Research Project

Pago Region Rural Development Project

Submitted by MG KYAW SWAR

LIN
Y-2, S-1
Business

Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 4
2. Objectives............................................................................................................... 4
3. Executive summary................................................................................................ 5
4. Assignment............................................................................................................. 6
Task (1.1) Formulation and recording possible research project outline
specifications.......................................................................................................... 6
Task (1.2) Identifying the factors that contribute to the process of research project
selection.................................................................................................................. 6
Task (1.3) Undertaking a critical review of key references......................................8
Task (1.4) A research project specification..............................................................9
Task (1.5) Providing an appropriate plan and procedures for the agreed research
specification............................................................................................................ 9
Task (2.1) Research question................................................................................. 11
Task (2.2) Undertaking the proposed research investigation in accordance with the
agreed specification and procedures.....................................................................12
Task (2.3) Recording and collecting data...............................................................13
Task (3.1) Research evaluation..............................................................................14
Task (3.2) Interpreting and analyzing the results..................................................15
Task (3.3) Recommendation and justifying areas for further consideration...........17
Task (4.1) Presenting the outcomes of the research to an audience.....................24
5. Recommendation................................................................................................. 25
6. Conclusion............................................................................................................ 25
References................................................................................................................ 26

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Table of Figures
Figure-1
Figure-2
Figure-3
Figure-4
Figure-5
Figure-6
Figure-7
Figure-8
Figure-9
Figure-10
Figure-11
Figure-12
Figure-13
Figure-14

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Table of Charts
Table-1
Table-2
Table-3
Table-4
Table-5
Table-6

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1. Introduction
The unit number and title of the assignment is Unit8: Research Project. The assignment title is
Pago Region Rural Development Project. The purpose of the assignment is to understand about
research techniques and methods, to formulate a research specification, a variety of research
methodologies, action planning, implementing the research project, evaluating the research
outcomes and presenting the research outcomes.

2. Objectives
- To understand how to formulate a research specification

- Be able to implement the research project within agreed procedures and to specification
- Be able to evaluate the research outcomes
- Be able to present the research outcomes.

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3. Executive summary
The title of the assignment is Pago Region Rural Development Project. The purpose of the
assignment is to understand how to formulate a research specification, be able to implement the
research project within agreed procedures and to specification, be able to evaluate the research
outcomes, and be able to present the research outcomes. This rural development is about the four
townships in Pago Region with local budget and external assistance from Japanese Development
Assistant Agencies. The main purpose of the research project is to know the level and status of
living standard of rural poor families in these areas. So I described about the data and analysis of
the research project in Pago region.

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4. Assignment
Task (1.1) Formulation and recording possible research project
outline specifications
What is a research?

According to Cambridge dictionary online, research is a detailed study on a subject, especially to

discover new information or to reach a new understanding. Clover and Basley defines research
as the process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions
by the use of scientific methods of gathering and interpreting information.Basically there are two
main purposes for conducting a research. The first istolearn something.Research is organized
learning, looking for specific things to add to your store of knowledge. The second purpose is to
gather evidence on a specific topic.
The process of conducting a research involves various steps such as setting
a problem, gathering data, analyzing data and drawing conclusion. The process
has been represented in a diagrammatic form.

Figure-1

Task (1.2) Identifying the factors that contribute to the process

of research project selection
What is Project Selection?

Project Selection is a process to assess each project idea and select the project with the highest
priority. Projects are still just suggestions at this stage, so the selection is often made based on

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only brief descriptions of the project. As some projects will only be ideas, one may need to write
a brief description of each project before conducting the selection process.
Selection of projects is based on:
Benefits: A measure of the positive outcomes of the project. These are often described as "the
reasons why we are undertaking the project". The types of benefits of eradication projects
include:

Biodiversity
Economic
Social and cultural
Fulfilling commitments made as part of national, regional or international plans and
agreements.

