Flora of Bannerghatta National Park: Acacia Caesia (L.) Willd

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
3.0 Flora of Bannerghatta National Park

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd.
Vernacular name: Kaduseege
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A prickly climbing shrub up to 10 m. Leaves 20-25
cm long, pinnae 5-8 pairs, oblong, truncate at base, apiculate at
apex. Heads terminal, panicled. Pods to 13*2.2 cm, oblong, flat,
acuminate at both ends, marginate2.
Flowering and fruit: October-December
Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.
Vernacular name: Kempu jail
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Moderate-sized tree. Leaves alternate and pinnately
compound with glands present on the rachis. Flowers are small, pale
yellow in terminal spikes. Spike 6-8 cm long, pod stalked, flat,
glabrous, subacute, 3-4 seeded1,2.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: May- October
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
Vernacular name: Kasturi jail
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Small tree. Leaves 5 cm long, petiole gland near
the middle. Heads 1.3 cm across, orange. Pod subcylindrical,
dehiscent, 6 cm long, 1 cm thick. 4-6 seeded1,2,3.
Native: America; Flowering and fruit: November - February
Source-2
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Vernacular name: Thapala
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Trees upto 20 m high, bark yellow to yellowishbrown, rough. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, and stipulate, apex
subacute, margin ciliate, glabrous. Flowers yellow or yellowishwhite. Fruit pod 6-15*0.8-1cm flat, strap-shaped. Seeds 5-12,
ovate, 5-683-4 mm1,2.
Flowering and fruit: February-March
Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr.
Vernacular name: Seege kai
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Climbing shrubs. Branches light brown-pubescent.

Leaves 9 cm long, petiole gland below the middle. Heads 1 cm
across, calyx red, finely 5-lobed, glabrous. Pod 15*2.5 cm,
fleshy, wrinkled when dry. 10-14 seeds1,2,3.
Source-2
Native: Tropical Asia; Flowering and fruit: March July
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
70
2016
Achyranthes aspera L.
Vernacular name: Uttarani
Family: Amaranthaceae
Description: An erect herb. Leaves are thick, elliptic or obovate, entire and
obtuse. Flowers are greenish-white, small, numerous, stiffly deflexed against
the rachis. Fruit is a utricle1,2,3.
Native: Southeastern Asia; Flowering and fruit: September - April
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.
Vernacular name: Bili hindi gida
Description: An erect or prostrate herb. Leaves alternate, elliptic to
obovate or acute, entire with cottony hair beneath. Flowers are tiny,
white and are crowded in compact axillary spikes1,2,5.
Native: Afrotropics; Flowering and fruit: October - April
Aeschynomene sp
Family: Fabaceae
Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang.
Vernacular name: Ankule mara
Family: Cornaceae
Description: A small deciduous tree or shrub. Leaves narrowly
elliptic or ovate or obtuse. Flowers greenish-white, pubescent
outside. Fruit ellipsoid, crowned with vestiges of calyx1,2,6.
Native: Tropical Asia; Flowering and fruit: February May & April July
Albizia amara Boiv.
Vernacular name: Ghujjalu
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A large deciduous tree upto 13 m high, bark thin, surface grey, rough.
Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipulate, stipules minute, with a gland near the base on the
upper side, yellow tomentose. Flowers bisexual, white, heads solitary, densely
pubescent, glabrous except the bearded apex. Fruit a pod 10-24* 2.5-4 cm, flat,
greyish-brown, veiny, straight or wavy along margin. Seeds 6-13, compressed, ovateorbicular1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: June-January
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.
Vernacular name: Bage
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Deciduous trees up to 25 m high. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipules,
stipules small, free, lateral, cauduous, slender, grooved above, with a gland at its base.
Glabrous, pulvinate. Flowers bisexual, greenish-white, in subglobose heads, solitary or 24 together in axillary corymbose racemes. Fruit a pod, flat, oblong, compressed, straw
coloured, base and apex obtuse, dull dark brown, flattened1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: March-December
Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.
Vernacular name: Bilwara
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Deciduous tree upto 30 m high, bark 10-15 mm thick, initially
tawny pubescent, finally glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipulate,
stipule free, lateral, caducous. Flowers bisexual, white, in globose heads
forming terminal panicles. Fruit a pod flat, strap-shaped, with parallel margin
or often some portion constricted, rounded to rostrate at apex. Seeds 6-12,
oblong, orbicular, compressed1,2,4.
71

Flowering and fruit: April-January
2016
Source-2
Albizia sp
Family: Fabaceae
Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight
Description: Diffused herb. Leaves 6*2 cm, broadly elliptic, base
narrowed and petiole-like, drying olive green. Flowers in terminal and
axillary globose, congested cyme. Achenes 3*2mm, ellipsoid with a
long beak, black1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: July-October
Alternanthera pungens H. B. & K.
Vernacular name: Mullu honagonne
Description: A spreading herb. Leaves opposite, simple, stalked, entire,
spathulate. Flowers are small, inconspicuous, head-like inflorescence1,2,3.
Native: Neotrpoics
Flowering and fruit: Throughout the year
Andrographis serpyllifolia Wt.
Vernacular name: Kaasinasarada gida
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: A prostrate herb. Leaves are orbicular and glabrous.
Flowers are subsessile, mostly solitary with small bracts. Fruit is a
capsule1,2,3.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: June - September
Annona squamosa L.
Vernacular name: Seethaphala
Family: Annonaceae
Description: Shrub or small trees, somewhat bushy. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate,
oblong-lanceolate to oblong elliptic, margin entire, apex obtuse to acute, coriaceous,
membranous. Flowers bisexual, subcapitate, pedicels slender, minutely pubescent
about 1-3 cm long. Carpels many, subglobose or ovoid, subconnate, minutely
pubescent. Ripe carpels, broadly globose pr ovoid in fruit, fragrant. Seeds many, black
with dark brown patches, slightly flattened, arillate1,2,3.
Flowering: April-July ; Fruiting: July-August
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr.
Vernacular name: Dindiga, Dindlu
Family: Combretaceae
Description: Deciduous trees up to 18 m high, bark 10-12 mm thick, surface grey
or yellowish-grey, smooth, lenticellate, drooping. Leaves simple, opposite to
alternate, estipulate, suborbicular or oblong obovate, base obtuse. Flowers
bisexual, pale green or yellow, in axillary aggregated globose heads. Fruit a
drupe, greenish-yellow, compressed, puberulous, circular, wings 2, margin entire
or slightly undulate beaked. Seeds one, obovate1,2,5.
Source-2
Flowering: June-September; Fruiting: December-March
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2016
Apluda mutica L.
Vernacular name: Grass
Family: Poaceae
Description: Annual or perennial herbs. Culms 40-140 cm high. Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, base attenuate, apex setaceous.
Spikelets 3- per raceme, 1 sessile, 2 pedicelled. Sessile spikelets 3 -7 mm
long, awned. Pedicelled spikelet 3-6*1-1.5 mm oblong-lanceolate. Lower
glume 3-6*1-1.5 mm, lanceolate, chartaceous. Florets more or less similar
to those of sessile spikelet, upper lemma entire, unawned1,2,3,5.
Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl.

Vernacular name: Kad Dasala
Family: Convolvulaceae
Description: Silky shrubs. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, emarginate or
obtuse and apiculate, broadly cuneate at base, glabrous above. Corolla
funnel-shaped, bright red. Berry leathery, yellow-brown1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: August January
Aristida setacea Retz.
Vernacular name: Parke hullu
Family: Poaceae
Description: A coarse perennial. Leaves linear, convolute, sheaths
long, flumes linear-lanceolate. Lemma awn smooth1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
Flowering and fruit: May - December
Source-2
Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Vernacular name: Sathavari
Family: Asparagaceae
Description: Woody perennial climbers. Cladodes from the axils of scale.
Leaves in clusters of 2-6, linear-falcate, slightly triquetrous, base narrow,
apex acute. Flowers bisexual, 5-6 mm across, bracts triangular. Berry 4- 6
mm diameter globose, purple on ripening. Seeds 2-5, globose1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: July-August
Atalantia racemosa Wt. & Arn.
Source-2
Vernacular name: Kadu-kanchi

Family: Rutaceae
Description: Shrubs or small tree up to 4 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate,
spiral, elliptic to elliptic ovate, apex emarginated, base acute to rounded,
margin entire, coriaceous, glandular punctate. Inflorescence axillary short
cymes, flowers white, stamens connate. Berry globose. Seeds 41,2,5.
Native: Western India, Sri Lanka; Flowering and fruit: April - May
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Vernacular name: Bevu
Family: Meliaceae
Description: Evergreen trees up to 20 m, bark greyish-brown,
vertically striated. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, estipulate, rachis
14-30 cm long, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, white, in axillary panicles.
5 sepals, 5 petals. Fruit a drupe, oblong ovoid, greenish-yellow, seed
one, surrounded by a sweet pulp1,2,3.
Flowering: February-April, Fruiting: June-August
Bambusa sp
73
2016
Family: Poaceae
Barleria buxifolia L.
Vernacular name: Gubbee mullu
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: A spinescent herb. Leaves simple, opposite, entire and
ovoate with a sharp pointed. The petals are fused and the corolla is
tubular and funnel-shaped. Fruit is an oblong capsule containing few
compressed seeds1,2,5.
Native: Indian Archipelago; Flowering and fruit: July February
Barleria prattensis sant.
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: Woody, erect herbs. Leaves ovate, acute-acuminate,
cunceate, glabrous, usually drying black1,2,5.
Flowering and fruit: September - October
Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.
Family: Fabaceae
Vernacular name: Kanchuvala, Achiga
Description: A tree with leaf-lobes joined in the middle. Flowers are
small (1 cm.), inconspicuous with narrow petals. Bark is grey and
rugged with longitudinal fissures1,2,5.
Native: Tropics of both hemispheres
Flowering and fruit: March
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: A prostrate native herb. Leaves simple, 4-whorled in opposite
pairs, roughly elliptic with margins showing fine saw-like teeth. Flowers in
axillary clusters of 2 or 31,2,5.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, T. Africa
Flowering and fruit: November - February
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.
Common name: Indian Olibanum tree
Family: Burseraceae
Native: India
Description: A large sized deciduous tree. Leaves unipinnate and
crowded at the branch end. Flowers are small, white and occur in
fascicled racemes. Fruit is 3 lobed drupe2,3.
Flowering and fruit: February May
Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss
Common name: Mullu jogala
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Description: Medium sized deciduous tree up to 18 m. leaves are simple,
elliptic-oblong, brown pubescent on the lower surface. Flowers are borne in
clusters on an elongated spike. Fruit is a 1 seeded pyrene1,2,5.
Native: South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit: March-September
74
2016
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Vernacular name: Kadubasale
Family: Crassulaceae
Description: Branches terete. Leaves simple or pinnately 2-5-lobed, ellipticoblong, crenate-serrate, obtuse, rounded or narrowed at base. Flowers yellow,
pendulous1,2,5.
Native: Tropics
Flowering and fruit: December - February
Source-2
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.
Common name: Flame of the Forest
Family: Fabaceae
Description: moderate sized deciduous tree up to 8 m high. Leaves
alternate, 3-foliate, pulvinate, brown silky pubescent when young.
Inflorescence a raceme. Fruit a pod, flat, thickened on the sutures,
leathery, oblong. Seed solitary, compressed, obovate1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: February
Byttneria herbacea Roxb.
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Creeping, unarmed herbs. Leaves ovate, acute at apex, cordate or
rounded at base, dentate, glabrescent. Sepals linear-lanceolate, recurved.
Capsule 0.7 cm across1,2,4.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: August - January
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars
Vernacular name: Kaduthogari
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Pubescent shrubs. Leaflets elliptic to ellipticoblong, acute to obtuse, grey-pubescent beneath. Raceme
slender. Pod covered with golden spreading hairs, 4-6seeded1,2,3.
Source-2
Native: Indomalesia, China; Flowering and fruit: November-February
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.

