OPERABILITY &

SEAKEEPING CRITERIA

TENUTA DELLA NAVE AL MARE

NAPOLI 06/05/2016

LIMITI CINEMATICI E DINAMICI

OPERABILITY MEASURES
1. Mission

- Port-to-port transportation (goods or people)

- Military missions carried out entirely at sea (surveillance,
defensive and offensive operations)
- Commercial missions (fishing, oil drilling, ocean mining)
2. Environment (waves, wind, current, ice)
3. Ship responses (displacements, velocities, accelerations, specific
responses: maximum attainable speed, bending moment, pressures )

4. Seakeeping performance criteria

These are a key element in developing a methodology for
assessing a ships seaway operational performance, and
with their prescribed limiting values, determine whether
or not mission(s) can be carried out

The limiting criteria relate:

- to the safety and comfort of passenger and crew,
- to the safety and capacity of the vessel
- or to operational considerations.
Limiting criteria can be found in national and international rules
and guidelines

ShipX User Manual

CRITERI DI TENUTA DELLA NAVE AL MARE

1

Absolute motion amplitudes

1. Roll angle
2. Pitch angle
3. Vertical displacements of flight deck

Absolute velocities and accelerations

4. Vertical accelerations
5. Lateral accelerations
6. Motion sickness incidence (MSI)
7. Slam accelerations (vibratory, vertical)

Motions relative to sea

8. Slamming frequency
9. Frequency of emergence of sonar dome
10. Frequency of deck wetness
11. Probability of propeller emergence

General operability criteria for ships, NORDFORSK 1987

RMS Criterion

Vertical
acceleration@FP

MERCHANT
SHIPS

NAVAL
VESSELS

FAST SMALL
CRAFT

0.275g (L<100m)
0.05g(L>330m)

0.275g

0.65g

Vertical
acceleration@bridge

0.15g

0.2g

0.275g

Lateral
acceleration@bridge

0.12g

0.1g

0.1g

6.00

4.00

4.00

0.03 (L<100m)
0.01 (L>300m)

0.03

0.03

0.05

0.05

0.05

Roll

Slamming
(probability)
Deck wetness (prob.)

Faltinsen, Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures, p.9

Criteria with regard to accelerations and roll,

NORDFORSK 1987
ROOT MEAN SQUARE CRITERION

VERTICAL
LATERAL
ACCELERATION ACCELERATION

ROLL

DESCRIPTION

0.20g

0.10g

6.00

Light manual work

0.15g

0.07g

4.00

Heavy manual work

0.10g

0.05g

3.00

Intellectual work

0.05g

0.04g

2.50

Transit passengers

0.02g

0.03g

2.00

Cruise liner

Faltinsen, Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures, p.9

Motion primarily reduces motivation due to motion sickness,

increases fatigue due to increased energy requirements, and

creates balance problems, Wertheim, Working in a moving environment

MOTION SICKNESS CRITERIA

Vertical acceleration according to ISO 2361/3-1985

Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) according to McCauley et al.
Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) according to ISO 2631-1:1997
Motion Sickness Dose Value (MSDVz)

ISO 2361/3 covers vertical vibration in the frequency range of 0.1 to

0.63 Hz (period 1.6-10 s). The limits of standard are specified in
terms of:
Vibration frequency
Vibration magnitude
exposure time
direction of vibration relative to torso

ISO 2631 VERTICAL ACCELERATIONS

Only the vertical acceleration (head-to toe) limits are available in the
standard. ISO standard assumes 10% incidence of motion sickness
at the boundary among infrequent travelers of the general public.
Time of exposure can be chosen to be 30 minutes, 2 or 8 hours.
DESCRIPTION

CRITERIA

COMMENT

VERTICAL
ACCELERATION
EXPOSURE

RMS

30 minutes

0.1g

1 hour

0.08g

2 hours

0.05g

10% motion
sickness
incidence (MSI)
VOMITING
among
infrequent
travellers of the
general public

