1) A) Meaning of the term work related upper limb disorder

It is a condition in which repetitive movements are associated with

chronic incapacitating forearm pain and disability and more
specifically to occupational causation of arm pain.
B) Explain why a checkout operator may be at risk of developing a
WRULD
A checkout operator is a person who work in a mall, shopping centre
or supermarket as a cashier. The checkout operator may be at risk
of developing a WRULD since they have to work in a standing or a
sitting position for a longer duration. Employees are scanning and
bagging the items which they receive. Its a repetitive work which
will result WRULD.
The design and type of workstation will also result in WRULD and
also the size and weight of the articles which are moved or handled
by the checkout operators, including the force applied when
handling awkward or heavy articles, such as boxes, cartons of cans
and shopping bags. Awkward movements, such as twisting, bending
and over-reaching, particularly in combination with handling articles
and shopping bags. Sitting or standing while holding the body in a
fixed position and individual characteristics such as age, gender,
physical dimension, pregnancy and any disabilities or other
conditions a person may have.
The design and layout of checkout operator workstation can
increase the risk of injury, as a result of lifting, twisting, stooping
and reaching.
C) List the ill health associated with WRULD

Pain (back pain, muscle pain, legs)

A single strain or trauma
Pins and needles
Stiffness and cramp
Reduced ability to move the affected limb
Swelling
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tenosynovitis
Tension of the neck and shoulder

D) Outline appropriate control measures that could help reduce the risk
of WRULD among checkout operators.

Risk assessment : carry out an ergonomic assessment of the

workstation to ensure that it is appropriate and can be adjusted to
suit the workers need
Planning : plan the workers routine so that they can take recovery
breaks
Training: provide information and training to workers on the
potential MSD health risks and the preventive measures, in
particular ergonomic use of workstation.
Seating facilities: adjustable and a proper seating arrangements
should be provided
Lighting : workplace lighting should be provided so as to avoid
reflections on the screen and glare while using monitors
Workstation : re-layout the workstation to allow comfortable posture
and to minimize overreaching, stooping, twisting, etc.
2) The influence of drugs on workplace,
A) Identify possible reasons why a worker may be in possession drugs in
the workplace
Work pressure and lack of support
Due to family or personal issue
Addiction could also be one of the reason
B) Outline the control measures
Policy : a strict policy must be in place stating no alcohol during
work or at work
Counseling : Identify the people under influence of drugs and a
proper counseling must be conducted or them
Disciplinary action : A necessary action has to be taken against
the worker who is under the influence of drugs like termination or
fines
Random drug test : conduct a random drug test within the
workplace
Reduce work load : work pressure can be a reason for drugs for
which we can reduce the work pressure
Security : a proper monitoring will allow us to identify the people
under the influence of drugs can use of
3)
A) Identify the health risk associated with exposure to silica dust
Silicosis due to inhaling silica dust
Lung cancer if silica dust inhaled during work
B) List the workplace circumstances where silica dust may be present

Mining
Quarrying

 Pottery and construction industries

C) Identify typical control measures
Prevention of exposure by use of alternative work method
Dust suppression by water jet/spray
Use of Local Exhaust Ventilation will help in reduce the
concentration of silica dust
Use appropriate Respiratory Protective Equipment like facial
mask with filter, if lack of oxygen then have to use breathing
apparatus supply of oxygen cylinder is must
Health surveillance (lung function test and chest X-ray) has to be
carried out for the workers.
4) A) Describe when a fixed guard would be appropriate means of providing
protection against mechanical hazard
A fixed guard is a physical barrier that prevents a person from
coming into contact with dangerous moving parts. The guard may
be shaped to fit the machine quite closely or it should be more like a
fence around the machine. This will provide protection against the
mechanical hazards.
B) Outline the features of a fixed guards to minimize the risk of injury
from mechanical an non-mechanical hazards

Prevention: A fixed guard should completely prevent access to

dangerous parts to avoid mechanical hazard
Installation: Fixing require a tools for removal the guard must not
be removable by finger force alone
Material: Fixed guards are often made of sheet metal so it would be
strong enough
If ventilation ( eg: to prevent overheating of machine parts) or
visibility into the machine is required, then a mesh guard might be
used instead.
Materials features: If a mesh guard is used then care must be taken
to ensure that the mesh size is not so large to allow access to
dangerous parts.
5) A new vehicle route is to be provided to the goods delivery area of a
workplace. Outline features of the vehicle route that are required in order
to help reduce the risk of pedestrian being injured by vehicles.
Separation
A separate route(pathway for vehicle) has to be designed and
pedestrian should be restricted to use this pathway.
Lightning

Adequate lightning for the vehicle pathway should be provided

Blind spot
Ensure proper mirror and signage kept before the blind spot to
avoid collision. Also provide proper lightning.
Sing boards
Sign boards like Prohibition, warning, mandatory sign boards
must be introduced speed limit boars should also be introduced
Speed control
Speed limit has to be maintained within workplace since over
speed with loads may result in overturning. Equipments which
can monitor the speed has to be installed within the vehicle.
Monitoring
Security system has to be in place. CCTV camera must be
installed throughout the route.
6) Portable electrical equipment should have sufficient strength and
capability to be suitable for use,
A) Identify factors that should be considered when assessing the
strength and capability of portable electrical equipment
The equipment selected should be suitable for the work activity
The voltage has to be considered
The environment has to be considered too
The person/ operator must also be considered, he has to be
competent
Information must be given for the operator as per the manufacturer
guidance
B) Outline a strategy for maintenance and inspection of portable
electrical equipment so that the equipment remains suitable for use
and in safe condition
Electrical equipment: It has to be routinely inspected to ensure
electrical safety.
User check : Some of the equipments must be visually inspected
by the operator before use
Formal visual inspection: this visual inspection will include any
damage on the equipment.
Frequency of inspection : Considered some factors electrical
equipment are inspected. The place it has been used will also
allow an inspection.
Age of the equipment : The age of the equipment is considered
during the maintenance and inspection. Since, the initial integrity
will also change over a period of time.

