Vector Integration - GATE Study

Material in PDF
In the previous article we have seen about the basics of vector calculus. And in these
free GATE Study Notes we will learn about Vector Integration. A vector has both
magnitude and direction whereas a scalar has only magnitude. Let us now see how to
perform certain operations on vectors.
These GATE study material are useful for GATE EE, GATE EC, GATE CS, GATE ME, GATE
CE and all other branches. Also useful for exams such as DRDO, IES, BARC, BSNL, ISRO
etc. You can have these notes downloaded as PDF so that your exam preparation is made
easy and you ace your paper. Before you get started, go through the basics of
Engineering Mathematics.

Recommended Reading
Types of Matrices
Properties of Matrices
Rank of a Matrix & Its Properties
Solution of a System of Linear Equations
Eigen Values & Eigen Vectors
Linear Algebra Revision Test 1
Laplace Transforms
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Mean Value Theorems
Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
Maxima and Minima
Methods of Integration & Standard Integrals
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Vector Calculus

Rules of Vector Integration

Let

d
dt

(t) f(t) = F
(t)dt + c is called vector integration.
[f(t)] = F

b
1. a f(t) dt = F(b) F(a)
b
a
2. a f(t) dt = b f(t) dt
b
c
b
3. a f(t) dt = a f(t) dt + c f(t) dt

Example 1:
1

Find the value of 0 (ti + t 2 j + t 3 k) dt

Solution:
t2

0 (ti + t 2 j + t 3 k) dt = [ 2 i +
1

t3

j +
3

t4

k]
4

= [2] i + 3 j + 4 k
Generally, integrals are classified as line integrals, surface integrals and volume
integrals.

Line Integrals
An integral which is to evaluated along the curve is called line integral
= F1 i + F2 j + F3 k and r = xi + yj + zk
Let F
Consider r = xi + yj + zk then dr = idx + dyj + dzk
cF dr = c[F1 i + F2 j + F3 k] [idx + jdy + kdz]
= c[F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz] where C is open curve
If C is a close curve then F dr is called the circulation then we need to Put x = r cos ,
y = r sin and = 0 to = 2 solve the given integration.
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Example 2:
dr if F = xi yj and c is given by x 2 + y 2 = 4
Find the value of cF

Solution:
dr = F1 dxi + F2 dyj
cF
c
= c(xdx ydy)
Put, x = 2 sin , y = 2 cos
dx = 2 cos d and dy = 2 sin d
2

0 [2 sin (2 cos )d] [2 cos (2 sin )] d

2

0 8 cos sin d = 4 0 sin 2 d

=4

1
2

[cos 2]2
0 = 2[1 1] = 0

cF dr = 0

Note:
If F is force then the total work done by a force is cF dr.
If cF dr = 0 F is called conservative force.

Greens Theorem
If M(x,y) and N (x,y) are continuous and having continuous first order partial
derivatives bounded by a closed curve C then
x

2
2
c(Mdx + Ndy) = x y ( x

M
y

) dydx

Example 3:
Find the value of c(3x + 4y) dx + (2x 2y)dy where C x 2 + y 2 = 4

Solution:
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Here M = 3x + 4y, N = 2x 3y
M
y

=4

=2
N

By Greens theorem R(Mdx + Ndy) = ( x

M
y

) dxdy

= 2 dxdy = (2)(r 2 ) = 8

Multiple Integrals
They are mainly classified as
1. Double Integrals
2. Triple Integrals

1. Double Integrals
R f(x,y) dx dy is called the double integral where R [(x1, x2)(y1, y2)]

Methods to Evaluate Double Integrals

Method 1:
If y1, y2 are functions of x only and x1, x2 are constants then the order of integration is
first integral is with respect to y treating x- as a constant then the remaining
expression integrate with respect to x.
x2 =b y2 =f(x2 )
f(x, y)

1 =a y1 =f(x1 )

R f(x, y)dydx = x

dy dx

Example 4:
1+x2

Find the value of x=0 y=0

dydx
1+x2 +y2

Solution:
1+x2

x=0 y=0
1

= 0

1+x2 +y2

[tan1
1+x2

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dydx

= 0

(1+x2 )
1+x2

[tan1 (1+x2)]
1+x2
] dx

1+x2
0

dx

= 0

1+x2

tan1 (1) dx = 4 [sin h1 (x)]10

= 4 [sin h1 (1) sin h1 (0)]

= 4 [log(1 + 1 + 1)] = 4 log(1 + 2)

Method 2:
If x1, x2 are functions of y only, and y1, y2 are constant then the order of integration is
first w.r.t x treating y as constant and then integrate remaining expression w.r.t. y
y2 =d x2 =(y)
f(x, y)

1 =c x1 =(y)

