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Moumita Mukherjee
situational factors such as social context, roles and situational pressures are relatively pallid
and dull in comparison with the charisma of the dynamic actor.
It is well known that people tend to accept credit for success and deny responsibility for
failure. More generally, we also tend to attribute our success to internal factors such as
ability, but attribute failure to external factors such as bad luck or task difficulty. This is
known as the self-serving bias.
The self-serving bias also operates at the group level. So we tend to make attributions that
protect the group to which we belong. This is perhaps most clearly demonstrated in what
Pettigrew (1979) called the ultimate attribution error (UAE). By extending the fundamental
attribution error to the group context, Pettigrew demonstrated how the nature of
intergroup relations shapes the attributions that group members make for the same
behaviour by those who are in-group and out-group members. So, prejudicial attitudes and
stereotypes of disliked out-groups lead to derogating attributions, whereas the need for
positive enhancement and protection of the in-group leads to group-serving attributions.
People are therefore more likely to make internal attributions for their groups positive and
socially desirable behaviour, and external attributions for the same positive behaviour
displayed by out-groups. In contrast, negative or socially undesirable in-group behaviour is
usually explained externally, whereas negative out-group behaviour is more frequently
explained internally.