimsl sal be abs Whose digeth pt shall l hereln Hic Setoot ENaus Grays