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k.,,
1?. GARNER
GATLIN
MEMBER AIME
ABSTRACT
Results oj impulsive wedge penetration tests on two
synthetic, plastically deforming rocks are presented. Basic
dtr;a obtained were force-time,
di.splacetnent-time,
attd
force-displacement
curves for the impacts, plus the craler
geometry.
Wedge geometry and blow freqt4ency were
varied over a citttsideruble range. The synthetic rocks
consisted of wax-sand mixtures; two waxes of different
ductilities were used to provide variable Crockcharacteristics. Conventional
triaxia[ tests showed that these synthetic rocks exhibited force-deformation
ct4rves and Mohr
envelopes quite simi[ar to real rocks, except that strengths
were much lower,
Measured forces from stt4tic penetration tests agreed
closely with theoretical values; however, dynamic force
vah4es were much higher than the ,static. These latter
c[isparities are attributed to the viscous nature of the
waxes. Th14s tile utility of these or similar rock models
must depend on the seeding of rock vi.rcosity, witich i.s
CISyet 14nknowtl for impu[sive loadings at elevated stress
states. it appears, however, that s4mte macroscopic, static
pheitotnena may be studied with wax.sattd rock tnode[,s.
INTRODUCTION
The resistance of solid materials to indentation or perforation by projectiles or other penetrators has been
studied by workers in many areas. Despite these efforts
no universally accepted laws or formulas are available
for describing experimental observations. In the metals
field the force-deformation behavior of impacting bodies
is often analyzed by the Hertz law for elastic collisions,
the Meyer law if plastic deformations occur, or some
com~nation of both. The similarities of these expressions
to empirical drilling formulas of the oil industry are
apparent.
Beginning with the basic contributions of Simon and
co-workers at ,Battelle,* a number of experimental papers
coneerrdng the reaction of rocks to vertical impact have
appeared in the U. S. mining and petroleum literature.:-
Most published data have, to date, been obtained at
atmospheric pressure, although some early high pressure
information was reported by Payne and Chippendale?
.
..
-.
1963-
THE U. OF TEXAS
TEX.
AUSTIN,
.
*
AND PREPARATION
Se~eral investigators of brittle fracture have used synthetic rocks for experimental purposes quite successfully.
Typical materials have been concrete, sand-plaster and
sand-plastic aggregates. Following these leads, and after
considerable lack of success with other materials, wax
was chosen as a suitable matrix material. Wax has been
used by others as a satisfactory model for studying crater
formation in metals? Waxes are readily available in a
wide range of ductilities; two types, which have been
used, are listed in Table 1.
Graded Ottawa sand (60-1 00 mesh) was used as aggregate to furnish some type of granular texture, and hence
inrertsul friction, in the models. Thus the synthetic, duclile
rocks consisted of a wax-sand aggregate. Variation of
wa~ type gave models of different ductility.
All test samples were prepared as follows:
1. The wax was melted in a mold and maintained at
10-20 above its melting point.
2. Sand at equal temperature was slowly added to the
melted wax. Early samples had visible beterogeneities,
which were eliminated by sample vibration during sand
addition. This was furnished by attaching a small vibrator
to the mold,
3. The mixture was allowed to COOIat room temperature,
4. After cooling, sample surfaces were smoothed according to the test purposes,
For the impulsive blow tests the samples were prepared in cylindrical pans, made of 7-in, diameter pipe,
1% in. deep, with a welded plate bottom. This pan was
placed directly under the wedge penetrator for impact
tests. Samples for compressive tests were molded in
smooth, %-in. diameter aluminum tubes.
TRIAXIAL
~OMFRESSION
APPARATUS
AND PROCEDURE
M!
CC6SW5SION
/:
/.
20C0
J \
\\
o
lcoo7so mom
NW!
r
\ TENSION
NORMAL
STR=S,PSI
FIG.
TESTS
]75
24.
PSI, # =
Conventional triaxia[ tests were performed on cylinders, % in. diameter by 1M in. long, of both model
rocks. A pressure vessel identical to Robinsons was
used. The test cylinders were encased in either thin rubber or plastic jackets to exclude the hydraulic oil used
to exert the contlning pressure, The force-deformation
curves obtained were qualitatively similar to those obtained by Robinson for Indiana limestone, except that
TASLE 1BARECO MICROCRYSTALLINE
Ultrdlw,
Be Square 1S0/1 S5
10S6
WAXES
wax TYPS
.Iwogj
w
800 m
E
ccf4PREssto4
2000
Okla.)
API
?enatral[ on,
77 F
MdtingFPoInt,
.145.
J 80
30.
II
500
1200
SW
400
0 TENSION
t41JRMALSTRESS, PSI
I%
.7MOITRS
. .. .... . .ENVELOPE
. ------- FOR ULTRAFLEX SAMPLE AT
T =
17.
CONFINING
C + U TAN ~,
ULTRAFLEX
Ftc.
Fm
nY IMPACT
1963
,---
T, millisec.
11.1
8.33
,6.67
5.56
h.
