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Analyse A Meter > Tutorials > LED construction, working principle, Types, Bulbs and Advantages

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LED construction, working principle, Types, Bulbs and

Advantages
March 10, 2016

Gupta Himanshi

Led or Light emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits or produces light when an electric current
passes through it. Led lighting can be more versatile, ecient and long lasting as compare to compact uorescent
lightning. In our previous tutorials, we explain diodes, Zener diode, a p-n junction diode in detail. Here we are
going to provide information regarding Leds working, bulbs, construction and its types.
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This type of diode emits narrow bandwidth of visible light or invisible light at dierent colour wavelengths for
remote control. It is preferable because it is small in area and to shape its radiation pattern many optical
components may be used.

Light emitting Diode construction:

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Light emitting diode construction diers from normal standard diode in many aspects. As shown in the gure
above, the p-n junction of LED is enclosed by a transparent, hard plastic epoxy resin hemispherical-shaped shell
or body which protects the Led from shock and vibration. LEDs have two terminals; a cathode and anode i.e.
cathode terminal is identied by either a at spot on the body or notch or by one of the leads shorter than the
other. The domed top of the LED is just like a lens concentrating the amount of light. The epoxy resin shell is
constructed in such a way that the photons of light emitted by the junction are reected away from the substrate
base to which the diode is attached because Led junction does not emit that much light. Due to this, the brightest
light will be emitted at the top of the Led.

Led Working Principle:

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A Led consists of two semiconducting material i.e. p-type material and n-type material. By connecting these two

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types of materials, a p-n junction forms. When p-n junction is forward biased, the majority carriers either
electrons or holes start moving across the junction. As shown in the gure above, the electrons start moving from

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the n region and the holes start moving from the p region. When they moved from their regions they start to
recombine across the depletion region. Free electrons will remain in the conduction band of energy level while
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electrons are more mobile than holes i.e. current conduction due to electrons are more. During the recombination
of electrons and holes, some portion of energy must be dissipated or emitted in the form of heat and light. The
phenomenon into which light emitted from the semiconductor under the inuence of electric eld is known as

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electroluminescence. Always remember that the majority of light is produced from the junction nearer to the ptype region. So diode designing is done in such a way that this area is kept as close to the surface of the device to
ensure that the minimum amount of light is absorbed.

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The electrons dissipate energy in dierent forms depends on the nature of the diode used. Like for silicon and
germanium diodes it dissipates energy in the form of heat and for gallium phosphide (GaP) and gallium arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP) semiconductors, it dissipates energy by emitting photons. For the emission of dierent colours
dierent semiconductors are used like phosphorus for a red light, gallium phosphide for green light and
aluminium indium gallium phosphide for yellow and orange light.

Led Types:
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LEDs are the mostly used component in the electronics industry. It is available in a variety of sizes and shapes.
There are different types of led available in the market as per the user requirement.

(i) Depending on their electrical properties:

The main types of Leds present on the basis of electrical properties are:
(a) AC Driven Leds: Without any need of DC converter these Leds can operate on AC power. Seoul semiconductor
released a high voltage LED namely Acrich MJT, capable of driven from ac power with a simple controlling circuit.
An example of this type of Led is HP-LED has an efficacy of 40 lm/W.
(b) Miniature: Small size Leds are mostly used these days because of its performance speed and good eciency.
For optical communications, ecient lightning, nano lasers researchers have invented a thinnest Led made up of
2D exible material which is 10 to 20 times thinner than 3D Leds. Three main properties of miniature single die
Leds are low current typically rated for 2 mA, the ultra high output of 20mA at approx 2 or 4,5V etc.
(c) High power Leds: These type of leds can be driven at currents from hundred of mA to more than an ampere.
For heat dissipation, high power led must be mounted on a heat sink because if heat from Hp-Led is not removed,
it may cause damage to the device. It can be easily set in an array to form a powerful Led lamp.

(ii) Depending on the material:

Light emitting diodes are current dependent devices depending upon the semiconductor compound i.e. its light
colour and forward biased Led current. By mixing a variety of semiconductor, metal and gas compounds, a large
number of LEDs are obtained. Following are:
Zinc selenide (ZnSe).
Gallium Nitride( GaN)
Gallium Phosphide (GaP)
Silicon Carbide( SiC)
Gallium Arsenide (Ga As)
Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (Ga AsP)

Led Bulbs:
Led bulb is a lightning device uses LEDs to produce light when an electric current passes through it. These bulbs
can work for 50000 hours if run within the specied temperature range. For replacement of 60W incandescent,
these bulbs use 8-11 watts of power. The two most kinds of bulbs are:
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(a) Incandescent Bulb: It is a source of electric light into which filament connected is heated by passing an electric
current. Filament used is made up of tungsten (piece of metal) which got heated and glow the light when electric
current is flows through it. As the metal glows, it gives out a bright white light.
(b) Fluorescent bulb: These bulbs are the energy saving bulbs known as the compact uorescent light bulb.
Inside it, a small amount of mercury is present which got vapourises when electric current passes through it. As
the gas is heated, particles bounce o a phosphorus coating that is applied to the internal section of the bulb
which produces light.

Advantages of LED lights:

Light emitting diodes have a variety of advantages over other light sources. Following of its advantages are:
Easily controlled and programmed.
Large Life span.
High efficiency.
Low radiated heat.
High levels of brightness and intensity.
High reliability.
No UV rays
Low voltage and current requirements.
Less wiring required.
Low maintenance cost.
Instant lightning.
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2 thoughts on LED construction, working principle, Types, Bulbs and

Advantages
Cheryll Sater says:
November 25, 2016 at 11:13 am

I loved it!

Reply

Gupta Himanshi says:

November 29, 2016 at 4:36 am

Thanks. Keep visiting for more information.

Reply

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