Feasibility: A measure of the likelihood of the project being a success, i.e. achieving its
objectives. Projects vary greatly in complexity and risk. By considering feasibility when
selecting projects it means the easiest projects with the greatest benefits are given priority.
A Diagram Overview
Each project idea is scored against the selection criteria and a total project score is calculated. By
ranking the ideas in order of the highest score one is able to see which idea has the highest
priority. This procedure gives one the ability to take a number of possible projects and identify
which project is most important to first move to the Feasibility Study Stage. This Stage is not

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required if one only has one project idea. A diagram overview follows below

Figure-2
Measurement and Constrained Optimization
There are various project selection methods practiced by the modern business
organizations. These methods have different features and characteristics. Therefore,
each selection method is best for different organizations. Although there are many
differences between these project selection methods, usually the underlying
concepts and principles are the same.
Below is an illustration of two of such methods (Benefit Measurement and
Constrained Optimization methods):

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Figure-3

Task (1.3) Undertaking a critical review of key references

Saunders et al (2003) explain that a critical review will form the foundation on which our
research is built. Gill and Johnson (1997) suggest that whatever its scale, any research project
will necessitate reading what has been written on the subject and collating it in a critical review.
This demonstrates some awareness of the current state of knowledge on the subject, its
limitations and how the proposed research aims to add to what is known.

The funnel is wide at the top meaning the topic can be discussed widely and broadly. This
means it can be rather general.

The funnel is narrower at the base meaning that as the topic is discussed in more detail it
needs to be more focused and narrow as we move down the funnel. This means that the
topic must be specifically documented with applicable references to support.

At the very base of the funnel it is expected that a conclusion which summarises the key
literature is developed. This means that you have considered all the appropriate literature
and created a specific ending to the topic in question.

Task (1.4) A research project specification

Why do you need to produce a project specification?

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Projects inevitably start with a more or less vague idea of what is going to be done. The main
purpose of producing a specification is to clarify your thoughts on some important aspects of the
project. Thus prepared, the project should be easier to do and easier to manage.
Another purpose for having a specification is to check that the project is feasible and appropriate.
Some project ideas can be a little too ambitious or far-fetched. Others can be too run-of-the-mill
and thereby involve too little creative effort on the part of the student. Producing the
specification allows your supervisor to give constructive feedback on your ideas, and provide
validation as to the suitability of this piece of academic work.
Finally, having a specification allows you to look back at the end of the project and compare
what you achieved with what you set out to do. Very few projects indeed achieve precisely their
aim, and there is no disgrace in not doing so. Some achieve more and some achieve less.
Reviewing your progress against your original aims and objectives is a constructive thing to do,
and reflecting on it is something that is often interesting to read in a project report.

Task (1.5) Providing an appropriate plan and procedures for

the agreed research specification
To. Sayar U Than Aye
HOD (Business)
Subject- Submission of Research Project
Date (15.7.2015)
We are the students of Victoria University College in Business Subject Year-2, Semester-1, and
Section (B). Our group members are MG TUN LIN AYUG MYINT, MG KYAW PHONE
MYINT, MG KYAW SWAR LIN, MA MYA EI PHYU, MA TUN NILAR BO, and MA HIN MO
ME TINT LWIN. We have to according list a Research Project and for this purpose the following
is our Research Project.

Title of Research
Rural Development Project of Pago Region

Aim and Objectives

Most of the villages of our nation are not developed and the living standard is also low. So the
purpose of our project is to make them become more developed and higher living standard. To
achieve that goal, we will do these steps by ways of:
-

At first, we will find out what they need and what they want
To know the level of living standard of the villages
Which regions are more developed

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Outline Specification
When we carry out our research, it is important to get the right answers, it is needed to reduce the
errors as possible, and manage our budgets and also time. So, to finish our research project with
fewer difficulties, we will arrange the follow up steps systematically:
-

Meeting
Training
To prepare the Questionnaires and Schedules
To divide the duties
To allocate the villages among groups
Pilot survey
Actual survey
To analyse data and
Report writing

Area of Research
-

Pago Region, Pyay Township

Research Design
Observation design

Sample Design
Our project is a kind of Rural Development Project. The area of our project is Pago region
Pyay Township. We have to study about how many villages are there. And then we use three
types of sampling methods to divide the villages. At first, we will use the stratified sampling
method. In this stage, we use this method by figuring out the development of the villages such as
transportations, education, electricity, buildings and the level of living standard, and then we will
decide whether it has to be chosen or not. And we will use the next methods such as systematic
sampling, and simple random sampling. By doing this ways, we will get the best answer and
suitable result for our Rural Development Project.