6-~YPICAL OSCILLOSCOPE RECORDS FOR ULTRAFI,H ~hmm
CHIPPER SPEED.= 450 tuw, WEDGE ANGLE = 60, FLAT WIDTN =
0.05 IN., BLOW pHW~I\ATtOS
= 0,209
IX,
).
by the cam striking the follower to drive the chisel downward, and are nearly damped by the time the chisel impacts the rock. The initia[ position of the chisel was
about 0,010 in. above the sample surface. A second
vib~ation of this type occurs at chisel impact; however, this is also quickly damped. In both curves the
forces undergo a sharp initial increase. After this the
slopes decrease gradually and approach zero as maximum
tooth displacement is approached. The noticeable difference between the curves for the two rocks is the greater
rounding at the top of the force curve for the U1traflex
sample.
The phenomena are better observed from the forcepenetration curves. The force has a rapid initial build-up
caused by the 0.05.in. flat. The Be Square sample exhibits this to a penetration of 0.005 in. This portion of
the Ultraflex curve is less linear, however, and tooth
penetration is about 0.010 in. before the force curve
flattens. Both curves then exhibit reasonable linearity
until about O,16-in. tooth penetration. Beyond thk, the
Ultrafiex sample indicates continued penetration at constant force, out to 0,20 in, Thk is believed due to strain
rate or viscous effects, since wedge velocity is decreasing
in this part of the blow, Also note that prior to maximum tooth penetration the force drops slightly. The
Be Square sample (more brittte) does not show this
degree of strain rate sensitivity; its force curve remains
linear until penetration is nearly complete. Note, however, that force again drops prior to maximum penetration, although not so sharply. Some elastic recovery (rebound) is apparent in both samples, since neither curye
drops vertically to zero load when &e wedge stirts upward. These are, real effects, well within the accuracy
--range of the recordhlg system,
1028
.
.
JOURNAL
OF PETROLEOM
TECHNOLOGY
.,
wedge are also shown in Figs. 7 and 8 ( 60S), and may
be compared with dull tooth values at the same penetration; this is not at the same crater volume, however.
Theoretical values of maximum forces were calculated
from Cheathams formulasfl using the Mohr envelope
constan~ from Figs, 1 and 2, and are compared with
experimental values in Figs. 11 and 12. RIe Be Square
static data fall within the rough and smooth tooth cases;
however, static forces for the Ultratlex are slightly above
the rough tooth case. As pointed out by Cheatham, the
force contribution of the flat is not easy to calculate for
the rough tooth, since the pseudo wedge angle y of the
false wedge is not well defined. The value used herein
was from the Terzaghi
assumption,
y = T/2 @
Dynamic forces are also shown on Figs. 11 and 12,
clearly indicating the considerable disparity between static
penetration and dyuamic impact for the model rocks. The
dynamic values do, however, follow the theoretical trends.
Fig. 13 compares typical force-displacement curves.
Note that the static case is close to that of the theoretical
rough tooth, but that the dynamic is quite different. It is
therefore clew that the model rocks exhibit a viscous
effect at appreciable blow velocities. Consequently the
utility of these models for dynamic tests must depend on
whether or not rocks in the plastic state exhibit similar
behavior. Single blow impact tests on real rocks at skulated borehole stress state are in progress, using the
same basic apparatus. Preliminary results on limestone
show no appreciable viscosity effects; hence, the use of
these model rocks for dynamic tests is dubious.
WIDTH
: %
u 6@
7 90
0208
O.zoe
0?0s
l%
1235
1247%
v Im
o.2or
%t
I
0
A
0
-.
PEN.
020s
D2C@
ci208
.v.07sMT
0100
x
VADTH
30 1.14d
60!3 1.233
6P L23S
075BIT
Vv
v 90@1.24i7cwwarm
e I20 me
aloe
.
3003
---=
.>
2000
I 000
150
300
CHl%R
150
450
600
CHIPPER,RPM
300
5003
750
90Q
w
SIT
FORCE-RPMFOR
wlf3TH
-.
0
g
730
FIG.9EhmcWnmFOR BE SQUARESAMPLRS.
u
FIG.i-himmm
.5
600
RPM
BE SQIIARESAMPLES
PEN.
0601.239
Q209
30
V 90= 1247
0 I 201.254
0.209
4030
PEN
(1140)
0209
1253
0.209
PEN.
SIT
wIDTH
PEN.
V 90 1247 0209
0 120
1254 a209
0
0209
--
WIDTH
WIDTH
{ ?#)g 8JKJ
-A
-_
v
v
=/
(,
-a
10:k
o
150
CHIPPER RPM
Frcj
.1 l.
o
300
150
3CXJ
l%% l&ENERCY:RPbt
600
450
CHIPPER, RPM
FOR
750
9m
ULTiMFLEX SAIUPLES.
-.. .
......
SEPTEMBER,
1969
.,$
3400.
F
i?
5
d300
~
E
;:OQ
A.
OW!AMIC, DULLTOOTH
30
60
90
WEOGE ANGLE, DE6REES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was sponsored by the API as part of Project 67E. The authors express their gratitude to API for
its financial support and for permission to publish these
results. In addjtion, the material contributions and other
assistance from Jersey Production Research Co., and
the Production Research Div. of the Humble Oil &
Refining Co. are also acknowledged, as is the advice
and counsel recejved from the Research Engineering
Dept,, Hughes Tool Co. The laboratory assistance of
P, D. Friemel and .4, Podio is also gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. Goldsmith,
W.:
London (1960),
15.
Penetration
in Indians
16.
IL
12.
219, 1,
Bredthauer, R, O.: Strength Characteristicsof Rock Samples
?J$$, Hydrostatic Pressure, M. S. Thesis, Rice Institute
17.
18.
19,
-20.
21.
22,
23,
24,