The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

Geohazard and Geological Condition Overview

Bojongkoneng, Bandung, West Java-Indonesia

of

Sekeloa-

Mohamad Sapari D. Hadian1, Fikri Noor Azzy2, and R. Irvan Sophian3

Laboratory Environmental Geology and Hydrogeology, Faculty of Geology,
Padjadjaran University
Sumedang km. 21st KM, 45363, Jatinangor, Indonesia
E-mail: sapari@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Bandung is a densely populated and rapidly growing city, especially in the Northern
Area, with many rivers flowing through it. Infrastructure development if not taken into
account the geo hazard potential of the river can cause disaster to occur resulting in
damages and casualties. The inundation named "Cileuncang Flood" periodically
occurred in the rainy season. Landslide disaster also occurred in 2015 at
Mekarsaluyu, Cimenyan and Bukit Dago Selatan. This study explores the
phenomena that occurred in the region. The research objectives are to: identify
geological conditions contributing to geo hazard, conduct geo hazard assessment in
the area and recommend mitigation activities. Research area ranges from Sekeloa to
Bojongkoneng, where there are three rivers: Cirapohan, Cidurian, and Cilimus. The
research method used mixed method, field observation and desk study (secondary data).
Geospatial data and geological field observation was conducted. Lithology layers
coring well data was used to determine the detailed geological condition and
characteristic. Research results show geological condition that can trigger disaster.
There are some locations, which have disasters in the past, this occurrence is
connected with geological conditions to determine the potential disaster that may occur
in the future. The first site is located on the western part of the Cidurian river consisted
of Cikidang Formation. Geo hazard that occurred in this zone is flood. Second site
is located on the eastern part of the Cidurian river, has the presence of volcanic
eruption product. Geo hazard that can potentially occur in this zone is a landslide. The
city stakeholder needs to conduct structural and nonstructural mitigation activities to
reduce the risks.
Keywords: geological condition, disaster

1. Introduction
Bandung is the capital of West Java has been a thriving city that led to this area
filled with people from outside and inside the city. Bandung total population is
2,483,977 people, composed of 1,260,565 male and 1,223,412 female
[1].Infrastructure development built if not taken into account the geo hazard potential
near the river can cause disaster to occur resulting in damages and casualties. The
disaster potential in Bandung City can be clustered according to locations, namely in

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

the northern, central and southern areas of Bandung City. The study focused on the
analysis of disaster potential in the northern area of Bandung City. There are several
disasters that occurred in the northern Bandung City recently that caused casualties
and material losses, such as landslides, flash floods, and annual inundations are
commonly called "Cileuncang Flood". Landslides have occurred, namely in the area of
Mekarsaluyu and Dago which caused casualties, on the upstream side at Dago Resort
which suffered minor landslides and cracks in the road. The flood caused three houses
damaged by mud which rise up to one meter in area of Awiligar. Cileuncang flood
usually occurs during the rainy season in October-March, these floods occur suddenly
due to torrential rain. Geomorphic hazards [2] must be regarded as a threat to human
life, this is due to the instability of the earths surface features. The threat arises from
landform response to superficial processes, although the initiating processes may
originate at great distances from the surface. It can be stated there is a strong
relationship between disaster and the geological setting of an area as well as the
existence settlements in the area. Human beings as agents of change can cause
instability to the earth. The study area can be identified in the disaster-prone areas
based on geological setting and the previous disasters that have occurred.