Types of data to be collected

We need to collect the data of our research project are as follow;

Health
Education
Development of villages
Electricity

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Hospital/ clinic
Career
Monthly income
Transportation
Communication (Phone, mail)

Task (2.1) Research question

The following questions are used into my research project. They are;
How many family members are there?
How many employments in your family?
What kind of your career?
How much do you get in your daily work?
How much unemployment in your family?
How much do you expend in your daily life?
Are you graduated?
How many libraries are there?
Do you have electricity?
How many hospital/clinic are there?
In your village, how many preschool, elementary school and high school?
Have every family members phone?
How would you give advice to develop your village?

Task (2.2) Undertaking the proposed research investigation in

accordance with the agreed specification and procedures

Time-frame
No
.

Activity

Schedul
e
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1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Meeting
Training
To prepare the
questionnaires and
schedules
To divide the duties
To allocate the
villages
Pilot survey
Actual survey
Data Analysis
Report writing

(from)
1 day
1 week
2 days

1 day
3 days
1 week
2 weeks
2 weeks
1weeks

Table-1

Action Plan
The above activities will be divided as followed;
No

Activity

Person/s

1.
2.
3.

Meeting
Training
Preparing the
questionnaire
s
Allocating the
villages
Pilot survey
Actual survey
Data analysis
Report
writing

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

6
6
2

Duration
(From)
15.5.2015
17.5.2015
25.5.2015

Duration
(To)
16.5.2015
24.5.2015
26.5.2015

27.5.2015

30.5.2015

2
3
1
1

31.6.2015
7.6.2015
15.6.2015
29.6.2015

5.6.2015
14.6.2015
25.5.2015
5.7.2015

Table-2

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Task (2.3) Recording and collecting data

The aim and objective of this research project is to ensure the level and status of living standard
of rural poor families. The area of research is Pago region, Pyay Township. In Pyay Township,
there are 50 villages. So I chose 20 villages among of them by using the stratified sampling
method. In this stage, I use this method by figuring out the development of the villages such as
transportations, education, electricity, buildings and the level of living standard, and then I will
decide whether it has to be chosen or not. And I will use the next methods such as systematic
sampling, and simple random sampling. By doing this ways, I got the data of suitable result
for Rural Development Project.
. And I describe the villages data with unit (e.g. minimum 1 unit to maximum 10 units). The first
5 villages datas are as follow;
Table-3 (1-5 villages)
Name
villages
V(i)
V(ii)
V(iii)
V(iv)
V(v)

of Health
(units)
3
2
3
2
3

Education
(units)

Electricity
(units)

2
1
3
3
2

1
1
4
2
1

Education
(units)

Electricity
(units)

5
5
5
4
4

5
4
4
6
4

Living
standard(units
)
2
2
3
3
2

Transportation
(units)

Living
standard(units
)
5
5
4
5
4

Transportation
(units)

2
1
3
3
2

Table-4 (6-10 villages)

Name
villages
V(vi)
V(vii)
V(viii)
V(ix)
V(x)

of Health
(units)
4
6
4
5
5

Table-5 (11-15 villages)

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4
5
4
5
4

Name
villages
V(xi)
V(xii)
V(xiii)
V(xiv)
V(xv)

of Health
(units)
2
3
3
4
3

Education
(units)

Electricity
(units)

1
2
3
2
3

2
2
3
2
2

Education
(units)

Electricity
(units)

2
2
3
4
3

1
2
2
2
4

Living
standard(units
)
2
1
3
2
2

Transportation
(units)

Living
standard(units
)
2
2
3
3
3

Transportation
(units)

2
2
3
2
3

Table-6 (16-20 villages)

Name
villages
V(xvi)
V(xvii)
V(xviii)
V(xix)
V(xx)

of Health
(units)
3
4
2
3
4

1
2
2
2
3

Task (3.1) Research evaluation

The area of research is Pago region, Pyay Township. In Pyay Township, there are 50 villages. So
I chose 20 villages among of them by using the stratified sampling method. In this stage, I use
this method by figuring out the development of the villages such as transportations, education,
electricity, buildings and the level of living standard, and then I will decide whether it has to be
chosen or not. And I will use the next methods such as systematic sampling, and simple
random sampling. And then I got the data of these villages by units. I also described the health,

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education,

electricity,

living

standard,

and

transportation

by

unit.

