The Fresnel Equations

E vector is perpendicular to the plane-ofincidence.

E vector is parallel to the plane-of-incidence.

ki i r k r
n1
t n2
u
kt
Raavo Josepson

The Fresnel Equations

(E vector is perpendicular to the plane-of-incidence)
E0 r

E0 i

n1

2 cos i

1

n
n
1

cos i 2 cos t

E0 t

E0 i
Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

n1
n
cos i 2 cos t

2
1
n
n
1

cos i 2 cos t

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

The Fresnel Equations

The Fresnel Equations

(E vector is perpendicular to the plane-of-incidence)

(E vector is parallel to the plane-of-incidence)

1 2

ki E
k
E r
i
E0 r
n1 cos i n2 cos t
r r
i
n1 r E n cos n cos
1
i
2
t
0i
Bi
B
t r n2
E0 t
2 n1 cos i

t
u
Et

E0i n1 cos i n2 cos t

Bt
km

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

E0 r

E0 i

n1
n
cos t 2 cos i

1
2

|| n1 cos i n2 cos t

E0 t

E0 i

n
2 1 cos i

1

|| n1 cos t n2 cos i

Raavo Josepson

The Fresnel Equations

E n cos t n2 cos i
r|| 0 r 1
1 2
E0i || n1 cos t n2 cos i
E
2 n1 cos i
t|| 0t

E
n1 cos t n2 cos i
Er k r 0i ||
ki Ei

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

|| 0
i

i r
n
Bi
Br 1
t n2
u
E

Bt k
t

Amplitude Coefficients

(E vector is parallel to the plane-of-incidence)

Raavo Josepson

i 0
n cos t n2 cos i
1
n1 cos i n2 cos t

|| 0
i

n1 n2
r i 0
n1 n2

n1 1 n2 1.5

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Raavo Josepson

r 0 0.2
i

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Amplitude Coefficients

Amplitude Coefficients

i B
r t 90O
tan B

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

n2
n1

Graafik: Hecht E 2002 Optics

(Addison Wesley)

Raavo Josepson

Phase Shifts

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Graafik: Hecht E 2002 Optics

(Addison Wesley)

Reflectance and Transmittance

1 2
v 0 2
E0
2

ki i r k r
n1
n
t 2
u
kt

Raavo Josepson

I t cos t
I i cos i
E0 t

E0 i

n2 cos t
n1 cos i

n2 cos t 2
t
n1 cos i

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Graafik: Hecht E 2002 Optics

(Addison Wesley)

Reflectance and Transmittance

I

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

c 0 2
E0
2

ki i r k r
n1
t n2
u
kt
Raavo Josepson

I r v1 1 Er
2

2
Ii
2
v1 1 Ei
2

E
r
Ei

r 2 R

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Reflectance and Transmittance

R r2

R|| r||2
T

nt cos t 2
t
ni cos i

T||

nt cos t 2
t||
ni cos i

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Graafik: Hecht E 2002 Optics

(Addison Wesley)

Optical Properties of Metals

n~ nR i nI

E E0 cos t k y

n~ y
E E0 cos t

E E0 e nI y c ei t nR y c

n y
E E0 e nI y c cos t R
c

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Optical Properties of Metals

I ( y ) I 0 e y

2 nI
c

absorption coefficient or attenuation coefficient

yp

Wavelength
100 nm
10 000 nm
Raavo Josepson

penetration depth
Penetration depth
0.6 nm
6 nm

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

The Superposition of Waves

2 2 2
1 2

x 2 y 2 z 2 v 2 t 2

1 (r , t ) 2 (r , t ) ... n (r , t )

The Addition of the Waves of

Same Frequency

(r , t ) Ci i (r , t )
i 1

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Raavo Josepson

The Algebraic Method

E x, t E0 sin t (k x )

x, ( k x )
E x, t E0 sin t ( x, )
E x, t E0 sin t cos cos t sin
Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

The Algebraic Method

E E1 E2

E E01sin t cos1 cos t sin 1

E02 sin t cos 2 cos t sin 2

E E01 cos1 E02 cos 2 sin t

E01 sin 1 E02 sin 2 cos t

E0 cos E01 cos1 E02 cos 2

E0 sin E01 sin 1 E02 sin 2

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

The Algebraic Method

The Algebraic Method

E0 cos E01 cos1 E02 cos 2

E0 sin E01 sin 1 E02 sin 2

E E E 2 E01 E02 cos 2 1

2
0

2
01

tan

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Raavo Josepson

The Algebraic Method

1 2 k x1 1 k x2 2

1 2

E E0 sin t

E01 sin 1 E02 sin 2

E01 cos1 E02 cos 2

Raavo Josepson

E E0 cos sin t E0 sin cos t

2
02

x1 x2 1 2

c 0

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

The Superposition of Many Waves

E02 E02i 2 E0i E0 j cos i j
N

i 1

j i i 1

nx1 x2

tan

L=n(x1-x2) difference of the optical path length

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

0i

sin i

0i

cos i

i 1
N

i 1

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

The Group Velocity

E( x, t ) E0 ( x, t ) cosk x t

The Addition of the Waves of

Different Frequency

Phase velocity v

t x
x t

E0 ( x, t ) 2 E01 coskm x m t
vg
Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

m
km

Raavo Josepson

1 2
k1 k 2

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

d
vg

dk

Problem 1
Light goes through a window perpendicularly.
There are two layers of glass in the window. How
many percent of the light pass to the room?

Problem 2
Find the value of Brewsters angle of the airwater surface.
Answer: 53.

Answer: 85%.

Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Raavo Josepson

Problem 3
How thick layer
of MgO (Na, Sn)
can the light
penetrate?

Johnson P D 1954 Some

optical properties of MgO in
the vacuum ultraviolet Phys.
Rev. 94 8456

Wavelength 589.3 nm
Metal nR nI
R
Na 0.04 2.4 0.9
Sn Raavo
1.5
5.3 0.8 Applied Optics (YFR 8180)
Josepson

Problem 4
Two waves start from different positions. Find
the conditions that their sum is 0?

E1 ( x, t ) E01 cosk1 x1 1 t

E2 ( x, t ) E02 cosk 2 x2 2 t
Raavo Josepson

Problem I

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Problem II
Show that addition of waves with phasors is
correct.

Show that:

R|| T|| 1
R T 1

2
2
E02 E01
E02
2 E01 E02 cos 2 2
E sin 1 E02 sin 2
tan 01
E01 cos1 E02 cos 2 E
0

E02
E01
2
1
Raavo Josepson

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

Raavo Josepson

E02

Applied Optics (YFR 8180)

E
01
t