8 hours

0.03g

REFERENCE

ISO 2631/3
1987 & 1982

MOTION SICKNESS INCIDENCE

OHanlon and Mc Cauley (1974)

log

10

MSI 1000.5 erf

MSI

0.4

s3
g

s3
log10 MSI

MSI 1001 erf

0
.
4

x2
dx
erf ( x)
exp

2
2 0

MSI 0.819 2.32 (log10 e )

e frequenza di picco

m4
e
m2

MOTION SICKNESS
assessment

ISO 2631
ISO 2631 defines the methods for the
measurement of periodic, random
and transient whole-body vibration.
It indicates the principal factors that
combine to determine the degree to
which a vibration exposure will be
acceptable.

ISO 2631
The considered frequency ranges are:
0.5 Hz to 80 Hz for health, comfort and perception
(Biodynamic problems: Motion Induced Interruptions

MII, Motion Induced Fatigue MIF, Whole Body Vibration)

0.1 Hz to 0.5 Hz for motion sickness (Motion Sickness
Incidence and Vomiting Incidence).

ISO 2631
ISO 2631 is applicable to motions transmitted to the human body as a
whole through the supporting surfaces:
the feet of a standing person,
the buttocks, back and feet of a seated person
or the supporting area of a recumbent person.
This type of vibration is found in vehicles, in machinery, in buildings
and near working machinery..

MOTION SICKNESS DOSE VALUE MSDVT

MSDVT aMSDV T

a MSDV

1
T

a t dt
2
w

RECORDED AND WEIGHTED ACCELERATIONS ACCORDING TO ISO 2631

40
Accelerations (m/s2)
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
Time (s)
-30
50

55

60

65

70

75

80

VOMITING INCIDENCE VIT

VOMITING INCIDENCE the new index is proportional to the
Motion Sickness Dose Value MSDVT, by means of a constant km,

VIT km MSDVT
For a mixed population of not adapted male and female adults,
km=1/3 is suggested to account for both susceptibility among
different individuals and prevalence of symptoms declines with age

EFFECT OF SHIP MOTION

MOTION INDUCED
PROBLEMS

MII is defined as an incident where the

BIODYNAMICS

BALANCE

accelerations due to external perturbations

become sufficiently large to cause a person to slide
or lose balance unless they temporarily abandon
their allotted task to make a postural adjustment in
order to remain upright (Crossland, 1998)

MOTION INDUCED INTERUPTIONS

Sliding due to the forces induced by the ship against the
frictional forces between movable objects and the deck;
Stumbling due to a momentary loss of postural stability
(tipping);
Lift-off due to motion forces exceeding the restraining force
of gravity.

MOTION INDUCED INTERRUPTIONS

apparent force
ship referenced acceleration
Earth referenced acceleration

FA3

FA2

s2
sB 2
sB 2 s2 cos 4 s3 sin 4

positive to starboard
sB 3 4

s3
sB 3 s3 cos 4 s2 sin 4

positive downwards

MOTION INDUCED INTERRUPTIONS

,

sB 2 s2 s34
For small angles

positive to starboard

sB3 s3 s24 positive downwards

FA2 msB 2 mg4

positiveto port
Total apparent
Horizontal Force FA2 ms2 s34 g4
positiveto port
sA2 apparent acceleration

Total apparent

FA3 m sB3 mg

Vertical Force

FA3 m s3 s24 g

WA FA3 m s3 s2 4 g

positiveupwards
positiveupwards

sA3 apparent accelerati on

EFFECT OF SHIP MOTION

MOTION INDUCED
PROBLEMS

BIODYNAMICS

SHOCK AND
VIBRATION

MII non un criterio applicabile per lequipaggio seduto

come nel caso delle carene plananti molto veloci
Si definiscono:
Vibration Dose Value [VDV) nel ISO 2631-1
Spinal Response Acceleration dose ISO-2631-5
VDV is probably the most suitable measure of performance.