Comparison of 20 villages
40
30
20
10
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Name

Health(units)

Education(units)

Electricity(units)

Living standard(units)

Transporation(units)

Figure-4
According to that chart, Village (vii) is the most development village. And the lowest
development village is Village (ii).

Task (3.2) Interpreting and analyzing the results

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Comparison of 20 villages
V(xix); 4%
V(xviii); 3% V(xx); 6% V(i); 4%
V(xvii); 6%
V(ii); 3%
V(vii); 9%
V(xvi); 4%
V(iii); 4%
V(viii);3%
6%
V(xv); 4%
V(iv);
V(xiv); 6%
V(ix); V(v);
7% 4%
V(x); 7%
V(xiii); 4%
V(vi); 6%
V(xii); 4%
V(xi); 3%

Figure-5
This chart shows the development of 20 villages. Among of them, Village (vii) is the
most development village, because that village is very near the city. So the
transportation and living standard of that village is good. Village (vii) gets more
electricity than the others so that village is located at the highest stage. Village (ix)
and Village (x) are the second development villages. Education, Health, Living
standard, electricity and the transportation are also better than the others. So the
two villages are the second development village. The lowest development villages
are Village (ii), Village (iv), Village (xi) and the Village (xviii). The four villages are
very far from the city. The transportation is also poor than the others. There are no
electricity, poor living standard. So they are the lowest development villages.

Health(units)
Education(units)
Electricity(units)
Living standard(units)
Transporation(units)

Figure-6

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According to the bar chart, the most development is also the Village (vii).

Electricity, Living standard and Transportation for villages 1-20

V(i)

V(ii)

V(iii)

V(iv)

V(v)

V(vi)

V(viii) V(ix)

V(x)

V(xi)

V(xii)

V(xiii) V(xiv)

V(xv)

V(vii)

V(xvi) V(xvii) V(xviii) V(xix) V(xx)

4%
4%
7% 2% 2% 7%
2%
4%
4%
4%
2%
4% 4%
7% 11%
6%
4%

9%
7%
7%

Figure-7
This chart is the comparison of 20 villages by electricity, living standard and
transportation. In this chart the village (ix) is located at the highest stage.

Health and Education for village 1-20

V(xix); 4%
V(xviii); 3% V(xx); 6% V(i); 4%
V(xvii); 6%
V(ii); 3%
V(vii); 9%
V(xvi); 4%
V(iii); 4%
V(viii);
6%
V(xv); 4%
V(iv); 3%
V(xiv); 6%
V(ix); V(v);
7% 4%
V(x); 7%
V(xiii); 4%
V(vi); 6%
V(xii); 4%
V(xi); 3%

Figure-8
In this chart, the highest data of health and education of the village is Village (vii).
According to the comparison of health and education, Village (vii) is better than the
other villages.

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Task (3.3) Recommendation and justifying areas for further

consideration
The survey questions were:
I will describe about the questions when we used into the questionnaire.
1. How does poverty affect you and your family?

Figure-9

Greatly: 162 (12.6%)

Moderately: 273 (21.3%)
Slightly: 673 (52.6%)
Not at all: 172 (13.4%)

2. The government works in a variety of ways to reduce poverty. Which programs work best
for you? Why? (Many respondents listed more than one answer; therefore, total will not
equal total respondents.)

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Figure-10
Transportation: 13 (.9%)
Literacy/ training/ education: 112 (7.5%)
Housing: 87 (5.8%)
Income and employment supports: 277 (18.5%)
Awareness and collaboration: 65 (4.3%)
Health: 80 (5.3%)
No answer/ Dont know/ Not Applicable/ No programs work: 863 (57.6%)
3. If the government could do one more thing to reduce poverty in the province, what
should it be?