Common name: Giant Milk- weed
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Perennial shrub with milky latex. Leaves simple in opposite
pairs. Flowers showy. Fruits is a pair of follicles with innumerable seeds
having white long silky hairs at the end1,2.
Native : Tropical Asia, Tropical Africa; Flowering and fruit: Throughtout the year
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston
Vernacular name: Kaaki
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: A shrub. Leaves ovate to elliptic, acute or acuminate at
apex, stipules triangular with a long subulate point. Flowers small,
greenish-yellow. Drupes obcordate1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: March - April
75
2016
Capparis zeylanica L.
Vernacular name: Thottalu balli
Family: Capparaceae
Description: A climbing shrub. Leaves are rough in texture,
broadly lanceolate with short. Flowers are extra-axillary with 4
greenish-white petals. Fruits are ovoid berries, bright scarlet with
many seeds1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowers: All Seasons
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Vernacular name: Bekkinabude gida
Family: Sapindaceae
Description: A small annual climbing herb. Leaves alternate, broad,
segmented with toothed margin. Flowers are small in axillary umbels
on a coiled wiry. Fruit is 3 angled and inflated1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: December - February
Careya arborea Roxb.
Common name: Kaval
Family: Lecythidaceae
Description: Deciduous trees up to 12 m high. Leaves simple,
alternate, estipulate, clustered at the tips of branchlets. Flowers
bisexual, greenish-white, in terminal spikes. Fruit a berry, 5-7.5
cm globose1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Afganisthan, Myanmar, Malaysia;
Flowering and fruit: February-July
Cassia fistula L.
Common name: Indian laburnum
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Tree up to 5 m high. Leaves alternate, pinnate, leaflets up
to 8 pairs, ovate-oblong, inflorescence a lax raceme, and drooping up
to 50 cm long. Fruit a pod, pendulous, black, cylindrical1.2,3,4.
Native: India, China, Southeast Asia
Flowering and fruit: March May; September
Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze
Vernacular name: Mookrike
Family: Celastraceae
Description: Medium to large size evergreen tree. Leaves are
simple, ovate to ovate-elliptic with entire or crenate margin.
Inflorescence is axillary dichotomously branched cyme. Flowers are
white with a green disk and yellow anthers. Fruits is a drupe1,2,3.
Source-2
Native: Indo-Malayan; Flowering and fruit: August - February
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.
Vernacular name: Mangeri
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Tree. Leaves elliptic-obovate, subacute. Flowers 1-fewfascicled, 5-merous. Corolla pale yellow. Berry ellipsoid, 4 cm
across1,2,3.
Native: Paleotropics; Flowering and fruit: Year long
76
2016
Celosia argentea L.
Vernacular name: Anne soppu
Description: A tall annual herb. Leaves are simple, alternate and
elongated. Flowers tiny and crowded in terminal cone-shaped
spikate inflorescence1,2,4.
Native: Tropical Asia Flowering and fruit: September - October
Ceropegia candelabrum L.
Vernacular name: Bitharige
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Rhizome tuberous. Leaves usually elliptic, glabrous, and
slightly apiculate. Corolla swollen at base, follicles to 10 cm, narrowly
attenuate1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka; Flowering and fruit: July - January
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene
Common name: Feather-leaved Cassia,
Family : Fabaceae
Description: Delicate herb. Leaves 6-10 cm long, with gland at tip
of petiole. Flowers solitary, small. Pod flat, pubescent, and
dehiscent to 3.5 * 0.3 cm1,2,3.
Native: India, Old World Tropics; Flowering and fruit: September
February
Chloris sp
Family: Poaceae
Chloroxylon swietenia DC.
Source-2
Vernacular name: Huragalu mara, Masivala mara

Family: Rutaceae
Description: Moderate-sized deciduous tree. Leaves are pinnate with 1020 pairs, often clustered towards the apex. Inflorescence is a panicle,
flower are pedicelled with sepals and petals 5 each. Fruit is a loculicidal
capsule1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit: FebruaryJuly
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Family: Asteraceae
Description: An erect undershrub. Leaves opposite and palmately
veined. Corolla white to purple. Florets bisexual. Pappus hairs are one
seriate1,2,3.
Native: South America
Flowering and fruit: November - April
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
Family: Poaceae
Description: Rhizome subterrancan, creping. Leaves mostly basal,
rounded at tip, glabrous. Callus pungent, as long as spikelet1,2,3.
Native: Tropical Asia
Flowering and fruit: August - October
Chrysopogon sp
Family: Poaceae
77
2016
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Vernacular name: Sidigolli
Family: Meliaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaf rachis to 27 cm long, leaflets 9-13, elliptic
to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Sepals sparsely pubescent. Seeds
not winged, exarillate1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: Year long
Cissampelos pareira
Vernacular name: Padvali
Family: Menispermaceae
Description: Climbing herbs. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular,
rounded to acute at apex with apiculate tip. Flowers greenish-white.
Drupe scarlet, pubescent1,2,3.
Native: Tropics; Flowering and fruit: July - October
Source-2
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

Family: Rutaceae
Description: Small tree. Leaves compound, usually imparipinnate,
cluster at twig ends. Leaflets generally increase in size towards
apex. Inflorescence axillary racemes, white flower. Berry
globose1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: March-June
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels
Vernacular name: Dhagadiballi
Family: Menispermaceae
Description: Climbing shrub. Leaf blade 15-6*0.5-2.5 cm, ovate,
obtuse or mucronate at apex, rounded or truncate at base, clustered
pistillate flowers. Drupe reddish-black1,2,4.
Native: Tropical Africa and India; Flowering and fruit: August March
Commelina canescens
Family: Theaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves elliptic-oblong, apex acuminate, base
acute, serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary to 3 cm across, white.
Capsule to 2mm across, woody, subglobose1,2,3,4.
Corchorus sp
Family: Malvaceae
Crotalaria sp
Family: Fabaceae
Crotalaria vestita Baker
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Erect herb. Leaves oblong, obtuse. Raceme fewflowered. Calyx villous. Corolla equaling or included in calyx. Pod
exserted, glabrous, many-seeded1,2,3,5.
Native: Tropics
Flowering and fruit: November - February
Crytococcum sp
Family: Poaceae
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2016
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Vernacular name: Nela taale
Family: Hypoxidaceae
Description: Perennial herb. Leaves strap-like with parallel veins.
Flowers solitary, attractive and borne on a long stalk that arises from
base. Fruit is a three-lobed capsule1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: June - August
Cyanotis sp
Family: Commelinaceae
Cymbopogon coloratus (Nees) Stapf
Vernacular name: Nimber hullu
Family: Poaceae
Description: Perennial grass. Culms upto 2 m tall. Leaf sheaths 5-15
cm, basal tomentose, upper globrous. Panicle dense, upto 8 cm.
Sessile spikelet, lower glume, coriaceous, oblong. Lemmas hyaline,
epaleated1,2,3,4.
Source-7
Flowering and fruit: August -October
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson
Family: Poaceae
Description: Blade lanceolate, glaucous. Sheath hairy. Inflorescence
congested with raceme pairs in masses1,2,3,4.
Native: Indomalaysia
Flowering and fruit: September
Source-2
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle

Family: Poaceae
Description: A tall perennial. Blade lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous.
Lower glume not grooved not slotted. Panicle often turning purplish
under dry conditions1,2,3,4.
Native: South India, Sri Lanka
Cymbopogon sp
Family: Poaceae
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
Vernacular name: Konana tale hullu
Family: Poaceae
Description: An annual grass. Culms erect or prostrate. Leaves linearacuminate, glaucous, ligule short and membranous. Spikes digitately
radiating1,2,3,5.
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.
Vernacular name: Bili beete
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A deciduous tree up to 25 m high with pubescence on
younger partions. Leaves are once pinnate, leaflets 13-15, obovate,
membranous. Corolla white. Pod is narrow at both ends, 1.5 cm
wide1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: August - September
Source-2
79
2016
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Vernacular name: Beete mara
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A large erect deciduous tree. Leaves are compound with
7-9 leaflets with broad at the free end. Flowers are small, white and
appear on an axillary panicle. The fruit is 1-4 seeded rather flattened
pod1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: May - September
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees
Family: Poaceae
Description: Clum sheath, triangular, with brown shining hairs on
the back. Blade narrow, small, deciduous, sheath glabrous with
narrow ligule1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Burma
Source-2
Desmodium sp
Family: Fabaceae
Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh. Apud I. Darbysh. &
Vollesen
Vernacular name: Cheebi gida
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: Subshrub. Leaves ovate and acuminate, hairy. Flowers
in cymes. Calyx lobes linear, hairy. Corolla is pink, hairy outside.
Fruit is a capsule1,2,3,4.
Source-2
Native: India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Tropical Africa
Flowering and fruit: October - January
Digitaria sp
Family: Poaceae
Dioscorea oppositifolia L.
Family: Dioscoreaceae
Description: Stem twining. Leaves opposite and alternate, very
variable in shape. Male spike brownish pubescent. Capsule stipitate,
pendulous, broader than long1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Sri Lanka
Flowering and fruit: August -January
Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
Family: Dioscoreaceae
Description: Climber. Leaves 3-5-foliate, leaflets digitate, ovateelliptic, oblique at base. Male spikes in axillary or terminal panicles.
Capsule longer than broad. Seeds winged only at base1,2,3,5.
Flowering and fruit: August November
Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb.
Vernacular name: Nensi
Family: Ebenaceae
Description: Shrubs or tree. Leaf blade elliptic-oblong or obovate,
usually obtuse, grey-pubescent when young. Inflorescence of short
axillary cymes in male. Flowers 4-merous, sessile or subsessile.
Berry globose, 1 cm across. Seeds 2-3, smooth1,2,3,4.
Source-2
Native: India; Fruits: October - November
80
2016
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Vernacular name: Tumari
Family: Ebenaceae
Description: Deciduous tree with branchlets fulvous-tomentose.
Leaves simple, elliptic or oblong. Male flowers in short cymes,
females solitary. Corolla white1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: Late March
Diospyros montana Roxb.
Vernacular name: Balagunike
Family: Ebenaceae
Description: tree. Leaf blade elliptic-oblong or obovate, obtusely
acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or subcordate at base. Male
flowers in cymes, pubescent, female solitary flowers 4-merous.
Corolla greenish-white, glabrescent, urceolate. Berry globose,
glabrous1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: March - April
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey
Vernacular name: Shivalingi
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Description: A climbing herb. Leaves are simple, alternate with
semilunar-margined lobes. Flowers arise in axillary fascicles,
unisexual with a shallow bell-shaped hairy corolla. Fruit is fleshy1,2,3.
Native: India, South-east Asia, Tropical Africa
Flowering and fruit: August - September
Drosera burmannii Vahl
Family: Droseraceae
Description: Acaulescent herbs. Stipulate leaves. Scape terminal,
circinate. Flowers white, 5 petals, obovate1,2,3.
Native: West Africa to North E Australia
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link.