SHOCK AND
VIBRATION
Assessment
Subjects were students or
staff of the University of
Southampton with no
history of any serious
illness, injury or disability.
The experiment was
approved by the Ethics
Committee of the Faculty of
Enginering and the
Environment at the
University of Southampton.
All subjects gave informed
consent prior to the start of
the experiment.
Henrietta V.C. Howartha & Michael J. Griffin (2014): Effect of reclining a seat on the
discomfort from vibration and shock on fast boats, Ergonomics, DOI:
10.1080/00140139.2014.961970

DYNAMIC EFFECTS
Deck wetness
Propeller emergence
Slamming
1. Ochi slamming criteria
2. Conolly slamming criteria

the probability of
occurance of deck
wetness, propeller
emergence, slamming
are essentially
dependent on the
probability of the
local relative motion
exceeding the
draught, freeboard
and the depth of the
upper tips of the prop
blades

RELATIVE
MOTIONS
The notional relative
motion r3 in waves is
obtained by
subtracting the
wave depression
from the absolute
motion s3.

r3 s3

positive for the increasing immersion

As the hull dips into the water, the increasing submerged volume
causes a local swell-up of the water surface. The effect disappears
as the hull rises. This enhances the relative motion over and above the
notional value.

DECK WETNESS
Fe F r3
Dke D r3

Dpe Dp r3
actual relative motion amplitude
CS
notional relative motion amplitude
where:

fe
f
r3
Dke
D
CS

- effective freeboard on FP
- freeboard on FP
- relative motion

- draught to the keel

- draught
- swell up coefficient

SLAMMING
Ochi concluded that a slam will occur at a particular
location IF:
1. The relative motion exceeds the local effective draught
Dke
2. The relative velocity at impact exceeds r3crit

Dke2
r32crit

pslam exp

2
2
2 CS m0 2 CS m2
m0 e m2 are the variance of the notional relative motion and velocity

3600 Pslam
N slam
TP

PROBABILITY OF OCCURANCE
1 Dke2

pke exp
2
2 CS m0

3600 Pke
N ke
TP

1 Fe2

pds exp
2
2 CS m0

3600 Pds
N ds
TP

2
1 D pc

p pe exp
2
2 C m
S
0

N pe

3600 Ppe
TP

Involuntary and voluntary speed reduction

(bow slamming and deck wetness)
Ship speed

Calm water speed

Voluntary speed reduction due

to slamming frequency

Voluntary speed reduction due to added drag and

to reduced propulsive efficiency in a seaway

Smaller draft
Larger draft

Voluntary speed reduction due to deck wetness

frequency

Smaller freeboard

SPI-1- Mission Effectiveness Index

SPI-2- Transit time Index

Larger freeboard

Sea state number

SALPA 2_Full Load_ST; 6.00kn

SALPA 2_Full Load_HST; 20.00kn
RELATIVE VERTICAL ACCELERATIONS
RELATIVE VERTICAL ACCELERATIONS
Position: Steering WH
Position: Bow
RAO Rel. Vert. ACC. (3)/A [g-force/m]
RAO Rel. Vert. ACC. (3)/A [g-force/m]
HEAD SEAS

30

330

60

330

300

60

90

HEAD SEAS

30

300

270

90

120

270

240

120

150

240

210

FOLLOWING SEAS
12

10

150
4

WAVE PERIOD [sec]

10

12

12

10

210

FOLLOWING SEAS
6

10

12

WAVE PERIOD [sec]

RAO Rel. Vert. ACC. (3)/A [g-force/m]

1.143
1.083
1.023
0.963

0.902
0.842
0.782
0.722

0.662
0.602
0.541
0.481

0.421
0.361
2.42
0.301
2.29
0.241
2.16
2.03

RAO Rel. Vert. ACC. (3)/A [g-force/m]

0.180
0.120
1.91
1.40
0.060
1.78
1.27
0.000
1.65
1.14
1.53
1.02

Project: Full load_zero trim

Project: Full load_zero trim

0.89
0.76
0.64
0.51

0.38
0.25
0.13
0.00