R f(x, y)dxdy = y

dxdy

Example 5:
1

Find the value of y=0 x=(x + y) dxdy

Solution:
y

1 x2

0 [ 2 + xy]
y3

= [6 +
1

y3
3

1 y2

dy = 0 (

2y2
5

y2

+ y2) ( + y2)

]
0

=6+345
=

10+201524
60

3039
60

9
60

3
20

Area Using Double Integral:

x

Area = dA = R dydx = x 2 y 2 dydx

Example 6:
Find the area bounded between the curves y = x2, y = x

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Solution:

Area = 0 x2 dy. dx
1

x2

x3

= 0 [y]xx2 dx = 0 (x x 2 ) dx = [ 2 3 ] = 2 3 = 6
0

2. Triple Integrals
Triple integral is defined as R f(x, y, z)dxdydz
The order of integration:If z1, z2 are function of x and y and y1, y2 are function of x and x1, x2 are constant the
order of integration is
f(x, y, z). dz dy dx
] ] ]
(1) (2) (3)

x2 =b y2 =f(x) z2 =(x,y)
x =a y =f(x) z =(x,y) [[[
1
1
1

Example 7:
1

Find the value of 0 0 0 xyz dz dy dx

Solution:
1

z2

0 0 0 xyz dz dy dx = 0 0 xy [ 2 ] dy dx = 2 0 0 xy 3 dy dx
0

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4
1 [y ]0
[
x

2 0
4

1
[ x 5
8 0
1

dx]
1

dx] =

[x6 ]0
8(6)

= 48

Surface Integrals
An integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called surface integral.
N
ds
Mathematical formula for surface integral is = s F
where F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
N
= Outward unit normal vector and ds = projection of surface on to the planes
Method To Evaluate Surface Integral:
1. If the surface S is on to XY (Z = 0) plane then
N
ds = x2 y2 F
N
dydx
S F
|
k
x
y
|N
1

= if (x, y, z) = c is given otherwise N

= k.
where N
|
|

2. If the surface S is on to XZ (Y = 0) plane then

N
ds = x2 z2 F
N
dzdx
S F
j |
x
z
|N
1

= if (x, y, z) = c is given otherwise N

= j
where N
|
|
3. If the surface S is on to YZ (X = 0) plane then
N
ds = x2 y2 F
N
dydz
S F
i|
x
y
|N
1

= if (x, y, z) = c is given otherwise N

= i
where N
|
|

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Example 8:
N
ds where F
= zi + xj 3y 2 k and s is the surface of cylinder
The value of sF
x 2 + y 2 = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0, z = 5 is.

Solution:
= x 2 + y 2 16 and

= = i(2x)+j(2y) =
N
2
2
|
|
2x +y

xi+yj
x2 +y2

xi+yj
4

F N
= zx+xy
4
N
ds =
s F
s

x(z+y)
4

ds

x 2 + y 2 = 16 put x = 0 y = 4
i| = x
Let the surface s is projected on to YZ plane, and |N
4
ds = 5 4 x (z + y) dzdy (4)
sF N
z=0 0 4
x
5

z=0 (zy +

y2
2

) dz = 0 (4z + 8)dz = [2z 2 + 8z]50

= 50 + 40 = 90

Stokes Theorem
According to this theorem, let S be the two sided open surface bounded by a closed
curve C and F be differentiable vector function then
dr = (
F
) N
ds
C F
S
It gives relation between line integral and surface integral.

Example 9:
By Stokes theorem the value of r dr where c is x 2 + y 2 = 16, z = 0 is where
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r = xi + yj + zk

Solution:
r) N
ds
r dr = (
i
j
k
r = |x y z| = i(0) + j(0) + k(0) = 0
x
y
z
(ds) = 0
cr dr = (0) N

Volume Integrals
dv is called volume integral and it is given as
The integral V F
x
y
z
= x 2 y 2 z 2(F1 i + F2 j + F3 k) dzdydx
1

x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
= i x 2 y 2 z 2 F1 dzdydx + j x 2 y 2 z 2 F2 dzdydx + k x 2 y 2 z 2 F3 dzdydx
1

Gauss Divergence Theorem

It gives relation between surface integral to volume integral.

Definition:
Let V be the volume bounded by a closed surface S and F be a differentiable vector
function then
N
)ds = (
F) dv
S(F
V
x

= x 2 y 2 z 2 ( x1 +

F2
y

F3
z

) dzdydx

Example 10:
ds where r = xi + yj + zk and S
By Gauss Divergence theorem find the value of sr N
is the surface of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
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Solution:
r = (x) + (y) + (z) = 3
x
y
z
ds = (3) dv
S r N
4

= 3 ( 3 r 3 ) = 4

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