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

3. Study Method
Research location areas are where frequent inundation occurred annually at
Northen part of Bandung City. The research area covers Sekeloa on the Western part
and Bojongkoneng on the Eastern part. The study location [3] lies in the
geomorphological area with undulating hills, which occupies the area with an altitude
between 650-1000 meters above sea level and the slopes are between 3-15 degrees.
Lithology at the study site is derived from the lithology of volcanic products
irreducibly that aged early in the Quaternary to late Quaternary and consisted of
volcano breccia, lava, sand tuff and conglomerate derived from Cikidang formation,
Cikapundung formation and intrusive rocks of andesite and basalt. The study used
regional stratigraphy [4] The study area is part of the Bandung basin stratigraphy. The
research location is also a product of young volcanic deposition (QYU) [5]. The rock
units [6] is known as Cibereum formation and Cikidang formation. Detailed formation
in the area around the study site are Cibeureum formation consists of volcanic
breccias and tuff, which has a thickness of 0-180 meters, age Late PlioceneHolocene. The Cikidang formation is composed of volcanic rock conglomerate, coarse
tuff and volcanic breccia, basalt lava flows, old Pleistocene. Kosambi formation or
Lake deposite formation consists of clays tuff, tuffaceous siltstone and tuffaceous sand
which has a thickness of 10-125 m, the last Pleistocene to Holocene. The latter is
Colovium rock as a result of transportation deposit consisted of igneous rocks, sand
tuffaceous and all non-lithification.
The research is conducted in several steps. First, geomorphological and
geological aspect of research area is identified by using remote sensing or geospatial
data and secondary data i.e.: lithology, bore, geological structure, and historical
geology. Based on the identification the entire region of study area can be categorized
and zoned. It is assumed that each zone has similarities i.e.: genesis, composition,
geologic structure, and relief type. Thus, it can be assumed that each zone is divided
based on its geological condition and geo hazard type that have occurred in the past.
Furthermore, there are coring well data from Cigadung area, to find out the rocks type
and depth. The figure 1 describe the research procedure.

Remote
Sensing

Secondary
Data

Primary
Data

Zoning:
Geological condition
Geohazard
type

Identification

Categorization

Figure 1 Research Method Procedures

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

Previous Studies
The inundation simulation for urban drainage study [7] calculated the detailed
inundation zones and depths due to the surcharged water on overland surface. This is
somewhat similar to the current study, in which detailed zonation was conducted.
Another study [8] have found that the urbanized area have an impact on runoff and
will cause flood and inundation in the area. The parameters used are different than this
study, in which the previous study [9] have parameters such as rainfall intensity, landuse type, and soil type. the research is on groundwater pattern and it provides the
historical background secondary data for Dago area. In this current study it can be
depicted the current changes of groundwater pattern from 2000 to 2015.
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Geomorphological and Geological Setting
The research site is at the foot of the mountain and located in the southern
area of Lembang Fault which is currently active. Landform is volcanic hills that
extends from North to South. The river flow patterns is parallel to the hills. Based on
the map of Ujung Berung [10], the research area have three rivers, which are Cidurian,
Cilimus and Ciharalang river. They come together forming the Cidurian River.
Interpretation of topographic maps, imagery SRTM (Shuttle Radar
Topographic Mission), the image of DEM (Digital Elevation Model), and direct
observations in the field are conducted. In general, it is found that study area
topography consisted of denudational and incised valley that extends from Northeast
Southwest direction. Surface elevation is about 709 -1457 meters above sea level. The
Cigadung river and Ciborete river pattern flows from the Northeastern to Southwest
direction, but due to the differences in lithology contact direction flow direction
changed to the East. The change of flow occurred in the elevation between 730-745
meters above sea level. The catchment area has a sub-parallel shape that relatively
flows from the North to the South.
In the Eastern side, Cidurian River is the largest river in the area. It has
varieties of rocks on the Western and Eastern area. Based on observations of
topographic maps, imagery SRTM, DEM, and field observations, geomorphology
units in the study area can be divided into 3 units[11] [12]which are: 1). Old volcanic
product Cikapundung formation unit, 2). Young volcanic product Cikidang Formation
unit,and 3). Lake deposite Kosambi formation unit. Cikapundung formation lithology
consisted of rocks breccia volcanic transformation from several types of rocks. It is
laharic in nature consisted of several material, has high rate of weathering so the rock
dominantly are clay in nature with material in the size of pebble.
Lithology in the area is comprised of coarse sandstone unit from the
Cikidang formation containing pumice and are yellowish brown in color. The rock
units are located in the area include Coblong, Cigadung, Dago Station stretching to the
eastern border of Awiligar and Rancakendal which forms the ridge. In several places
there are laharic breccias which have elongated form stretching far. The rock units are
located in the region of Awiligar up to Bojongkoneng and also borders in the northern
part of the research site. The lake deposit consisted of fine sands, clay and silt found in
rivers around Cigadung and Rancakendal, i.e. Cidurian rivers and Cidurian tributaries.

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

The Breccias laharic derived from rock from volcanic product and lavas contained in
the elongated ridges. Weathering from Cikapundung formation has the thickness of
5-10 m. The weathering can change into impermiable, so the rain water runoff is high.
This is obtained from the double ring infiltrometer 1.2x10-5 cm/sec.