Family: Poaceae
Description: Annuals. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rounded or shallowly
cordate at base, apex acuminate. Lower glume 1-2*1-1.5 mm, ovate,
acuminate, chartaceous1,2,3.
Flowering and fruiting: Throughout the year
Source-8
Eleusine aegyptiaca (L.) Desf.

Family: Poaceae
Description: culms 30-60 cm long, creeping or geniculately
ascending. Leaves linear, rounded or shallowly cordate at base,
acuminate, margins at base ciliate. Spikes 2-6 digitate, spikelets
sessile1,2,3,5.
Native of South America, naturalised in Paleotropics
Flowering and fruiting: Throughout the year
Source -9
81
2016
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Vernacular name: Madhulika
Family: Poaceae
Description: Annual herb. Culms tufted, erect, slender, compressed,
glabrous. Inflorescence a terminal branched flowered. Lemma
lanceolate, acute. Palae slightly shorter than the lemma, keeled,
narrowly, winged. Grain oblong, globose1,2,3.
Source -10
Flowering and fruit: July - September
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.
Family: Asteraceae
Description: Annual herb. Leaves simple, auriculate at base,
obovate with toothed margin. Flower heads small. Cypsela are
slender, ribbed, brown with white coma1,2,3,5.
Native: Old World Tropics
Flowering and fruit: September - December
Source-2
Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor

Family: Poaceae
Description: Perennial culms tufted. Spikelets straw coloured, laterally
compressed, linear to ovate-oblong. Caryopsis globose1,2,4,5.
Flowering and fruit: July June
Source-2
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.

Family: Poaceae
Description: Tufted annuals with spreading panicle. Spikelets white
to pink or reddish-purple, ovate, acute, sometimes oblong1,2,4,5.
Flowering and fruit: July-October
Source-2
Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

Family: Fabaceae
Description: A moderate size deciduous tree with small prickles on the
bark. Leaves are three leaflets and crowded at branch ends. Flowers
are bright red in fascicles. Pod is long, tapering at both ends1,2,3,5.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: February - May
Source-2
Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb.

Family: Erythroxylaceae
Description: Small tree. Leaves alternate, sometimes fascicled,
obovate and glaucous beneath. Flowers are solitary or in fascicles.
Fruit is a drupe with single seed and bright red when ripe1,2,3,4.
Native: India
Eucalyptus sp
Family: Myrtaceae
82
2016
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Vernacular name: Vishnu kranthi
Description: A small herb. Leaves ovate-elliptic, alternate and silky
hairy. Flowers are small and solitary. Fruit is capsule globose1,2,3,5.
Native: Tropical Africa, Asia
Flowering and fruit: July November
Ficus amplissima Sm.
Vernacular name: Bilibasuri mara
Family: Moraceae
Description: A large spreading tree. Petiole 3 cm long, leaf blade
ovate, slightly acuminate at the apex. Figs occur in axillary pairs,
sessile, bracts small and scaly1,2,3,4.
Source-2
Ficus drupacea Thunb.
Vernacular name: Bili golimara
Family: Moraceae
Description: Large tree with spreading crown. Leaves are shiny on
the upper surface. Figs occur in pairs in the leaf axils1,2,3,4.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: January - March
Source-2
Ficus microcarpa L.f.

Vernacular name: Kiru goli
Family: Moraceae
Description: Tree with few aerial roots. Leaf blade elliptic-obovate,
obtuse or abruptly acuminate at apex. Figs in axillary pairs, sessile,
glabrous to 1 cm across1,2,3,4.
Source-2
Fimbristylis barbata (Rottb.) Bth.

Family: Cyperaceae
Habit: Herb. Leaves narrow, linear, acute, glabrous, sheath pilose.
Inflorescence a terminal, subglobose, spiked head. Glumes laterally
compressed, lanceolate or cymbiform, glabrous or minutely hispid.
Fruit a nut, broadly obovoid, trigonous, smooth, strawcoloured1,2,3,5.
Source-11
Flowering and fruity: July - November
Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.
Vernacular name: Miradi
Family: Salicaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves obovate with serrate or entire margin. Flowers
small, dioecious, greenish-yellow. Fruit a globose berry1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia
Flowering and fruit: September - March
Source-2
83
2016
Flacourtia montana J. Graham

Vernacular name: Kakkade hannu
Family: Salicaceae
Description: A large tree. Leaves elliptic, oblong, acuminate,
rounded at base, crenate pubescent on midrib. Flowers unisexual.
Berry fleshy1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: April-June
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.
Vernacular name: Bilishooli gida
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Description: A large shrub. Leaves simple, alternate and ovate. Flowers
are unisexual, small, fragrant. Fruit is small, globose, smooth and white
in colour1,2,3.
Source-2
Flowering and fruit: June - September
Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Vernacular name: Goddana mara
Family: Burseraceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves grow closely crowded at the ends
of branches. Pinnately compound with terminal leaflet at tip. Flowers
in panicles are 1-1.2 cm long, bell shaped. Fruits resemble small
grapes. Fruits are edible1,2,3.
Source-2
Native: Asia; Flowering and fruit: November - March
Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem
Vernacular name: Butti mara
Description: Moderate sized tree. Leaves are simple, broadly ovate or
orbicular, coarsely dentate. Flowers are unisexual and dieocious. Fruit
is a drupe1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: March - May
Source-2
Gloriosa superba L.
Vernacular name: Kolikuttuma
Family: Colchicaceae
Description: Climbing to 4-6 m. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate.
Pedicels 6-8 cm, reflexed at the tip. Stigma introse. Capsule green,
smooth oblong1,2,3,4.
Native: Paleotropics; Flowering and fruit: August - October
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Vernacular name: Gambhari, Kasmari
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: Large deciduous tree. Leaves are long-stalked, broadly
heart-shaped and are arranged in opposite pairs. Flowers arise in
branching clusters towards the end of twigs, trumpet-shaped. Fruit is
ovoid, 2-3 cm. long and yellow when ripe1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: April - May
84
2016
Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi

Family: Malvaceae
Description: Erect shrubs. Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
base rounded or cordate. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles.
Fruit drupe 6-10 mm across1,2,3,4.
Flowering and fruit: August April
Grewia sp
Family: Malvaceae
Grewia villosa Willd.
Vernacular name: Battigargale
Family: Malvaceae
Description: shrubs. Leaf blade rounded, acute, subcordate at base.
Peduncle extra-axillary, shorter than petiole. Drupe globose,
crustaceous, pilose1,2,3,5.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: July - October
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale
Vernacular name: Anavu
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves simple, orbicular to cordate, with
an acuminate tip. Flowers are small and yellow and aggregated in
heads. Fruit capsule1,2,3.
Native; India, Sri Lanka, China; Flowering and fruit: March - June
Source-2
Helicteres isora L.
Vernacular name: Kempukaaveri
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Woody shrub. Leaves simple, elliptic-obovate,
obliquely cordate at base. Flowers are cyme axillary. Sepals are
brown, hairy and 2 lipped. Fruit is spirally twisted1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan,
China, Malaysia, Java, Australia
Flowering and fruit: September - February
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
Vernacular name: Gandu bin
Family: Poaceae
Description: Annual or perennial grass with strongly-tufted stems.
Leaf blades are lanceolate. Inflorescence is a solitary spike-like silkyhairy raceme with minute flowers1,2,3.
Native: California; Flowering and fruit: July - November
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don
Vernacular name: Kudha
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Small tree. Flowers white fragrant. Fruit in long paired
follicles white dotted1,2,3,4.
Native India-Malay Peninsula
Flowering and fruit: March - June
85
2016
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Vernacular name: Rahu beejada mara
Family: Cannabaceae
Description: Large deciduous tree. Leaves are simple, entire with
lateral and membranous stipules. Flowers are small, unisexual and
borne in fascicles. Fruit is winged1,2,3,5.
Native: India and South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit: October - February
Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.

Vernacular name: Dossa toppemara
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate at
apex, narrowed into the petiole at base, membranous. Flowers
white, in dense cylindrical leafy bracteates. Fruit capsule ovoid, 2
cm long1,2,3,4.
Native: Indian sub-continent; Flowering and fruit: May - November
Source-2
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton

Vernacular name: Gauri balli
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: An evergreen woody twiner with milky sap. Leaves
elliptic-oblong or lance shaped. Flowers are borne in many flowered
clusters. Fruit is a follicle, solitary or paired1,2,3,4.
Native: Tropical Asia; Flowering and fruit: August - December
Impatiens sp
Family: Balsaminaceae
Indigofera sp
Family: Fabaceae
Indigofera tinctoria L.
Vernacular name: Neela gida olle neele
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaf rachis to 8 cm long, rarely subopposite, obtuse,
apiculate. Raceme to 4 cm long. Pod linear, slightly curved, sparsely hairy1,2,3.
Native: Tropics
Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray ex Kunth
Family: Colchicaceae
Description: Herb. Leave dense, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, and
sessile. Perianth segments linear, subulate, chocolate. Capsule oblong
or sub globose1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: August January
Source-2
Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

Description: Climber. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular in outline,
entire or 3-lobed, glabrous. Flowers in pedunculate, subumbellate
cyme. Capsules 5-6 mm long, subglobose, bristly hairy1,2,3.
Native: Tropical America
Flowering and fruit: September - November
Source-2
86
2016
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Vernacular name: Gouribeeja
Description: Climbing shrub. Leaf ovate, cordate, palmately 3 lobed.
Cyme umbellate, few flowered. Corolla campanulate, blue or pink.
Capsule 3 subglobose1,2,3.
Native: Tropics; Flowering and fruit: September - December
Source-2
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl

Vernacular name: Godlajadi
Description: Slender climber. Leaf entire-angled, ovate,
acuminate, cordate, glabrous or pubescent. Corolla funnelshaped, sparsely pubescent. Fruit capsule ellipsoid,
apiculate1,2,3.
Source-2
Native: India, Sri Lanka; Flowering and fruit: August - April
Ischaemum sp
Family: Poaceae
Ixora notoniana Wall.
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Shola tree. Leaf stalk stout, entire, more or less elliptic,
firm. Flowers are in hemispherical clusters massed into broadly
rounded. Fruit black nearly round, of two cells1,2,3.
Native: India
Source-12
Jasminum sp
Family: Oleaceae
Jatropha gossypifolia L.
Description: Shrubs. Leaves spiral, deeply lobed, orbicular-cordate,
margin with gland-tipped hairs. Flowers red with yellow centre,
unisexual in axillary and terminal monoecious corymbose cyme.
Fruit capsule, 3 lobed1,2,3.
Native of South America; Flowering and fruit: July-September
Justicia simplex
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: herb. Leaves linear, simple, opposite. Flowers about 0.5
cm, clustered in terminal hairy spikes. Fruit is few-seeded
capsule1,2,3.
Native: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan
Flowering and fruit: July- September
Kyllinga pumila Michx.
Vernacular name: Mustaka
Family: Cyperaceae
Description: Small, tufted herb. Leaves long-pointed. Head roundedpyramidal, greenish or yellowish-white with 3 spreading bracts.
Glumes thin, unwinged1,2,3.
Native: Paleotropics and into subtropics
Source-13
87
2016
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Vernacular name: Chennangi mara
Family: Lythraceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong,
glaucous beneath. Capsule ellipsoid, appressed by calyx tube1,2,3.
Native: Western India, Myanmar
Flowering and fruit : May-February
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.
Vernacular name: Ajjashringi
Family: Anacardiaceae
Description: Tree upto 25 m high. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate,
clustered at the end of branchlets. Flowers unisexual, yellowishgreen. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, red. Seed compresed1,2,3.
Source-2
Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Family: Verbenaceae
Description: Prickly straggling shrub. Leaves opposite, simple, ovate
or ovate-oblong, serrulate, acute. Inflorescence in terminal and
axillary umbellate. Fruit a fleshy drupe, dark-pink, edible1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: February August
Source-14
Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

Vernacular name: Nari goodi
Family: Acanthaceae
Description: Creeping herb. Leaves linear-oblong, glabrous. Spikes
capitate, mostly crowded on lower nodes. Corolla white, hairy1,2,3.
Native: India
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr.
Vernacular name: Thumbe gida
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: Erect herb upto 40 cm tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, base
cuneate, margin distantly serrate. Verticils axillary and terminal,
distantly arranged, rarely superposed, very dense, many-flowered,
bracts-linear, ciliate. Nutlets 3 mm long, smooth, brown, truncate at
apex1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: September-January
Leucas lavandulifolia Sm.
Vernacular name: Thumbe
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves subserrate, linear-lanceolate,
membranous. Verticillasters 1-2, many-flowered. Upper lip shorter
than lower lip1,2,3.
Native: Indo-malaya
Source-2
88
2016
Leucas martinicensis (Sw.) R. Br.

Family: Lamiaceae
Description: Herb hairy. Leaves oblong, blade serrate. Flowers in
either terimal or axillary verticillasters. Corolla white with both lips
equal. Fruit is a nutlet1,2,3.
Native: South America, Caribbean
Flowering and fruit: All Season
Leucas sp
Family: Lamiaceae
Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J.F. Macbr.
Vernacular name: Ippe, Helippe
Family: Sapotaceae
Description: Trees up to 20 m high, brak grey. Leaves simple,
alternate, clustered at the end of branchlets, stipules lateral,
lanceolate. Flowers bisexual, creamy, axillary. Fruit a berry,
ovoid, greenish, fleshy, tawny-tomentose without. Seeds 21,2,5.
Flowering and fruit: December-July
Mangifera indica L.
Vernacular name: Mavina mara
Description: Evergreen tree. Leaves are simple, oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at apex. Flowers are small, bisexual, brone on
much-branched panciles. Fruit is a single-seeded fleshy drupe1,2,3,5.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: January - June
Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou
Vernacular name: Thanasimale
Family: Celastraceae
Description: Climbing shrub. Leaves glabrous, obtuse and serrate,
subcoriaceous. Fruit capsule globose, 0.5 cm long1,2,3.
Native: Indomalesia
Flowering and fruit: December - February
Melia dubia Cav.
Vernacular name: Bettada bevu mara
Family: Meliaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves compound with tooth leaflets.
Flowers small, greenish-yellow in much branched inflorescence.
Fruit are green, ellipsoidal with a single seed covered by hard
grey1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Tropical Asia, Angola, Australia; Flowering and fruit:
January - February
Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f.
Vernacular name: Mundi Alle
Family: Melastomataceae
Description: Tree. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, nerves faintly visible.
Calyx campanulate. Fruit berry to 5 mm in diameter1,2,3,5.
Flowering and fruit: March - July
89
2016
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.

Vernacular name: Prasarani
Description: Perennial spreading herbs. Leaves simple, variable,
linear, spathulate, linear-hastate or oblong-obovate. Flowers
axillary, solitary or 2 -3 flowered cyme. Fruits capsule ovoid,
glabrous, 4-valved1,2,3,4.
Source-2
Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Finet & Gagnep.
Family: Annonaceae
Description: Tree. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate lanceolate, acute,
rounded at base. Flowers solitary or in leaf-opposed or terminal.
Fruitlets stalked, subglobose, tomentose1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Nepal
Flowering and fruit: February March
Source-2
Mimosa pudica L.
Vernacular name: Olamucchaga
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Prickly herb. Leaves alternate compound. Leaflets
many on secondary rachis. Flowers aggregated into globose head.
Fruit is a flat pod with constictions between seeds1,2,3,4.
Flowering and fruit: July - October
Mollugo pentaphylla L.
Family: Gisekiaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate to obovate, acute.
Flowers white, numerous in lax corymbose cyme. Fruit capsule is
oblong1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Tropical America
Flowering and fruit: July - January
Source-2
Morinda pubescens J. E. Smith

Family: Rubiaceae
Habit: Deciduous tree. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate, stipules
interpetiolar, connate, sheathing, bifid at apex. Flowers bisexual,
white, in terminal, globose heads, calyx limb truncate. Fruit a
syncarp, 15-18 mm across, pyrenes 4. Seeds not winged1,2,3.4.
Flowering and fruit: March-June
Murdannia semiteres (Dalzell) Santapau
Family: Commelinaceae
Description: Small herb. Leaves simple, linear. Flowers are small,
branched inflorescence. Fruit is a subglobose capsule1,2,3,5.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: July - October
Source-2
90
2016
Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Vernacular name: Kadubilvapatre
Family: Rutaceae
Description: Tree. Leaf rachis to 7 cm long, elliptic to ellipticlanceolate, obtuse at apex, crenate. Cyme inflorescence. Fruit
berry globose, bluish-black1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit:
September - December
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.
Vernacular name: Chaayaparpatika
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rigid. Fruit capsule
loculicidal with protruding crown1,2,3.
Native: Africa
Flowering and fruit: January-July
Source-2
Olea dioica Roxb.

Vernacular name: Bilisarole
Family: Oleaceae
Description: Evergreen tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire.
Flower white1,2,3.
Native: Indian sub-continent
Flowering and fruit: January-February
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.
Family: Poaceae
Description: Perennial grass. Leaves lanceolate, linear, acuminate,
flat, thin, dull-green hairy. Inflorescence a paniculate raceme.
Spikelets hairy, lanceolate, acuminate, greenis-purple. Awns longer
than glumes, often reddish1,2,3.
Native: Pantropics; Flowering and fruit: August - October
Panicum sp.
Family: Poaceae
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Family: Asteraceae
Description: Herb. Leaves pubescent, lobes entire, acute. Florets
white.ligule in female floret supported by 2 hyaline wings at base1,2,3.
Native: West Indies, Central & North America
Pavetta breviflora DC.
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Tree. Branched smooth. Leaves elliptic, bluntly
acuminate, narrowed to the short petiole. Flowers in corymbs of
perfect cymes. Fruit black, containing one or two stones1,2,3.
Flowering and fruits: April-May; May-August.
91
2016
Pavonia odorata Willd.

Vernacular name: Balarakshi gida
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves orbicular ovate, acute, usually cordate at
base. Corolla 1.3 cm long, white or pink. Cocci smooth, pubescent1,2,3.
Native: East Tropical Africa, Peninsular India, Burma
Flowering and fruit: September - October
Pennisetum sp
Family: Poaceae
Source-2
Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze

Family: Poaceae
Description: Herb. Blade to 2*0.4 cm with glabrous sheath. Raceme
slender, often purplish1,2,3.
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Family: Arecaceae
Description: A graceful palm with 16 m tall. Leaves 3-4.5 m long, greyishgreenm flowers small, fragrant, borne in spadices. Fruiting spadix about 90
cm long, bearing oblong-ellipsoid berries. Seeds 1.7 cm long, deeply grooved
with rounded ends1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: April - December
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Vernacular name: Bettada nelli kaayi
Description: Tree. Leaves apiculate obtuse, rounded or cordate at
base, glaucous beneath. Flowers usually monoecious. Fruit fleshy
more than 1.5 cm in diameter1,2,3.
Native: India, South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit: July-February
Phyllanthus simplex Retz.
Description: An erect or diffuse herb. Leaves subsessile, closely
placed and often overlapping, linear-oblong, obtuse or acute at
apex. Fruit capsule depressed-globose, long-stalked1,2,3.
Flowering: More or less throughout the year.
Source-15
Source-2
Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Vernacular name: Poudaemullugida
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Description: An erect herb. Leaves simple, linear, hairy and opposite
in whorls. Flowers are small in compact bunches of white. Fruit is a
capsule1,2,3.
Native: Africa, Asia, Australia
Flowering and fruit: August - March
92
2016
Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd.

Family: Polygalaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves linear, lanceolate, elliptic, linear.
Flowers are usually in terminal raceme. Fruit is a rhomboidal
capsule1,2,3.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: August - January
Source-2
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Vernacular name: Hongemara
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves are imparipinnate
with 2-3 pairs of broad leaflets. Flowers are in short clusters, pea-like.
Fruit is a flattened, oval, woody pod that dehisces at both ends1,2,3.
Native: India
Premna tomentosa Willd.
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: Trees upto 15 m high. Leaves simple, opposite,
estipulate, broadly ovate, base obtuse or cordate, apex acuminate,
margin entire. Flowers bisexual, yellow, in terminal and axillary
corymbs. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 5-6 mm long. Seeds 41,2,3,4.
Flowering and fruit: February - April
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Medium tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, shortly
acuminate, acute. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate,
acute. Umbel Inflorescence. Fruit drupe ovoid 1.5 cm long1,2,3,5.
Native: South India, Burma
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
Vernacular name: Benga mara
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Deciduous native tree. Leaves alternate, pinnately
compound and entire leaflets. Flowers in terminal, highly
branched. Fruit is winged one seeded pod1,2,3,4.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: August - October
Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. & Wagh
Vernacular name: Bada Bakka
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaf rachis 12-18 cm long. Calyx rose, Corolla
yellowish-white. Pod pinkish-red. 5*1 cm1,2,3.
Native: India
Flowering and fruit: August - February
93
2016
Rotala fimbriata Wt.