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Figure-11
Transportation: 15 (1.1%)
Literacy/ training/ education: 165 (12%)
Housing: 164 (12%)
Income and employment supports: 657 (47.9%)
Awareness and collaboration: 64 (4.7%)
Health: 66 (4.8%)
No answer/ Dont know/ Not Applicable: 251 (18.3%)

4. What would help reduce poverty in your rural areas? (Many respondents listed more than
one answer; therefore, total will not equal total respondents.)

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Figure-12
Transportation: 259 (14.9%)
Literacy/ training/ education: 224 (12.9%)
Housing: 127 (7.3%)
Income and employment supports: 595 (34.3%)
Awareness and collaboration: 162 (9.3%)
Health: 47 (2.7%)
No answer/ Dont know/ Not Applicable: 333 (19.2%)

5. What would help reduce poverty in our cities? (Many respondents listed more than one
answer; therefore, total will not equal total respondents.)

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Figure-13
Transportation: 74 (4.2%)
Literacy/ training/ education: 259 (14.7%)
Housing: 287 (16.3%)
Income and employment supports: 503 (28.6%)
Awareness and collaboration: 127 (7.2%)
Health: 78 (4.4%)
No answer/ Dont know/ Not Applicable: 441 (25%)

6. Reducing poverty costs money. We all pay for these programs through our taxes. What five
things would reduce poverty, be a good use of our tax dollars and invest in the future? (A
significant minority of respondents gave five answers to this question.)

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Fi
gure-14
Transportation: 165 (6.1%)
Literacy/ training/ education: 574 (21.3%)
Housing: 307 (11.4%)
Income and employment supports: 700 (26%)
Awareness and collaboration: 277 (10.3%)
Health: 264 (9.8%)
No answer/ Dont know/ Not Applicable: 416 (15.5%)

Observations
The survey results indicate that while almost all of the respondents feel they are in some way
affected by poverty, well over half were either unfamiliar with the governments programs and
services, or believed that those government services and programs had no impact on poverty.
In order of responses, those who did answer the question, Which programs work best for you?
Why? Said programs such as income and employment supports, literacy/training/education,
housing, health, awareness and collaboration, and transportation worked best.

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In answering the question, If the government could do one more thing to reduce poverty in the
province, what should it be? Respondents listed income and employment supports,
literacy/education/training, housing, health, awareness and collaboration, and transportation.
With regard to, what would help reduce poverty in our rural areas? Respondents overwhelmingly
listed income and employment supports and transportation as the answers. These were followed
by literacy/training/education, awareness and collaboration, housing and health. When asked the
same question about poverty in the cities, income and employment supports led the list of
answers, followed by housing, literacy/training/education, awareness and collaboration, health,
and transportation. The introductory statement to Question 6,Reducing poverty costs money,
resulted in a number of respondents stating that they felt reducing poverty is an investment, not a
cost. In response to the five things that would reduce poverty, a quarter of respondents cited
employment and income assistance programs. Literacy/education/training programs, housing,
awareness and collaboration, health, and transportation were also cited as good uses of tax
dollars in reducing poverty.

Analysis
Question 1 - How does poverty affect you and your family?
As a family, we have an income we can live on, but we are called upon more and more often to
help those who do not, through service organizations, food banks, soup kitchens, people we
know directly, extended family members.
Responses to the first question indicate that the vast majority of respondents (over 86%) are at
least somewhat affected by poverty. Over 33% gave a response falling into the moderately or
greatly categories, which indicates that poverty has an effect on either them or their extended
family.

Question 2 - The government works in a variety of ways to reduce poverty. Which programs
work best for you? Why?
Programs helping me receive education and training and services around finding employment
are very helpful. Knowing what is out there for employment and being able to access it is key!
Over half, or 57.6%, of the completed questionnaires gave no response to question two,
indicating that the respondents were not familiar with the governments programs, or that they
didnt believe the governments programs had an impact on poverty. Its important to note that
this proportion is based on responses, as opposed to respondents, as many people gave more than
one answer. Over 18% said employment and income assistance was the most beneficial.
However, there were numerous cases where the respondents went on to say that they didnt think
the governments programs in this area were totally adequate.