Figure 3 Soil Covering in the Bojongkoneng Road that is the result of

Weathering Cikapundung Formation
Paleosoil is a mark from Cikapundung formation, it is rock weathering
where the top is found a young volcanic product deposite from ancient Tangkuban
Perahu.

Figure 4 Paleosoil Outcrop at Dago Resort Area

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

There are three wells in the research area, which are: well SPR 01 has
elevation of 778 msl, well SPR02 has the elevation 802 msl dan well SPR 03 has
elevation of 808 msl. Based on the drilling data from the wells, it can be found
different characteristics of rocks and environmental facies seen from the
characteristics of each rock layer found in each drill hole. The results of geological
mapping and measurements in the field Cikapundung, Cikidang and Kosambi
Formation is found [13].

Figure 5 Drill Log Cross-section Stratigraphy at Cigadung,

Rancakendal and Bojong Koneng
The rocks in the study area are volcanic rocks that is not decomposed. QPM
V is the result of a volcano that consists of a cross between volcanic breccia and lava.
Deployment in Northern Bandung area is known as Cikapundung formation. Plistocen
Lower Age thickness ranges from 0-350 m, gradation are generally small to moderate.
Groundwater is found in the fracture system and with medium aquifer potential, with
depth of 30 m and lower. The data in the field found groundwater in -80 m from the
surface. Cikidang Formation has the description: volcanic breccia with grain tuff
supported and high degree weathering. The result of drilling Soil SPR_03 shows the
sequence of rocks, tuffaceous clay, sand and gravel with some cobbles, sand and silt
layers, sand and silt (dense) with some cobbles in the groundwater system.
The regional groundwater system includes an extensive non aquifer in the
Cikapundung Formation. This non aquifer varies from about 3 m to over 70 m in
thickness, and hydraulic conductivity ranges from 1.5 x 10-4 - 6.67 x 10-3 cm / sec, at
site (1.2 x 10-5 cm/sec). Lensis system found with the permeability value of 3.5 x 10-3
cm / sec. The water table is shallow, typically varying from about 20-26 m in depth
due to the topography relief formed by undulation on the slope of the sand and tuff

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

fully saturated, weathering Brecia with lower aquifer. The lava is in poor hydraulic
connection with the crinkle crag, forming a single aquifer with anisotropic properties
which forms the base for the groundwater system.
Predominantly sandy tuff volcanic ash (Qpu't) is the result of a young
volcano, Mount Maras, which spread widely in the Western area of research known as
Cikidang formation. Its rock composed of lava basalt, conglomerate, volcanic, rough
tufa and volcanic breccias. Based on permeability testing in the field, it has a value
between compile tufa sand which is brown, fine-grained to coarse and contains
components sized pumice gravel with an angled shape. Pumice tuff being spread in
most area at Cigadung-Rancakendal tufa rock sand was SPR_01 drilling 60 meters
deep and 80 meters SPR_02 indicates that tufa layer thickness ranges between depths
of 30 -70 (wells SPR_01) and 12-60 on the amount of wells SPR_02 permeability
value in both sites range between 8:17 x 10-3 - 4.68 x 10-2 cm / sec.

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

2.2. Geohazard Identification

Geological disaster that have occurred in the past at surrounding area from
Sekeloa to Bojongkoneng were large to minor landslides causing cracks on the
highways, flash floods, annual floods and or local inundation are called Cileuncang
flood by the locals. Large landslides have occurred around Dago area and
Mekarsaluyu resulted in casualties and there are minor landslides causing cracks in the
road. Based on well coring data taken in the Cigadung and Rancakendal area, there are
soil, Paleosoil and fine sand from lacustrine deposite, which are quite thick 15-25
meters below the surface. Soil and sediment thick lake is one of the causes of
landslides, there are dense land use in areas, where landslides have occurred as well as
impacts by the imposition of the highway. In the future, there lies potential for a large
landslide to occur in this region, and also earthquake due to the presence of Lembang
active faults. According to GPS data, the slip rate of Lembang fault is 3 mm/year [14]
Through an empirical magnitude moment relationship with average displacement [15]
shows that moment magnitude 6.3 was used as upper limit for the maximum scenario
during the simulated impact of Lembang fault earthquake in the residential area at
West Bandung Regency, Bandung Regency, Cimahi City, and Bandung City. Due to
this condition there is potential for a large scale landslide to occur triggered by an
earthquake in this region.