Common name: Lilac Tasselflower
Family: Lythraceae
Description: Slender herb. Leaves are decussate, lanceolate to
oblong. Flowers small sessile either single or in groups of few.
Fruits is elongate-ellipsoid1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: September January
Santalum album L.
Vernacular name: Srigandha mara
Family: Santalaceae
Description: A small evergreen semi-parasitic. Leaves are simple,
opposite, shortly-stalked, glossy and elliptic. The flowers are bellshaped small, purplish-brown1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: Appears once in late summer and
again between October and December.
Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt
Vernacular name: Hambukalli
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Climbing shrub. Lobed corolla, margin revolute.
Style apex short conical, entire, not exerted1,2,3.
Native: Peninsular India
Flowering and fruit: August February
Source-2
Schizachyrium exile (Hochst.) stapf

Family: Poaceae
Description: An annual herb. Culms upto 15 cm tall. Leafsheaths 13 cm long, glabrous, ligule membranous. Sessile spikelet dorsally
compressed. Lower glume lanceolate, keeled, hairy1,2,3,5.
Flowering and fruit: August - December
Source-16
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.

Vernacular name: Kendala
Family: Sapindaceae
Description: Amedium-sized tree. Leaves are large, compound
with oblong leaflets, sessile. Flowers are small in panicles at the
nodes. Fruit is grape or olive-shaped with a pointed beak, slightly
prickly1,2,3,4.
Source-2
Native: India ; Flowering and fruit: February - May
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
Vernacular name: Kari geru
Description: Medium- sized deciduous tree. Leaves are large,
coriaceous, obovate-oblong. Flowers in panicles, greenish-white,
small and polygamous. Fruit is a resinous nut1,2,3,4.
Native: Sub Himalayan; Flowering and fruit: July - September
94
2016
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Vernacular name: Kola thagache
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves alternate, paripinnate with glands
above pulvinus. Flowers solitary, axillary, 0.4 cm across. Pod
flat, pubescent. 10-14 seeded, 2.5 cm long1,2,3,4,5.
Native: Central & South America
Source-2
Flowering and fruit: October - February
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Trees. Leaves long, estipulate, eglandular. Corymb in
axillary and terminal panicles. Pod 15-25*1 cm flattened1,2,3,5.
Native: South East Asia
Flowering and fruit: March February
Source-2
Setaria sp
Family: Poaceae
Shorea roxburghii G. Don
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Description: Trees upto 25 m bark, brownish to grey-brown, blaze
creamy-yellow, fibrous. Leaves simple, alternate, stipule large,
coriaceous, stout, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, light pink, in drooping
axillary and terminal panicles. Fruit capsule, enclosed within
accrescent sepals, wings oblong, unequal, obovoid1,2,3,5.
Native: Indo-Malesia; Flowering and fruit: February-June
Sida acuta N. Burm.
Vernacular name: Dodda bindige gida
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Erect herbs, nearly glabrous. Petiole to 5mm long,
ovate or linear-lanceolate. Calyx lobes triangular, acute cocci 7,
shortly awned1,2,3,5.
Native: Pantropical; Flowering and fruit: August - February
Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk.
Vernacular name: Bekkinatale gida
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves ovate, acute-acuminate, dentate. Flowers
solitary axillary, in few-flowered racemes. Cocci 2-toothed and
hairy at apex1,2,3,4.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa
Source-2
Flowering and fruit: July - February
Sida mysorensis Wight. & arn.
Vernacular name: Antututti
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Erect herb. Leaves ovate, acuminate, dentate. Flowers
solitary axillary, or in racemes shorter than leaves. Cocci 2-toothed
and hairy at apex1,2,3,4.
Native: India to Malesia; Flowering and fruit: January
Source-17
95
2016
Sida rhombifolia L.
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Subshrubs. Leaves 2-5*1.5-3.5 cm, rhomboid, apex
acute, base acute or cuneate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters,
yellow, lobes triangular to 3 mm. tomentose outside. Schizocrap
enclosed in calyx, semiorbicular, mericarps 8-10, awned at apex to 1
mm1,2,3,5.
Flowering and fruit: September - December
Smilax sp
Family: Smilacaceae
Sopubia delphinifolia (L.) G. Don
Family: Orobanchaceae
Description: Erect branching herb. Leaves opposite, pinnatifid,
lobes linear, narrow. Flowers axillary, solitary, passing on to
terminal few-flowered leafy racemes. Fruit a capsule, oblong, green,
seeds numerous, oblong, minute, brown, slightly compressed1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: July; October - January
Spermacoce articularis L.f.
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: A diffuse herb. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong or
obovate, subsessile. Flowers in axillary few-flowered clusters.
Capsules hispid, obovoid. Seeds oblong1,2,3.
Flower: More or less throughout the year.
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f.
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves elliptic-oblong, sparsely scabrous, base
cuneate to attenuate, apex acute, subsessile. Flowers in axillary
fascicle. Capsule truncate, dehiscing transversely1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: July - December
Source-2
Spermacoce pusilla wall.

Family: Rubiaceae
Description: An erect slender herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrid,
lateral veins. Flowers minute, in dense axillary and terminal capitate
clusters. Corolla pink, funnel-shaped. Capsules ellipsoidal,
glabrescent1,2,3.
Flowering: August - September
Spermacoce stricta L.f.
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Erect herb. Leaves opposite, simple, linear-lanceolate,
ovate-oblong, thick, narrow, entire, acute or acuminate. Inflorescence
an axillary condensed fascicle or head. Fruit capsule, narrow, glabrous.
Seed ellipsoid or rounded, grooved1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: July September
Source-18
96
2016
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl

Family: Verbenaceae
Description: Herb. Leaves elliptic-ovate, obtuse or acute at apex,
cuneate. Spikes upto 40 cm long. Corolla 8-11 mm long, bluepurple1,2,3.
Native: Tropical America
Flowering: More or less throughout the year.
Stereospermum tetragonum DC.
Family: Bignoniaceae
Description: Tree. Leaves once-pinnate, leaf axis 12 cm long. Calyx
0.6 cm long, unequaly and shortly lobed. Corolla yellow, sparsely
pubescent. Capsule 4-angled1,2,3.
Native: India, Burma, Sri Lanka
Flowering and fruit: March - November
Striga angustifolia (Don) Sald.
Family: Orobanchaceae
Description: Parasite herb. Leaves linear, scabrid, subopposite or
alternate. Corolla white, exceeding calyx. Flowers axillary, solitary,
passing on to terminal leafy spikes. Fruit a capsule, oblongellipsoid, loculicidal. Seeds minute, black, truncate1,2,3.
Source-2
Native: Indomalaysia; Flowering and fruit: August - November
Strychnos potatorum L.f.
Vernacular name: Chilu
Family: Loganiaceae
Description: Tree. Leaves elliptic, acute at both ends. Cymes usually
on old wood. Corolla tube longer than lobes. Fruit 1-1.5 cm wide1,2,3.
Native: Burma, Central & Peninsular India, Sri Lanka
Flowers: September - June
Source-2
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Vernacular name: Neerale
Family: Myrtaceae
Description: Tall tree. Leaves simple, elliptic, lush-green and
leathery with insect galls. Numerous flowers aggregate into dense
cluster with long stamens. Fruit is globose to oblong, single-seeded
berries1,2,3.
Native: South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit: February - September
Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J. Graham
Vernacular name: Simpi neerale
Family: Myrtaceae
Description: Tree. Leaves shortly petiolate, subcoriaceous, linear
elliptic. Cyme panicled, axillary or extra-axillary. Flower small,
white. Berry oblong to 1.5 cm long1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: February - May
Source-2
97
2016
Tamarindus indica L.
Vernacular name: Hunase mara
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A medium to large size deciduous tree. Leaves are pinnately
compound with small leaflets. Flowers are small many, pale green and
colour. Fruit is a bean like pod fleshy, green at first1,2,3.
Native: Tropical Africa
Flowering and fruit: Late Summer
Source-2
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K. Schum.

Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate,
rounded. Corolla tube shorter than lobes. Fruit berry 2 mm across,
globose1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: August March
Source-2
Tectona grandis L.f.

Vernacular name: Thega mara
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves are large, opposite pairs with
variable shapes. Flowers are small white, sweet-scented. Fruit is
hard and enveloped by bladder like calyx1,2,3.
Native: South-east Asia; Flowering and fruit: June - October
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.
Vernacular name: Kolingii
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Undershrubs. Leaf rachis 6 cm long, leaflets
oblanceolate. Raceme many flowered. Corolla pink. Pod slightly
curved, glabrous. 4 seeded1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Old World Tropics; Flowering and fruit: All Seasons
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.

Vernacular name: Holimathi
Description: A large evergreen tree. Leaves are simple, oblong,
crenulate and leathery in texture, petiole glandular. Flowers are
small, white and are borne on catkins. Fruit is ovoid with 5-7
angles or wings1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and Fruit: May - February
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Vernacular name: Shanti mara
Description: Tree upto 15 m. Leaves clustered at ends of branchlets,
coriaceous, broadly elliptic to elliptic- obovate. Spikes clustered
towards apex, simple. Flowers creamy-white. Calyx hairy. Fruits
ovoid, slightly 5-ridged, brown-pubescent1,2,3.
Native: Indomalaya
98
2016
Terminalia chebula Retz.

Vernacular name: Anile kaayi mara
Description: Tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute at apex,
rounded at base. Spike simple or branched. Flowers pale yellow,
disc densely villous. Fruit elliptic-ovoid, glabrous1,2,3.
Native: India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka; Flowering and fruit: February - November
Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves simple, opposite to subopposite,
exstipulate. Flowers bisexual, dull yellow, in terminal and axillary
paniculate spikes. Fruit drupe, coriaceous1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: April-May
Source-19
Terminalia paniculata Roth

Vernacular name: Hanalu mara
Description: Tree. Leaves subopposite or upper ones alternate, lamina
elliptic-oblong, with sessile glands at base beneath. Flowers white, calyx
hairy outside. Fruit brownish red, unequally 3 winged1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: August - January
Source-2
Themeda triandra Forssk.

Family: Poaceae
Description: Perennial grass. Culms robust, densely tufted. Leaves
narrowly linear, acuminate. Fascicles inflorescence drooping.
Spikelets show conspicuous awns1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Pantropics
Flowering and fruit: October December
Source-2
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Vernacular name: Dodda kaadu menasu
Family: Rutaceae
Description: Slender prickly shrub. Leaves alternate, 3-foliate, leaflets
obovate, crenate, glabrous, gland-dotted. Inflorescence a panicle, elongated.
Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry, sub-globose, fleshy, 5-6 lobed1,2,3.
Native: Africa; Flowering and fruit: Throughout the year
Tribulus terrestris L.
Vernacular name: Neggele mullu
Family: Zygophyllaceae
Description: Procumbent herb. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers
pedicelled, solitary, axillary, sepals 5, acute. Mericarp with 2 large
and 2 smaller spines1,2,3.
Native: Paleotropics
Trichodesma zeylanica (L.) R. Br.
Family: Boraginaceae
Description: Erect herb. Leaves lanceolate, hairy with a sharp tip. Flowers
are clusters at branch ends, pale blue and spread like a wheel. Fruits are
99
2016
ovoid nutlets1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Malaya, Australia, Mascarene Island
Flowering and fruit: September - March
Source-20
Tridax procumbens L.
Vernacular name: Kari balli
Family: Asteraceae
Description: Perennial hairy herb. Leaves simple alternate. Flowers
heterogamous heads. Fruit tiny, dark with a crown of hairs1,2,3.
Native: Central America
Flowering and fruit: Year long
Source-2
Triumfetta annua L.
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Herbs. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate dentate, membranous.
Flowers in axillary few-flowered cymes. Fruits glabrous, 1.3 cm1,2,3.
Native: Tropical Africa to Malesia
Flowering and fruit: November - December
Source-2
Tylophora indica (Burm. F.) Merr.