7) A small fire has started in a motor car repair workshop and is currently
contained to a waste bin holding cardboard packaging materials
A) Outline sources of ignition that may have started this fire
Chemical : since, it is a workshop there are chances of presence
of oils, and other fuels which could have caused fire
Waste bin : the waste bin will contain all the waste items like
clothes used for cleaning oils an grease will cause fire
Cardboard packaging : the cardboard packaging will easily catch
fire in the presence of chemicals like oils, grease etc
B) Identify reasons why water extinguisher would be the most
appropriate to tackle this small fire an give reason why fire would be
extinguished by using it
Since, the fire was on the cardboard packaging water will be
appropriate to tackle this fire.
When water is sprayed on this fire/on the cardboard it will absorb
the water content the does not allow the fire to spread
C) If the fire is not extinguished quickly, describe how the transmission
of heat may cause this fire to spread to other parts of the workplace
If the fire is not extinguished quickly the fire can spread easily.
The fire will spread in two modes of transmission conduction and
direct burning. Through conduction the fire spreads through the
materials available there and direct burning will catches fire once
comes in contact with the fire.
8)
A) Identify factors considered to help ensure that a new item of work
equipment is suitable for use
Check the suitability to the worker as well as the work activity
Considered the work activity as well while using an equipment
Ensure that the person going to use the equipment must be
competent
Adequate information must be given for the operator as pr the
manufacturing guidance
Ensure there is proper training given to use the particular
equipment by a competent person
B) Identify control measures that could be taken to help ensure that an
item of work equipment remains in a suitable condition
Ensure that the equipment used is for the appropriate work
The equipment must be used only by trained and competent
person
Any equipments must be used carefully as per the manufacturer
guidance

Proper inspection before and after the work must be carried out.
Visual inspection where check for any visual defects on the
equipment
9) Drivers of vehicles can be exposed to whole body vibration
a) Meaning of term whole body vibration
Vibration of body due to the work activity is known as whole
body vibration eg: while flying in helicopter, driver dumper truck
or tractor
b) Identify the control measures
Eliminate the vehicle that create too much vibration, try to
eliminate the source
Driver pathways should be assess prior to the journey
driver should avoid driving on uneven grounds
driver should ensure that the loads carried must be equally
distributed so that the vibration created by the uneven loads will
be avoided
adequate breaks an rest must be provided for the driver if its a
long journey
change the work schedules through job rotation and no lone
working must be entertained
health surveillance should be conducted by trained, competent
persons with the potential for referral of cases to a medical
practitioner.
10) A powdered raw material is to be mixed with water to make a paste
that will then be applied to internal walls of a building as a decorative
coating. Outline factors that should be considered when carrying out an
assessments of the health risks to workers exposed to these substances
Hazardous nature: The hazardous nature of the substance must be
considered like toxic, corrosive, mutagens etc
Physical form : The physical form whether solid, liquid or gases of
the substances must be considered
Concentration : The concentration of the hazardous substance must
also be considered
Potential ill health : While dealing with the substances the potential
ill health has to be considered to check whether the effect will be
minor ill health or serious effects
Quantity : Consider the quantity of the substance that ae present in
the workplace that is the total storage as well as the amount of
substance that are used

Duration of exposure : The duration of exposure by the workers has

to be considered and also the number of workers involved in the
work activity has to be considered
Control measure : Check for the existing control measures and also
introduce new and additional control measures that has to be
implemented.
Route of entry : Another important point which has to be considered
is the routes of entry, based on this the addition control measures
will be selected.
11) Outline the precautions that may be needed when carrying out repairs
to the flat roof of a building.
Roof Materials : check whether the roof material is fragile or not.
Any roofing structure which is not designed properly and fragile will
not be suitable for working on the roof with load carried.
Loads carried : check whether there are any loads that has to be
carried on top of the roof, avoid carrying loads if not then change
the process of carrying the load.
Material used: safe working method for fragile roofs is usually
carried out with roof ladders or crawling
Unprotected edges : check whether there are unprotected edges on
the surface this may increase the risk falling of objects and falling
of person
Weather : ensure no work at height is carried out specially on the
roof during bad weather conditions like rain or freezing, high wind
conditions or cold conditions
Falling materials : check the materials which are likely to fall and
use proper protection for those materials by tying them along with
the cloths
PPE : use of PPE like hard hat, safety harness , lanyard, gloves,
goggles, safety nets must be allowed and enforced
Use of scaffolding if required must be given for the workers who are
carrying repair work on the roof