Figure 6 Landslide at Padjadjaran University Residential Area in

Cigadung, Bandung City
Based on data from the hydrograph in 2009 showed that the characteristics
of the river in the North of Bandung (Ciborete, Cigadung, Cilimus, Cidurian and
Bojong Koneng showed the same characteristics at the time of order river meets the
Cilencang Flood this is because the capacity of the river is not sufficient due to
differences in infiltration and runoff unbalanced.

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

The disaster that occurred in the areas follows: flood in the river valley
region Cidurian Awiligar in 2007 resulted in three houses submerged in water due to
the construction of golf courses in the resort dago; small avalanche at Resort Dago
area, occurred in 2010, 2012, 2013, and landslides on housing development in the hills
South Dago killed 2 person in 2015 [16].

Recharge (m3/sec)

Precipitation (mm)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0

Preciptitation (mm)

Recharge (m3/sec)

2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
01-Jan

11-Apr

20-Jul

Days

28-Okt

Figure 7 Average of Recharge in Cidurian River vs Precipitation Bandung

2009
The spatial distribution of rainfall is affected by topography height, the
asumption is the higher topography the greater precipitation. Calculations using
formula rainfall potential rainfall infiltrated [(rainfall / rainy day) * 1000].
Interpretation of rainfall infiltration in this region is based on the rainfall data of 2001
and 2008. From the calculation of the amount of rainfall infiltration in 2001 is 25005000 mm / year. The amount of rainfall infiltration in 2008 is 2500-7000 mm / year.
Divisions rainfall based on the annual rainfall with a range of 500 mm / year. The
rainfall data 2009 in the field is 2500mm/ann. From the rainfall of 40mm with debit
recharge of the river about 1300 mm/sec, the Cileuncang Flood occurs.

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

Figure 8 Cileuncang Flood duration 60 minutes with rain intercity of 55 mm in

September 2015
3. Conclusions
The North Eastern region has a value of infiltration between 1.5 x 10-4 - 6.67 x 10-3
cm/sec. The permeability values (1.2 x 10-5 cm / sec) in this area because land cover
is dominated by weathering breccia thickness + - 10 meters (Cikapundung Formation).
The North West area has a value of infiltration 8:17 x 10-3 - 4.68 x 10-2 cm /sec
potentially a recharge area, but it is dominated by buildings (Cikidang Formation).
The effects of runoff that caused the two areas to occur Cileuncing flood in the
Cikutra Barat. This is due to the capacity of the river that is not accommodated
(Formation Kosambi). The difference in permeability caused low absorption of water.
In the Cikidang formation bordering the Cikapundung formation there are many
residential buildings so the land covering in the area have low infiltration capability.
The stream flow 1.300 m3/sec and precipitation at 40 mm also the existing condition
can cause Cileuncang flood to occur. In order to mitigate the potential flood disaster, it
is advised in the catchment area of Cikidang formation should use bio pores and
artificial recharge; develop a drainage channel based on the amount of runoff ratio vs.
infiltration and socialization to the community in the surrounding area about geo
hazards and disaster prevention activities. Further research should be conducted to
determine the catchment area of the Cikapundung formation aquifer.
5.References

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2.Rivard, L.A. (2009). Geological Hazard-Associated Geo Unit: Atlas and Glossary. SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin.
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Desa Sumampir dan sekitarnya Kecamatan Rembang Kabupaten Purbalingga Propinsi Jawa
Tengah, e-journal Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pakuan

The 5th International Symposium on Earth-hazard and Disaster Mitigation

Instituteof Technology Bandung, 19-20 October 2015

4,6,13 Koesoemadinata, R.P., and Hartono, D. (1981),Stratigrafi dan Sedimentasi Daerah

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12. Van Zuidam, R.,A., (1985), Aerial Photo-Interpretation in Terrain Analysis and
Geomorphologic Mapping,SmitH Publisher The Hague, ITC, Netherlands.
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Zonasi, Gempa Indonesia Terpadu untuk Membangun Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat.
15 Wells and Coppersmith (1994) Wells, Donald L. and Kevin J. Coppersmith (1994) New
Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and
Surface Displacement Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp.
974-1002, August 1994.
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