Article

Propagation of torsional wave in a

composite layer overlying an
anisotropic heterogeneous half-space
with initial stress

Journal of Vibration and Control

2015, Vol. 21(10) 19871998
! The Author(s) 2013
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DOI: 10.1177/1077546313505124
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Sudarshan Dhua, Abhishek Kumar Singh and

Amares Chattopadhyay

Abstract
In this paper we have discussed the propagation of torsional wave in a composite layer overlying an anisotropic heterogeneous half space with initial stress. The method of separation of variables is applied to find the dispersion equation.
Numerical results analyzing the dispersion equation are discussed and presented by means of graphs. The effect of
reinforcement, inhomogeneity parameter and the initial stress on the propagation of torsional surface wave is the main
objective in our study. It has been observed that the directional rigidities of the half space have a favoring effect on the
phase velocity, whereas the density and initial stress parameter in the half-space have the adverse effect on the velocity of
torsional surface wave. It is remarkable to quote that reinforcement prevails in the medium, the phase velocity increases
significantly.

Keywords
Anisotropic, composite layer, heterogeneous half-space, initial stress, torsional wave

1. Introduction
Recently, ber-reinforced composite materials have
attracted attention as new structural materials.
Reinforced composites are widely utilized in a number
of elds, such as aviation, space, construction, medical
service, and the sports and leisure elds. It also has
great importance in geomechanics. For a composite
to be used as a structural material, the mechanical
impact characteristics are very important. The characteristic property of a self-reinforced material is that its
components act together as a single anisotropic unit as
long as they remain in an elastic condition (i.e. the two
components are bound together so that there is no relative displacement between them). Self-reinforced materials are a family of composite materials, where the
polymer bers are reinforced by highly oriented polymer bers, derived from the same ber. Alumina or
concrete in which bridging action develops by gains
or aggregates is self-reinforced material. Under certain
temperature and pressure some ber materials may also
be modied to self-reinforced materials by reinforcing a

matrix material of the same ber. In real life the bers

might be carbon, nylon, or conceivably metal whiskers.
A study of the eect of inhomogeneity on the propagation of surface waves provides an interesting eld for
the application of mathematical technique and in addition is of practical importance to seismologists because
in any realistic model of the Earth there is a continuous
change in the elastic properties of the material in the
vertical direction giving rise to inhomogeneity.
As variations in the physical and chemical properties
of matter are generally associated with its dynamic
behavior, the study of the nature of elastic wave propagation within the Earths interior is an important

Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian School of Mines, Jharkhand,

India
Received: 29 May 2013; accepted: 14 August 2013
Corresponding author:
Sudarshan Dhua, Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian School of
Mines, Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
Email: dhuasudarshan@gmail.com

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1988

Journal of Vibration and Control 21(10)

approach to this end. The stresses which exist in an

elastic body even though external forces are absent
are termed as initial stresses and the body is said to
be initially stressed. These stresses might exert signicant inuence on the elastic waves produced by earthquakes, explorations or impacts. These stresses have a
pronounced inuence on the propagation of waves as
shown by Biot (1940). Biot showed that the acoustic
wave propagation under initial stress was fundamentally dierent from the stress-free case and could not
be represented by simply introducing it into the classical theory and the stress dependent elastic coecients.
In his treatment he considered the uid as a particular
case of an elastic medium under initial stress with zero
rigidity. A detailed discussion based on this viewpoint is
found in some of his remarkable papers (Biot, 1962,
1956a,b,). Several authors have employed the theory
of incremental deformation formulated by Biot (1965)
to study the propagation of surface waves in prestressed elastic solids. The equations for an incompressible solid under hydrostatic pressure have been derived
by Love (1927).
Our globe is a spherical body with nite dimensions
and the elastic waves generated must receive the eect
of the boundaries. Naturally, this concept leads us to
the investigation of boundary waves or surface waves,
i.e. the waves which are conned to some surface
during their propagation. One such type of surface
wave is available in an inhomogeneous Earth known
as a torsional surface wave. This is a wave with amplitudes decaying exponentially with distance from the
free surface. These waves are horizontally polarized
but give a twist to the medium when it propagates.
Although much information is available on the propagation of surface waves such as Rayleigh waves, Love
waves and Stoneley waves etc., the torsional wave has
not received much attention and very little literature is
available on the propagation of this wave. Lord
Rayleigh (1885) showed that the isotropic homogeneous elastic half space does not allow a torsional
wave to propagate. Meissner (1921) has shown that in
an inhomogeneous elastic half-space with a quadratic
variation of shear modulus and density varying linearly
with depth, the torsional surface waves do exist.
Vardoulakis (1984) has studied torsional surface
waves propagating in Gibsons half-space where the
shear modulus varies linearly with depth but the density
remains constant. Georgiadis et al. (2000) have demonstrated that torsional surface waves do exist in a gradient elastic half-space. Also a large number of paper on
torsional wave propagation has been published in different journals, including the works of Selim (2007),
Dey and Dutta (1992), Dey et al. (1993),
Bhattacharya (1975) and Chattopadhyay et al. (2011).
Recently propagation of torsional surface waves in an