Vernacular name: Aadu muttada balli
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Twiners. Leaves simple, opposite, elliptic to ovate.
Inflorescence is compound umbellate lateral cyme. Fruit is a
cylindrical follicle1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: May - September
Source-2
Vangueria spinosa (Roxb. ex Link) Roxb.

Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves arranged opposite or whorls of three. Flowers
cymes occur in leaf axils. Flowers small, greenish-white. Fruit is small
size1,2,3.
Flower: March - April
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn.
Vernacular name: Aithaala beelu
Family: Rhamnaceae
Description: Liana. Leaves oblong elliptic, acute or shortly
acuminate, calyx tomentose. Disc villous around the style. Fruit
calyx only covering base of nut1,2,3.
Native: Sri Lanka, Myanmar; Flowering and fruit: December - February
100
2016
Vitex altissima L.f.

Vernacular name: Bharanige
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: A large dry deciduous and semi evergreen forests. Leaves are
compound with three or five leaflets. Flowers are numerous on branched
inflorescence, small. Fruit are small and purplish-black when ripe1,2,3.
Native: Tropical Asia; Flowering and fruit: October - December
Vitex negundo L.
Vernacular name: Lakki gida
Family: Lamiaceae
Description: A large shrub. Leaves are with 3-5 leaflets, lanceolate,
acute. Flowers are small in stalked bunches with bluish-purple 5lobed petals. Fruits are globose black berries1,2,3.
Native: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Source-2
Flowering and fruit: More or less throughout the year
Vitis auriculata Wall.
Family: Vitaceae
Description: Huge Climber. Leaves 5-foliate, leaflet ovate, ellipticlanceolate, stipules, 5-foliate. Flowers greenish-white in axillary umbels.
Fruit berries 1.5 cm long, glabrescent. Seeds rugose, 2 pitted, furrowed1,6.
Flowering and fruit: May-November
Source- 21
Waltheria indica L.
Vernacular name: Ottatti gida
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Subshrub. Leaves simple, alternate and stipulate with
characteristic. Flowers in axillary or terminal fascicles. Fruit is a
capsule1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: August - January
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.
Vernacular name: Benki gida
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic or obovatem
shortly acuminate at apex. Flowers in short corymbose tomentose cyme.
Carpels connate into cylindrical capsule with two longitudinal groove1,2,3.
Flowering and fruit: April - September
Wrightia tinctoria
Vernacular name: Hale neeli kodumurki
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: A small deciduous tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at apex, acute at base, glabrous or puberulous beneath. Flowers
in axillary or terminal lax, spreading cymes. Follicles 2, cylindrical,
cohering at the apex1,2,3.
Flower: March - April
101
2016
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Vernacular name: Jambe
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Unarmed tree. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, with glands in between. Corolla yellowish-white. Pod brownpubescent, axe-shaped1,2,3.
Native: Indomalesia; Flowers: March May, Fruit: May - January
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Vernacular name: Bugari mara
Family: Rhamnaceae
Description: Tree. Leaves simple, elliptic-ovate to orbicular,
palmately nerved with stipules modified into hooked spines.
Flowers small, in axillary clusters. Fruit is orange red berry1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: December - January
Source-2
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.
Vernacular name: Choori mullu
Family: Rhamnaceae
Description: A ferruginous prickly shrub with recurved prickles. Leaves
are ovate, 3-4 nerved with tomentum. Flowers are axillary, sessile, 10lobed yellowish disc at th ecentre. Fruit is a drupe1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, Pantropics; Flowering and fruit: April- June
Zornia gibbosa Span.
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Diffuse herb. Leaflets lanceolate, acute. Calyx 0.25
cm long. Corolla yellow, 0.5 cm long. Pod 2-5 jointed2,3.
Native: Tropics
Flowering and fruit: June - November
Feronia elephantum
Vernacular name: Belada mara
Family: Rutaceae
Description: Deciduous thorny tree. Leaves pinnately compound.
Flowers small. Fruits are large globes, size of a tennis ball1,2,3.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: March - April
Osbeckia sp
Family: Melastomaceae
Dodonaea viscosa
Family: Sapindaceae
Description: Small tree. Leaves simple, linear-oblong, oblanceolate.
Inflorescence is panicle of racemes. Flowers are polygamous, corolla is
white. Fruit is a capsule 1.5 cm broad with wings1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka Tropics
Flowering and fruit: October - March
Source-2
102
2016
Cipadessa fruticosa
Vernacular name: Sidigolla
Family: Meliaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaf rachis to 27 cm long, leaflets 9-13,
elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Sepals sparsely
pubescent, seeds not winged, exarillate1,2,3.
Native: Indomalesia; Flowering and fruit: Year long
Desmodium pulchellum
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Erect undershrubs. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets elliptic-ovate,
repand, obtuse, apiculate, tomentose beneath. Flowers 3-5, hidden by
orbicular bractd. Pod with 1-3 round, reticulate, glabrous joints1,2,3.
Native: China, Indomalesia
Flowering and fruit: December - January
Source-2
Flemingia strobilifera
Vernacular name: Kanpoothi
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaf 1-foliate, ovate-lanceolate. Peduncle
zig-zag. Calyx 0.6 cm long wings shorter than keel. Pod 2seeded1,2,3.
Native: Indomalesia
Source-2
Flowering and fruit: November March.
Oxytenanthera stocksii
Family: Poaceae
Description: An erect bamboo. Culms upto 9 m high and 2.5 3.8 cm in
diameter. Leaves linear-lanceolate, base rounded or cuneate, tip ending
in a setaceous point. Inflorescence a large panicle of spicate heads1,2,3.
Source-22
Hemidesmus indicus
Vernacular name: Anantha beru
Family: Apocynaceae
Description: Climber. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate, narrow
or broadly oblong. Flowers are crowded in subsessile. Fruit is a
follicle and sseeds are brownish-white hairs1,2,3.
Native: India, Sri Lanka; Flowering and fruit: Throughout the year
Ficus benghalensis
Vernacular name: Aladamara
Family: Moraceae
Description: Evergreen tree. Leaves are leathery, simple, alternate,
ovate with prominent veins. Figs about 2 cm diameter1,2,3.
Native: India
Source-2
103
2016
Hybanthus enneaspermus
Vernacular name: Purusharathna
Family: Violaceae
Description: Branching herb. Leaves are linear-lanceolate with
shallowly-crenate margin. Flowers axillary, long-petioled,
bilipped. Fruit is a capsule1,2,3.
Native: Tropics, South Asia; Flowering and fruit: July -December
Source-2
Crotalaria striata
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Glabrescent undershrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets
usually elliptic, acute-mucronate, membranous. Raceme terminal, many
flowered. Pod glabrescent, exserted1,2,3.
Native: Africa
Flowering and fruit: September - April
Source-23
Schefflera venulosa
Family: Araliaceae
Description: Large woody straggling shrub or a tree. Leaves
palmately compound, leaflets elliptic lanceolate. Inflorescence is
an umbel. Flowers are 5-merous. Fruits is a schizocarp1,2,3.
Native: Indo-Malaysia and Tropical Australia
Flowering and fruit: April - June
Source-2
Source-2
Solanum torvum
Vernacular name: Sundekkayi
Family: Solanaceae
Description: Large shrub with prickles on stem. Leaves ovatelanceolate, hairy and shallowly lobed. Flowers corymbose cymes. Fruits
a globose berry and is green1,2,3.
Native: West Indies
Flowering and fruit: Throughout the year.
Acacia catechu
Vernacular name: Kachhu
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves compound with many leaflets and
spines on either side of leaf base. Flowers small, white or pale yellow.
Pod many seeded2.
Native: India; Flowering and fruit: June-October
Source-2
Stereospermum chelonoides
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 5-9 number,
base acute. Flowers purple dull, fragrant, in large axillary panicles. Fruit
capsule terete2.
Native: Myanmar
Flowering and fruit: September - February
Source-2
104
2016
Phoenix acaulis
Family: Arecaeae
Description: Palm. Leaves fibrous, acanthophylls closely arranged in
more than one plane. Staminate inflorescences not extending. Fruit
obovoid, ripening from green with scarlet. Seed elongate in shape29.
Source- 24
Source-2
Cassia tora
Vernacular name: Chagache
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Annual shrubby herbs. Leaves with subulate glands between
the leaflets, obovate-oblong, obtuse. Flowers in axillary pairs. Fruit pod2.
Native: Tropics; Flowering and fruit: August November2
Cassia auriculata
Vernacular name: Honambre gida
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves pinnately compound with glands opposite
to leaflets. Flowers in corymbose racemes are golden yellow. Fruit
pod, long and dehiscent2.
Source - 7
Native: South America; Flowering and fruit: Throughout the year.
Grewia tiliifolia
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Large tree. Leaves simple, alternate, lateral, auricled. Flowers
bisexual, yellow, in axillary umbels. Fruit drupe, globose to subglobose2.
Flowering and fruit: February - June
Source-25
Randia dumetorum
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: An armed large shrub or small tree. Leaves simple,
obovate, entire, opposite decussate. Flower white turning yellow in
axillary fascicles. Fruit berry globose ovoid to ellipsoid26.
Source-26
Flowering: January - July
Randia uliginosa
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate,
glabrous above and pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers
bisexual, white, solitary. Fruit a berry, ovoid or ellipsoid27.
Flowering and fruit: August March
Source-27
Kydia calycina
Vernacular name: Bellaka
Family: Malvaceae
Description: Tree. Leaves ovoate- orbicular, lobes, glaucous
beneath. Panicles axillary and terminal. Petals spathulate. Fruit
capsule7.
Native: Indian sub-continent; Flowering and fruit: September January7
Source-2
105
2016
Lagerstroemia lanceolata
Family: Lythraceae
Description: Large deciduous tree. Leaves simple, elliptic, entire,
opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles. Fruit capsule ellipsoid,
brownish28.
Flowering and fruit: March - May
Source-28
Adina cordifolia
Vernacular name: Anavu
Family: Rubiaceae
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaves simple, orbicular to cordate,
with an acuminate tip. Flowers small, yellow and aggregated in
heads. Fruit capsule2.
Native: India, Sri Lanka, China; Flowering and fruit: March - June
Stereospermum xylocarpum
Vernacular name: Ambalahude
Description: Large deciduous tree. Leaves opposite, double pinnate,
elliptic, flowers funnel shaped, white. Fruit capsule29.
Flowering: March - April
Source-29
Odina wodier
Vernacular name: Ajjashringi
Description: Deciduous tree. Leaflets subsessile, ovate-elliptic,
acuminate at apex, glabrous above. Yellow colour corolla. Fruit drupe2.
Flowering and fruit: January- May
Source- 7
Ficus infectoria
Vernacular name: Basarimara
Family: Moraceae
Description: Medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves large, elliptic,
acute. Figs stalked, larger2.
Native: India, South-east Asia
Flowering and fruit: October November
Source-2
Solanum ferox
Family: Solanaceae
Description: Shurb found on the coast line of Southern India. It is wild
brinjal30.
Source-2
106
2016
Solanum indicum
Family: Solanaceae
Description: Armed with short spines, stellately tomentose. Leaf shallowly
lobed, ovate, Cyme short, few-many-flowered. Blue color corolla. Fruit
berries globose, yellow2.
Source- 31
Asparagus racemosus
Vernacular name: Shataavari
Family: Asparagaceae
Description: climbing shrub. Leaves reduced, spinescent scales. Cladodes
slightly compressed. Spines longer, decurved. Flowers white, small.
Flowering and fruit: July-August
Source- 32
Clematis gouriana
Vernacular name: Thalejadari
Family: Ranunculaceae
Description: Climbing herb. Leaflets ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base,
nerves tomentose below. Flowers white, 1 cm across, obtuse. Fruit achene,
ovoid2.
Flowering and fruit: November-March
Jasminum arborescens
Vernacular name: Vishamallige
Family: Oleaceae
Description: Shrub. Leaves ovate, elliptic or rarely ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers white, 7-flowered trichotomous cyme. Berry solitary,
globose or ellipsoid2.
Flowering and fruit: March - May
Source-33
Terminalia tomentosa
Description: Bark rough, deeply cracked. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute at apex. Fruit elliptic, glabrous, thick wings.
Native: India
Reference:
1. Flora of Bangalore District, S V Ramaswamy, B A Razi, Published by the Director,
Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570012, pp L+740
2. Digital Flora of Karnataka (http://florakarnataka.ces.iisc.ernet.in/hjcb2/)