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Question 3 - If the government could do one more thing to reduce poverty in the province,
what should it be?
More funding (monthly living expenses) and an affordable housing strategy.
Close to half of the responses given to question three indicated that the one thing the province
should focus on to reduce poverty is income and employment assistance. A response of dont
know/ no answer was the next most common response (251), followed by adequate housing
(164). Providing free or subsidized transportation accounted for only one per cent of the answers.

Questions 4 and 5 - What would help reduce poverty in our rural areas? What would help
reduce poverty in our cities?
Better housing and an affordable, accessible public transportation system. Puerto Rico as a
model we could learn from. They're called publicos. They're taxis that go around and serve rural
areas. Of course, this would require some government subsidy because the low population base
would not make it a sustainable business in our province. Think of the way it would open up
opportunities for people. It would transform our province. I think you should go for it, but don't
nickel-and-dime the program as has been done in the past.
Answers to these questions were similar, with two noticeable exceptions. To reduce poverty in
rural areas, transportation was much more commonly cited than in cities (259 to 74). The reverse
was true in the number of responses for housing. In that case, respondents more commonly cited
housing as a poverty reduction method for cities than in rural areas (287 to 127). Health
programs were also cited more often as a program for cities than rural areas, with many
respondents specifically describing mental health as an issue in cities.

Question 6 - Reducing poverty costs money. We all pay for these programs through our taxes.
What five things would reduce poverty, be a good use of our tax dollars and invest in the future?
More support to families, single mothers, and children. How can we reduce poverty if the
families living in it are not educated on ways to make their lives better financially?
Some began their responses by stating their belief in poverty reduction programs as an
investment, not a cost. The most popular answer to this question, making up 26% of the
responses, included employment and income assistance programs. That was followed by literacy/
education/ training programs (21.3%), no answer/ not applicable (15.5%), housing (11.4%),
awareness and collaboration (10.3%), health (9.8%), and transportation (6.1%).

Task (4.1) Presenting the outcomes of the research to an

audience
In this research project, I describe about the 20 villages in Pago Region. So I chose 20 villages
among of them by using the stratified sampling method. In this stage, I use this method by
figuring out the development of the villages such as transportations, education, electricity,
buildings and the level of living standard, and then I will decide whether it has to be chosen or
not. And I will use the next methods such as systematic sampling, and simple random
sampling. And then I got the data of these villages by units. I also described the health,
education, electricity, living standard, and transportation by unit.

~ 26 ~

5. Recommendation
This rural development is about the four townships in Pago Region with local budget and
external assistance from Japanese Development Assistant Agencies. The main purpose of the
research project is to know the level and status of living standard of rural poor families in these
areas. So I described about the data and analysis of the research project in Pago region.

6. Conclusion
The title of the assignment is Pago Region Rural Development Project. The purpose of the
assignment is to understand how to formulate a research specification, be able to implement the
research project within agreed procedures and to specification, be able to evaluate the research
outcomes, and be able to present the research outcomes.

~ 27 ~

References
www.socialresearchmethods.net,
www.sportsci.org
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/.

IFAD (2008b) IFAD learning notes. Rome, www.ifad.org/rural/learningnotes/ALL_LN.pdf.

TANGO International (2008b) North Eastern Region Community Resource Management
Project for Upland Areas (NERCORMP): India case study report. Tucson, AR.
Rolfe, Rebecca Eve. 2006. Social Cohesion and Community Resilience: A MultiDisciplinary Review of Literature for Rural Health Research, St. Marys University:
http://www.theruralcentre.com/SCCR%20Literature%20Review.pdf accessed October
2008
Stolte, Mike. The Next 25 Years: The Future of Rural & Small Communities in Canada.
Canadian Rural and Revitalization Foundation and National Rural Research Network.
http://www.crrf.ca/docs/lanark/CRRF_Lanark_Think_tank_Rural_Canada_in_25_Years.pd
f (accessed October 2008)
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