initially stressed heterogeneous anisotropic half-space

has been studied by Chattopadhyay et al. (2013a).
The idea of introducing a continuous reinforcement
at every point of an elastic solid was given by Beleld
et al. (1983). Spencer (1974) pointed out that materials
such as resins, reinforced by strong aligned bers, exhibit highly anisotropic elastic behavior in a certain sense.
Later Verma and Rana (1983) applied this model to the
rotation of tube, illustrating its utility in strengthening
the lateral surface of the tube. Verma (1986) discussed
the propagation of magnetoelastic shear waves in selfreinforced bodies. Also, the problem of magnetoelastic
transverse surface waves in self-reinforced elastic solids
was studied by Verma et al. (1988). Chattopadhyay and
Chaudhury (1990, 1995) studied the propagation of
shear waves in self-reinforced medium. Chaudhary
et al. (2005) have discussed the transmission of shear
waves through a self-reinforced layer between two
inhomogeneous elastic half-spaces. A study on torsional waves in ber-reinforced composite material
has been done by Bao et al. (2006). Xu (2007) studied
earthquake mitigation on viscoelastic dampers for reinforced concrete structures. Chattopadhyay et al. (2009)
discussed the propagation of torsional surface waves in
a semi-innite self-reinforced solid cylindrical rod. The
propagation of plane waves in ber-reinforced, anisotropic thermoelastic half-space under hydrostatic initial
stress is discussed by Abbas and Othman (2012).
Torsional surface wave propagation in a self-reinforced
medium over a heterogeneous half space has been studied by Chattopadhyay et al. (2012). Recently
Chattopadhyay et al. (2013b) discussed the dispersion
of horizontally polarized shear waves in an irregular
non-homogeneous self-reinforced crustal layer over a
semi-innite self-reinforced medium. Chattopadhyay
and Singh (2012) also investigate the propagation of
crack due to horizontally polarized shear waves in a
magnetoelastic self-reinforced medium. Self-reinforced
material has now become a commonly used material in
modern day construction work and heterogeneity prevails practically in such material. These facts, therefore,
provide the motivation for the current problem.
The present paper deals with the study of the propagation of a torsional surface wave in a composite layer
lying over an initially stressed heterogeneous half space.
The dispersion equation of torsional surface waves
under these conditions has been derived. Also, the
numerical computation of dispersion equation has
been performed to show the eect of reinforcement,
initial stresses, density and rigidity on the propagation
of torsional surface waves. It has been found that as
reinforcement and tensile initial stress increases, the velocity of torsional surface wave increases whereas the
velocity of torsional surface wave decreases with an
increase of compressive initial stresses. The directional

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Dhua et al.

1989

rigidities in the half space increases the phase velocity

of torsional wave remarkably whereas the density parameter has the reverse eect on it.