3. Indian Biodiversity Portal (http://indiabiodiversity.org/)
4. eFloras.org (http://efloras.org/)
5. Flowers of India (http://www.flowersofindia.net/)
6. Flora
of
District
Andhra
Pradesh,
India,
Ranga
Reddi
(https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0tI7vIpJJxgC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=Vitis+auriculata&sour
107
2016
ce=bl&ots=N7Ef3xflWl&sig=DzWxDy6Ol2sIUrKKubDAWl1dJ1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ
pe_B6OTJAhWTHY4KHdd1CncQ6AEIRDAM#v=onepage&q=Vitis%20auriculata&f=false )
7. http://tanamanherbalindo.blogspot.in/2014/05/sereh-andropogon-nardus-l.html
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinochloa_colona#/media/File:Echinochloa_colona.jpg
9. http://www.ibin.gov.in/ibin/components/com_ibin/species_html/Dactyloctenium%20aegyptiu
m/Dactyloctenium%20aegyptium1.jpg
10. http://regionalconservation.org/ircs/database/plants/PlantPage.asp?TXCODE=Eleuindi
11. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Bulbostylis+barbata
12. http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/13899
13. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=KYPU#
14. http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21602
16. https://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/project/africa_dojo/FakaraPlants/Contents/Species_pages/Schiz
exi.html
17. http://gardenbreizh.org/photos/karlostachys/photo-249096.html
18. http://flora.indianbiodiversity.org/file/7497
19. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/terminaliacoriacea/interesting/
20. http://flora.indianbiodiversity.org/flora/angiosperm/boraginaceae/trichodesma/trichodesmazeylanicum
21. https://www.flickr.com/photos/66499264@N05/9802851304
22. http://www.bambooworldindia.com/bambooinkerala.php
23. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crotalaria_striata_07342.JPG
24. http://www.fruitipedia.com/Dwarf_date_palm_phonix_acaulis.htm
29. http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Padri%20Tree.html
30. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA460&dq=Solanum+%2B+in
dia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2PSCU5XgKIWSuASpz4Jw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=
Solanum%20%2B%20india&f=false
31. http://parisaramahiti.kar.nic.in/medicinal_plants_new/med%20plants/p173.html
33. http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Navamallika.html
108
2016
4.0 BIRD DIVERSITY Bannerghatta National Park

Vegetation: Vegetation is mostly scrub jungle, interspersed with rocky outcrops and deciduous
forest patches. The area is surrounded by crop fields, human habitation and water bodies of
which few are perennial. These landscape elements harbour several species of birds and the
avian diversity proves rich due to available of proper desired habitats and surplus food.
Materials and Method: Bird species were enumerated through all out search and also
opportunistic survey techniques in select localities of the national park. Location occurrences
of these species were recorded using GPS (Global positioning system), binoculars, and camera.
Table 1 and Figure 1 lists the sampled locations.
Results: Tables 2-4 give the list of birds sighted during 14-16 Nov 2016 and Figure 2 gives
the glimpse of select birds. About 80 species of birds were recorded (table 5), which include
migrating birds of winter such as Golden Oriole, Forest Wagtail, Rosy Starling, Booted
Warbler, Greenish Warbler, Ultramarine Flycatcher, Lesser Spotted Eagle, Pallid Harrier and
Wire Tailed Swallow. The presence of these bird species highlights of rich habitats with the
supporting niche. Table 6 gives the consolidated list of birds compiled from literatures.
Table 1: Details of Sampled locations
S
Latitude
No
1
12.607
77.584
Elevation
(m)
797
Longitude
Locality
name
Ginidodi
Hanumanthall
a
Hallimaradod
di
Date
Remarks
14-11-2015
Kathrinatha
14-11-2015
Hanumanthalla
12.602
77.583
758
12.636
77.568
756
12.530
77.516
875
Bilikal gudda
14-11-2015
12.718
77.565
941
Shivanalli
15-11-2015
12.713
77.562
903
Doddibetta
15-11-2015
12.603
77.575
774
Yelchvadi
15-11-2015
12.579
77.513
718
15-11-2015
12.569
77.506
716
10
12.588
77.473
742
Devarahalli
KvanaldoddiDevaralli
Guttalahunase
Gangadarbetta
14-11-2015
15-11-2015
16-11-2015
Half forest
half grass land
Moist to dry
deciduous forest
Toklibande-gomala
Doddibetta-Gomala
forest
Yelchvadi-tandyascrub jungle
Devarahalli
GuttalahunaseGangadarbettagomala
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57,
ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
109
11
12.588
77.472
755
12
13
12.783
12.770
77.593
77.593
907
889
Gangadarabett
a
Harekodi
Begihalli
16-11-2015
16-11-2015
16-11-2015
2016
Gangadarabetta in
forest area
Harekodi-Buffer
Begihalli-Mantapa
Figure 1: Locations sampled in BNP for bird diversity.

Table 2: Bird species documented on 14/11/2015
SNO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Common Name
Ashy Prinia
Ashy Wood Swallow
Asian Paradise Flycatcher
Barn Swallow
Bay Backed Shrike
Black Drongo
Black Eagle
Black Headed Flycatcher
Species name
Prinia socialis
Artamus fuscus
Terpsiphone paradisi
Hirundo rustica
Lanius vittatus
Dicrurus macrocercus
Ictinaetus malaiensis
Terpsiphone rufiventer
110
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Black Kite
Blossom Headed Parakeet
Blyths Reed Warbler
Booted Warbler
Cattle Egret
Eurasian Collared Dove
Common Hoopoe
Common Iora
Common Myna
Coppersmith Barbet
Forest Wagtail
Golden Fronted Leaf bird
Golden Oriole
Great Tit
Greater Coucal
Greenish Leaf Warbler
Grey Jungle fowl
House Crow
House Sparrow
Indian Pond Heron
Indian Robin
Indian Roller
Jungle Babbler
Jungle Crow
Laughing Dove
Little Cormorant
Oriental Magpie Robin
Oriental White Eye
Plain Prinia
Purple Rumped Sunbird
Purple Sunbird
Red Whiskered Bulbul
Rose Ringed Parakeet
Scimitter Babbler
Shikara
Small Green Bee-Eater
Spotted Dove
Tailor Bird
White Bellied Drongo
White Browed Bulbul
White Cheeked Barbet
White Throated Kingfisher
Wooly Necked Stork
2016
Milvus migrans
Psittacula roseata
Acrocephalus dumetorum
Iduna caligata
Bubulcus ibis
Streptopelia decaocto
Upupa epops
Aegithina tiphia
Acridotheres tristis
Megalaima haemacephala
Dendronanthus indicus
Chloropsis aurifrons
Oriolus oriolus
Parus major
Centropus sinensis
Phylloscopus trochiloides
Gallus sonneratii
Corvus splendens
Passer domesticus
Ardeola grayii
Saxicoloides fulicatus
Coracias benghalensis
Turdoides striata
Corvus macrorhynchos
Spilopelia senegalensis
Microcarbo niger
Copsychus saularis
Zosterops palpebrosus
Prinia inornata
Leptocoma zeylonica
Cinnyris asiaticus
Pycnonotus jocosus
Psittacula krameri
Pomatorhinus horsfieldii
Accipiter badius
Merops orientalis
Spilopelia chinensis
Orthotomus sutorius
Dicrurus caerulescens
Pycnonotus luteolus
Megalaima viridis
Halcyon smyrnensis
Ciconia episcopus
111
2016
Table 3: Bird species documented on 15/11/2015

SNO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Common Name
Ashy Prinia
Ashy Wood Swallow
Asian Koel
Barn Swallow
Bay Backed Shrike
Black Shouldered Kite
Blyths Reed Warbler
Brahminey Kite
Bush Quail
Cattle Egret
Coppersmith Barbet
Golden Fronted Leafbird
Greater Caucal
House Crow
House Sparrow
House Swift
Indian Nightjar
Indian Peafowl
Indian Pond Heron
Indian Roller
Jungle Babbler
Jungle Crow
Laughing Dove
Little Egret
Orange Headed Thrush
Pied Bushchat
Plain Prinia
Red Rumped Swallow
Red Vented Bulbul
Red Wattled Lapwing
Scimitter Babbler
Small Minivet
Spotted Dove
Tickells Flowerpecker
White Browed Fantail
Wooly Necked Stork
Species name
Prinia socialis
Artamus fuscus
Eudynamys scolopaceus
Hirundo rustica
Lanius vittatus
Elanus axillaris
Haliastur indus
Perdicula argoondah
Bubulcus ibis
Centropus sinensis
Corvus splendens
Passer domesticus
Apus nipalensis
Caprimulgus asiaticus
Pavo cristatus
Ardeola grayii
Turdoides striata
Egretta garzetta
Geokichla citrina
Saxicola caprata
Prinia inornata
Cecropis daurica
Pycnonotus cafer
Vanellus indicus
Pycnonotus jocosus
Psittacula krameri
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
Rhipidura aureola
Megalaima viridis
Ciconia episcopus
112
2016
Table 4: Bird species documented on 16/11/2015.