2. Formulation and solution for layer

This paper has considered a composite (self-reinforced)
layer of thickness h, which corresponds to the idealized
material reinforced by a single family of bers. The
composite layer lies over a non-homogeneous semiinnite half-space. The cylindrical coordinate system
has been considered in such a way that axis r is in the
direction of wave propagation and axis z is taken
positive downward. The constitutive equation for a
self-reinforced linear elastic material with preferred direction a~ (Spencer, 1974) is


ij ekk ij 2T eij  ak am ekm ij ekk ai aj


2L  T ai ak ekj aj ak eki
ak am ekm ai aj

i, j, k, m 1, 2, 3

of our choice. The bers initially lie in the surface for

some constant value of , and are inclined at an angle
to the r axis. So the components of vector a~ in the
cylindrical polar coordinate system are a~
sin , 0, cos : Thus a1 , a2 , a3 denote the components
of a~ and have values sin , 0, cos .
Now for the propagation of torsional surface wave
in a radial direction and causing displacement in an
azimuthal direction only, we have the following displacement components:
ur 0,

where ij are components of stress, eij components of

innitesimal strain, ij Kronecker delta, ai components
of a~, all referred to rectangular cartesian co-ordinates
xi . a~ a1 , a2 , a3 is the preferred direction of reinforcement such that a21 a22 a23 1. The vector a~ may be a
function of position. Indices take the values 1, 2, 3 and
summation convention is employed. , , , L , T are
elastic constants with dimension of stress. T can be
identied as the shear modulus in transverse shear,
across the preferred direction and L as the shear
modulus in longitudinal shear, in the preferred direction. In equation (1) the unit vector a~ a1 , a2 , a3 gives
the orientation of the family of bers in axial (z), azimuthal () and radial (r) directions respectively. On
setting the component a2 0, we get the orientation

u vr, z, t

which gives
err 0,
2ez

uz 0,

@v
,
@z

e 0,
2er

ezz 0,
@v v

@r r

ezr 0,
3

Using equations (2) and (3) in (1) we get the following

non-zero stress components (cf. Chattopadhyay et al.,
2009):
z R



@v
@v v
Q

and
@z
@r r



@v v
@v

r S
Q
@r r
@z
4

where,
S T L  T a21 ,
Q L  T a1 a3 ,

R T L  T a23 :
Hence by the characteristic of torsional surface wave,
we have the only non-vanishing equation of motion

Figure 1. Geometry of the problem.

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1990

Journal of Vibration and Control 21(10)

without body force as

@
@
2
@2 v
r z r 2
@r
@z
r
@t
Now equations (4) and (6) together give
S

N, L are the rigidities along the r and z direction; P,

are the initial compressive stress along r direction and
density of the medium, respectively; 1 , 1 ,
1 , 1 are
the constants with dimension inverse of the length.
For the anisotropic elastic medium under initial
stress, the stresses are related to strain by

@2 v
@2 v
@2 v S @v Q @v S
@2 v

2Q

:
@r2
@r@z
@z2 r @r r @z r2
@t2
7

r 2Ner ,

z 2Lez ;

where
A harmonic wave along radial direction may be considered of the form
v VzJ1 krei!t

er

 
1 @v
2 @z

13

The only non-vanishing equation of motion of torsional surface for half space under initial compressive
stress is
@r @z 2
@
@2 v

r  Pez 2
r
@z
@t
@r
@z

dV
dV
FV 0
E
dz2
dz

2Qk J01 kr Q
and

RJ1 kr
Rr
Sk2 J001 kr SkJ01 kr !2
S
F

 2:
RJ1 kr
RrJ1 kr
Rr
R

 2



@ v 1 @v v
@
@v
@2 v
 2
G
N

2
2
@r
r @r r
@z
@z
@t

where

The solution of equation (9) is


p
p 
V eEz=2 D1 sin Mz D2 cos Mz :


p
p 
v v0 say eEz=2 D1 sin MzD2 cos Mz J1 Krei!t
11
are

v VzJ1 krei!t
where, k is the wave number, J1 kr is the Bessels function of the rst order and of the rst kind and V(z) is
the solution of

d2 V 1 dG dV 1  2

!  Nk2 Vz 0:

2
dz
G dz dz G

3. Formulation and solution for

half space
Consider a heterogeneous anisotropic half space with
initial stress. The inhomogeneity has been considered in
rigidity, density and compressive initial stress in the
following manner:
L L1 1 1 z,

P
:
2

The solution of equation (15), keeping in mind that the

wave propagates along the radial direction with amplitude and displacement as a function of depth, may be
taken as

Hence the solution of the upper composite layer is

and 1 1 1 z,

15

10
GL

where M F  E2 =4 and M, E, F, D1 , D2
constants.

14

Using the above relations (13) in equation (14) takes

the form

where

P P1 1
1 z

ez

where k is the wave number, c is torsional wave velocity, ! kC is circular frequency and J1 is the
Bessels function of rst order and rst kind.
Equation (7) with the help of equation (8) becomes

N N1 1 1 z,



1 @v v
 ,
2 @r r

12

16

Substituting Vz Vp1 Gz , above reduces to

 

d2 V1 V1 d2 G 1 V1 dG 2 k2 N
C2
1



V1 0:
G
N
dz2
2G dz2 4 G2 dz
17
where C !k is the velocity of the torsional surface
wave.

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Dhua et al.

1991

Using equation (12) in equation (17) gives

Expanding the Whittaker function up to linear term,

equation (22) takes the form

2
d2 V1
1 2
2 1 1 z C 1 1 z


 K1
V1 0
4 1 z2
1 z C21 1 z
dz2
18

where C1

p
N1 = 1 is the velocity of shear wave,



k2 N1
P1

, G1 L1 
,
G1
2


1  P01
1
P1

:
and P01
 
0
2L1
1  P1

4. Boundary condition and dispersion

equation

K21

The boundary conditions are:

Substituting V1 z  in equation (18), where

1
 2K
 1 z, gives
00 

1
T 1


 0
42  4

1=2
D3 J1 krei!t K 1 1z 2K1

e
vz v1 say p

G1 1 z1=2




K1
2K1
 1
1 z  T
1 z
22a



19

(i) Stress of layer (z ) vanishes at z h,

(ii) Displacements are continuous at the interface (i.e.
v0 v1 at z 0),
(iii) Stresses are continuous at the interface (i.e.
z L @v@z1 at z 0).
From the boundary condition (i) we have,

where

K1
2



1=2
C2
1
C2
2


1




and


1
1

C21
C21

are dimensionless quantities.

Equation (19) is Whittakers equation (Whittaker
and Watson, 1991), so the solution of this equation is
given by
 D3 WT,0  D4 WT,0 

20

where D3 and D4 are arbitrary constants and WT,0  is

the Whittaker function.
The solution of equation (19) satisfying the condition that limz!1 Vz ! 0 i.e. lim!1  ! 0, may
be taken as
 D3 WT,0 :

21

Hence the appropriate solution is

h
i
1
D3 WT,0 2K
 1 z
Vz
p
G1 1 z1=2 :
The solution of the half space may be written as
h
i
1
D3 WT,0 2K
 1 z
vz v1 say
J1 krei!t : 22
p
G1 1 z1=2

2 
3
p
p
p
E
M cos Mh sin Mh 7
6R
2
6
7
 0

D1 6
7
p
4
5
J1 kr 1
Q k

sin Mh
J1 kr r
2 
3
p
p
p
E
M sin Mh  cos Mh 7
6R
2
7
6
 0

0: 23
D2 6
p 7
5
4
J1 kr 1
Q k

cos Mh
J1 kr r
Boundary condition (ii) gives



D3 2K1 1=2 K1 =
K1
D2 p
1  2T : 24
e
1


G1
From the boundary condition (iii) we have


 0


h pi
E
J kr 1
D1 R M D2 R 

Q k 1
2
J1 kr r
"


12 
L1 K1 K1 = 2K1
K1
1  2T
D3 p e
1


G1
(
)#
1  2T

1
25
1 K 1 1  2T
Eliminating D1 , D2 and D3 from equations (23)(25),
nally we get
p
 p
K1 AL1 Rk M1
tan kh M1 3Q 3Q

2 2
2r 2r  K1 AL1 R k M1

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26

1992

Journal of Vibration and Control 21(10)

where

heterogeneous anisotropic half space without initial

stress.
A1

1  2T
1 K 1 1  2T

5.3. Case 3

and


SJ001 kr
SJ01 kr
C2
S
M1

 2 2
RJ1 kr RkrJ1 kr
Rk r
R


1 2QJ01 kr
Q 2


:
4 RJ1 kr Rkr

When L T , N L, P ! 0 and  ! 0 i.e. the

upper layer is isotropic and the half space is homogeneous and free from initial stress then equation (26)
takes the form


1=2
h 
1=2 i N1 1  C2 =C21
tan kh C2 =C20  1

1=2
T C2 =C20  1

Equation (26) is the dispersion equation of torsional surface waves in a composite layer overlying
a heterogeneous anisotropic half space with initial
stress.

29

which is the well known Love wave equation in an isotropic homogeneous layer lying over an isotropic
homogeneous half space.

6. Numerical calculations and

discussions

5. Case studies
5.1. Case 1
When L T , i.e. the upper layer is isotropic, then by
equation (26) we get
h 
1=2 i
tan kh C2 =C20  1

K1 AL1

1=2
T k C2 =C20  1

27

where C20  T :
Equation (27) is the dispersion equation of a torsional surface wave in an isotropic layer lying over a
heterogeneous anisotropic half space with initial stress.

Up to now, the closed form expression for phase velocity of torsional surface waves has been obtained in a
composite layer over a heterogeneous semi innite
anisotropic medium under initial stress. In this section,
the numerical calculations of phase velocities have been
computed from equation (26) for the dierent values
of inhomogeneity parameters, initial stress and
reinforcement.
For numerical calculation we used the following
data:
(i) For self-reinforced layer (Hool and Kinne, 1924)

5.2. Case 2

L 7:07  109 N=m2 ,

When L T and P ! 0, i.e. the upper layer is isotropic and the half space is stress-free then equation
(26) becomes
h 
1=2 i
tan kh C2 =C20  1

1
1

1=2 p
2 
1
C
A1 N1 L1
2
C1 1
28

1=2
T C2 =C20  1

where

T 3:5  109 N=m2 ,

1600 Kg=m3
where L the compressive stress in steel and
T the unit tensile stress in steel.
(ii) For the heterogeneous half space (for anisotropic
sandstone) (Chattopadhyay et al., 2013a)
L1 7:5  109 N=m2 ,

N1 6  109 N=m2 ,

1 3364 Kg=m3 :
A1 1 

1  2T1
12 q
2

1
k
1 11  C
C21 1 1
 2
 

1
C
C2 1

1


2
2
1
C
C1 1
2T1 1
12 q
2
1
L1
C 1 1
1  C2 1
k
N1

N1
L1 1

Moreover the following data are also used

 2T1

which is the dispersion equation of torsional surface

wave in an isotropic homogeneous layer lying over a

300 ,

kr 5:

The eects of reinforcement, dierent inhomogeneity parameters and initial stress on the propagation
of torsional surface wave in a self-reinforced layer
lying over a heterogeneous half space have been presented by means of graphs. The gures represent the

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Dhua et al.

1993

3
1

P1=0.0

P1=0.3

P1=0.6

2.5

1
C/C

2
3
2

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
kh

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Figure 2. Dispersion curves in the presence of compressive initial stress (P10 > 0).

variation of non-dimensional phase velocity (C=C0 )

with respect to dimensionless wave number (kh) for different values of inhomogeneity parameters. In these gures we have seen that values of non-dimensional phase
velocity (C=C0 ) decreases with the increase in dimensionless wave number (kh).
Figure 2 shows the eect of the compressive initial
stress (P01 4 0) in the non-homogeneous half space on
the phase velocity on a torsional surface wave. In
Figure 2 we have plotted dierent curves for dierent
values of compressive initial stress and it has been
observed that as P01 increases, the velocity of torsional
surface wave decreases for the same frequency. It has
also been observed that the velocity of the torsional
surface wave decreases monotonically with the increase
of dimensionless wave number. Curve 1 corresponds to
the case without initial stress. It also has been found
that in the absence of initial stress the velocity of the
torsional surface wave is minimum. In this gure the
value of 1 h, 1 h,
1 h and 1 h has been taken 0.01.
Figure 3 reects the eect of tensile initial stresses
(P01 5 0) in the half space when the other inhomogeneity parameters are considered xed (the same as
Figure 2). The curves show that the tensile initial stresses in the half space remarkably increases the phase
velocity of torsional surface waves.
Figures 4 and 5 describe the eect of the directional
rigidities in the non-homogeneous half space with initial compressive stress on the phase velocity on torsional wave. In both Figures 4 and 5, the values of
P01 ,
1 h and 1 h have been taken as 0.4, 0.01 and 0.01

respectively. In Figure 4 the value of 1 h has been taken

as 0.01 and in Figure 5 the value of 1 h has been taken
as 0.01. The gures show that as the values of the directional rigidity parameters increase, the velocity of torsional surface wave increases for a xed wave number.
It has also been noticed that the rigidity parameter
along z direction in the half space has more eect compared with the other directional rigidity.
Figure 6 shows the eect of the
1 h on the propagation of torsional surface wave when the other parameters have been taken as xed (0.01) and the value of P01
is 0.04. It has been noted that
1 h has the same eect as
that found in Figure 2.
Figure 7 manifests the eect of density in the nonhomogeneous half space. In this gure the values of
1 h, 1 h,
1 h are taken as 0.01 and the value of P01 is
0.04. From the gure it has been found that the density
parameter decreases the phase velocity remarkably for
xed wave number.
Finally, Figure 8 represents the eect of reinforcement on the propagation of torsional surface wave. In
this gure the values of 1 h, 1 h,
1 h 1 h and P01 have
been taken as 0.1, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.4 respectively.
The values of L =T for curve 1, curve 2 and curve 3
have been taken as 1 (for homogeneous case), 2.02 (for
steel) and 2.30 (for carbon ber-epoxy resin) respectively. The comparative study of these curves reveals
that the presence of reinforcement in the layer increases
the phase velocity signicantly and when the reinforcement increases the phase velocity of the torsional surface wave also increases.

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1994

Journal of Vibration and Control 21(10)

3
P = 0.0
1

P = 0.3

P = 0.6
1

3
2.5

C/C0

2
1

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
kh

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Figure 3. Dispersion curves in the presence of tensile initial stress (P10 < 0).

3
1

h = 0.010

h = 0.015

1h = 0.020

1
1

C/C

2.5

3
2
1
2

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
kh

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Figure 4. Effect of directional rigidity (N, along radial direction) of the half space on the dispersion curves.

7. Conclusions
An analytical approach is used to investigate the propagation of torsional surface wave in a composite layer
lying over an anisotropic heterogeneous semi-innite

medium under initial stress. The analytical solution of

dispersion relations are found in closed form for dierent cases. The dispersion equation obtained is in agreement with the classical result of Love wave when the
reinforcement of the upper layer and the initial stresses,

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Dhua et al.

1995

3
1

h=0.010

h=0.012

h=0.014

1
1
1

C/C

2.5

3
2
1
2

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
kh

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Figure 5. Effect of directional rigidity (L, along z direction) of the half space on the dispersion curves.

3
1

h=0.010

1h=0.012

h=0.014

C/C

2.5

1
2
3
2

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
kh

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Figure 6. Effect of g1 on the propagation of torsional surface wave.

inhomogeneity parameters and anisotropy in the half

space are neglected. Whether the initial stresses have a
pronounced inuence on the propagation of torsional
surface waves has been investigated. It has also been
found that in the anisotropic non-homogeneous half-

space as compressive initial stress parameter increases

the velocity of torsional surface waves decreases for the
same frequency whereas the tensile initial stress gives
the reverse eect. The eect of density and directional
rigidities on the propagation of torsional surface waves

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1996

Journal of Vibration and Control 21(10)

3
1

h=0.010

h=0.012

h=0.014

1
1
1

C/C

2.5

1
2

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
kh

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Figure 7. Effect of density of the half space on the dispersion curves.

3.5
1

/ =1.00

L/T=2.02

/ =2.30

3
3
C/C

2
2.5

1.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
kh

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure 8. Effect of reinforcement of the layer on the dispersion curves.

is signicant. We have identied that as the value of the

density parameter increases, the velocity of torsional
surface wave also decreases and as the value of directional rigidity parameters increase, the velocity of torsional surface wave increases. Also we have concluded

that as the reinforcement increases in the layer, the

phase velocity also increases. As we know that the reinforced materials (viz. reinforced cement concrete) are
basic building materials in modern times, so this
study may provide valuable information about the

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Dhua et al.

1997

selection of proper structural materials for present day

construction work.
Acknowledgements
The authors convey their sincere thanks to the Indian School
of Mines, Dhanbad, for providing fellowships to Sudarshan
Dhua, and also providing us with their best facilities. The
authors also acknowledge their thanks to UGC for providing
nancial support and are thankful to the referees for their
valuable comments.

Funding
This work was supported by UGC, New Delhi (through a
start-up grant for the project entitled Mathematical
Modeling of Seismic Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous
Anisotropic Elastic Layered Media).

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