SNO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Common Name
Ashy Drongo
Ashy Prinia
Asian Koel
Barn Swallow
Black Drongo
Booted warbler
Bay Backed Shrike
Black Drongo
Brahminy Starling
Cattle Egret
Golden Oriole
Indian Pond Heron
Indian Roller
Indian Silverbill
Little Egret
Plain Prinia
Purple Sunbird
Scaly Breasted Munia
Small Green Bee Eater
Spotted Dove
Spotted Owlet
Tailor Bird
White Browed Bulbul
White Browed Wagtail
White Breasted Waterhen
White Browed Fantail
Wire Tailed Swallow
Species name
Dicrurus leucophaeus
Prinia socialis
Eudynamys scolopaceus
Hirundo rustica
Iduna caligata
Lanius vittatus
Sturnia pagodarum
Bubulcus ibis
Oriolus oriolus
Ardeola grayii
Lonchura malabarica
Egretta garzetta
Prinia inornata
Leptocoma zeylonica
Cinnyris asiaticus
Pycnonotus jocosus
Lonchura punctulata
Merops orientalis
Athene brama
Orthotomus sutorius
Pycnonotus luteolus
Motacilla maderaspatensis
Amaurornis phoenicurus
Rhipidura aureola
Megalaima viridis
Hirundo smithii
Table 5: Consolidated list of Birds of BNP

SNO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Common Name
Ashy Prinia
Ashy Wood Swallow
Asian Paradise Flycatcher
Barn Swallow
Bay Backed Shrike
Black Drongo
Black Eagle
Black Headed Flycatcher
Black Shouldered Kite
Species name
Prinia socialis
Artamus fuscus
Terpsiphone paradisi
Hirundo rustica
Lanius vittatus
Ictinaetus malaiensis
Terpsiphone rufiventer
Elanus axillaris
Locations sampled
Ginidodi
Hanumanthalla
Hallimaradoddi
Bilikal gudda
Shivanalli
Doddibetta
Yelchvadi
Devarahalli
Kvanaldoddi-Devaralli
113
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Black Kite
Blossom Headed Parakeet
Blyths Reed Warbler
Booted Warbler
Bush Quail
Cattle Egret
Eurasian Collared Dove
Common Hoopoe
Common Iora
Common Myna
Coppersmith Barbet
Forest Wagtail
Golden Fronted Leafbird
Golden Oriole
Great Tit
Greater Coucal
Grey Junglefowl
House Crow
House Sparrow
Indian Pond Heron
Indian Robin
Indian Roller
Jungle Babbler
Jungle Crow
Laughing Dove
Little Cormorant
Oriental Magpie Robin
Oriental White Eye
Pied Bushchat
Plain Prinia
Purple Sunbird
Scimitter Babbler
Shikara
Small Green Bee-Eater
Small Minivet
Spotted Dove
Tailor Bird
Tickells Flowerpecker
White Bellied Drongo
White Browed Bulbul
Milvus migrans
Psittacula roseata
Iduna caligata
Perdicula argoondah
Bubulcus ibis
Streptopelia decaocto
Upupa epops
Aegithina tiphia
Acridotheres tristis
Dendronanthus indicus
Oriolus oriolus
Parus major
Centropus sinensis
Gallus sonneratii
Corvus splendens
Passer domesticus
Ardeola grayii
Turdoides striata
Microcarbo niger
Copsychus saularis
Saxicola caprata
Prinia inornata
Leptocoma zeylonica
Cinnyris asiaticus
Pycnonotus jocosus
Psittacula krameri
Accipiter badius
Merops orientalis
Orthotomus sutorius
Pycnonotus luteolus
2016
GuttalahunaseGangadarbetta
Gangadarabetta
Harekodi
Begihalli
114
54
55
56

White Throated Kingfisher
Wooly Necked Stork
2016
Megalaima viridis
Halcyon smyrnensis
Ciconia episcopus
Figure 2: Birds sighted during the field work

Ashy Wood Swallow-Artamus fuscus
Black Eagle-Ictinaetus malaiensis
Common Hoopoe-Upupa epops
Indian Roller-Coracias benghalensis
Pallid harrier-Circus macrourus
115

Purple Rumped Sunbird-Leptocoma
zeylonica
2016
Red Whiskered Bulbul-Pycnonotus jocosus
Common Iora-Aegithina tiphia
Rose Ringed Parakeet- Psittacula krameri
Shikara-Accipiter badius
116

Small Green Bee eater-Merops orientalis
2016
House Sparrow-Passer domesticus
Scaly-breasted munia-Lonchura punctulata
Tailor Bird-Orthotomus sutorius
White Throated Kingfisher-Halcyon

smyrnensis
117
2016
Table 6: Aves of Bannerghatta National park (based on literature and earlier field works)
SL.
No
1
2
3
Scientific Name
Common Name
Accipiter badius (Gmelin)

Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler)
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus)
(Blyth)
Acrocephalus stentoreus
(Jerdon)
Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus)
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus)
Alcippe poioicephala (Jerdon)
Amaurornis phoenicurus
10
11
12
Anas acuta Linnaeus

Anas crecca Linnaeus
Anas poecilorhyncha Taylor
13
Anhinga melanogaster Perrett,
14
15
16
17
18
Anthus hodgsoni Richmond

Anthus richardi Vieillot
Anthus rufulus (Vieillot)
Apus affinis (J.E.Gray)
Tachymarptis melba L.
19
Aquila clanga Pallas
20
21
22
23
Aquila rapax ( Temminck)

Ardea alba Linnaeus
Ardea cinerea (Linnaeus)
Ardeola grayii (Sykes)
24
Artamus fuscus Vieillot
25
Athene brama (Temminck)
26
Bubo bubo (Linnaeus)
27
28
29
30
31
32
Bubo zeylonensis (Gmelin)

Bubulcus ibis ( Linnaeus)
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus)
Butastur teesa (Franklin)
Caprimulgus affinis Franklin
Caprimulgus atripennis Jerdon
33
Caprimulgus asiaticus (Latham)
34
Caprimulgus indicus Latham
35
36
37
Caprimulgus macrurus Jerdon

Caprimulgus erythrinus(Pallus)
Centropus bengalensis (Gmelin)
Shikra
Jungle Myna
Indian Myna
Blyths Reed
Warbler
Indian Giant Reed
Warbler
Iora
Small Blue
Kingfisher
Nilgiri Quaker
Babbler
White Breasted
Waterhen
Pintail
Common Teal
Spotbill Duck
Indian Darter or
Snake Bird
Indian Tree Pipit
Richards Pipit
Paddy-field Pipit
House Swift
Alpine Swift
Greater spotted
eagle
Indian Tawny Eagle
Grey Heron
Grey Heron
Pond Heron
Ashy Swallow
Shrike
Spotted owlet
Indian Great Horned
Owl
Brown fish owl
Cattle Egret
Stone Curlew
White-eyed buzzard
Franklins nightjar
Jerdons nightjar
Common Indian
Nightjar
Indian Jungle
Nightjar
Long-tailed nightjar
Rose Finch
Lesser Coucal
4
5
Endemic
Status
Threat
Status
Legal
Status
S-I
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
NT
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
AVU
S-I
S-I
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
118

38
39
40
41
42
Centropus sinensis (Stephen)

Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus)
Charadrius dubius (Scopoll)
(Temminck)
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
(Gmelin)
43
Chrysomma sinense (Gmelin)
44
Ciconia episcopus( Boddaert)
45
46
Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin)

Circus macrourus (S.G.Gmelin)
47
Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert)
48
Collocalia unicolor (Jerdon)
49
Columba elphinstonii (Sykes)
50
51
55
56
Columba livia Gmelin

Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus)
(Linnaeus)
Coracina melanoptera
(Strickland)
Coracina novaehollandiae
(Gmelin)
Corvus macrorhynchos Sykes
Corvus splendens (Vieillot)
57
Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus)
58
Cuculus varius Vahl
52
53
54
68
Culicicapa ceylonensis
(Swainson)
Dendrocitta vagabunda
Whistler& Kinnear
Dendrocygna javanica
(Horsfield)
Dendronanthus indicus (Gmelin)
Dicaeum concolor Jerdon
(Latham)
dicrurus adsimilis (Hodgson)
Dicrurus aeneus Vieillot
(Linnaeus)
Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot
69
Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus)
70
Dinopium javanense Whistler &

Kinnear
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Crow Pheasant
Pied Kingfisher
Little Ringed Plover
Goldfronted
Leafbird
Goldmantled
Leafbird
Yellow-eyed
Babbler
Woody-necked
Stork
Short-toed Eagle
Pallid Harrier
Pied Crested
Cuckoo
Indian Edible Nest
Swiftlet
Nilgiri Wood
Pigeon
Blue Rock Pigeon
Magpie Robin
Blue Jay/ Indian
roller
Black Headed
Cuckoo Shrike
Large Cuckoo
Shrike
Jungle Crow
House Crow
Common or Grey
Quail
Common Hawk
Cuckoo
Grey-headed
Flycatcher
2016
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
NT
S-I
S-I
S-IV
Endemic
to WG
VU
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
Rufous Treepie
Whistling Lesser
Teal
Forest Wagtail
Plain Flowerpecker
Tickells
Flowerpecker
Black Drongo
Bronzed Drongo
White-bellied
Drongo
Grey Drongo
Racket Tailed
Drongo
Woodpecker
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
119

Mountain Imperial
Pigeon
Rufous-bellied
Babbler
Large Egret
Little Egret
Median Egret
Black Winged Kite
Ashy-crowned
Finch Lark
Avadavat / Red
Munia
2016
71
Ducula badia (Raffles)
72
Dumetia hyperythra (Franklin)
73
74
75
76
Egretta alba (Gray)

Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus)
Egretta intermedia (Wagler)
Elanus caeruleus (Latham)
77
Eremopterix grisea (Scopol)
78
Estrilda amandava (Linnaeus)
79
Eudynamys scolopacea
(Linnaeus)
Koel
80
Eumyias albicaudata Jerdon
Nilgiri Flycatcher
81
Indian Kestrel
S-IV
Grey Partridge
S-IV
83
84
85
86
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus

Francolinus pondicerianus
(Latham)
Gallinago stenura
Gallinula chloropus Blyth
Galloperdix spadicea Gmelin
Gallus sonneratii Temminck
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
87
Garrulax jerdoni (Blanford)
88
89
90
Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell)

Gracula religiosa Linnaeus
Grus virgo (Linnaeus)
91
Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin)
92
Gyps indicus (Scopoll)
93
Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus)
94
95
Haliastur indus (Boddaert)

Hemiprocne longipennis (Tickel)
96
Hemipus picatus (Sykes)
97
Hierococcyx varius Vahl
Pintail Snipe
Indian Moorhen
Red Spurfowl
Grey Junglefowl
Kerala or Jerdons
Laughing Thrush
Barred Jungle Owlet
Hill Myna
Demoisselle Crane
Indian Whitebacked or Bengal
Vulture
Long-billed Vulture
White-breasted
Kingfisher
Brahminy Kite
Crested Treeswift
Pied Flycatcher
Shrike
Common Hawk
Cuckoo or
Brainfever Bird
98
Himantopus himantopus
(Linnaeus)
99
Hirundo daurica Linnaeus
100
101
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus

Hirundo smithii filifera Stephens
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
(Scopoli)
82
102
103
Hypsipetes indicus (Jerdon)
104
Hypsipetes madagascariensis
Sykes
Black-winged Stilt
Red-rumped
Swallow
Common Swallow
Wire-tailed Swallow
Pheasant-tailed
Jacana
Yellow-browed
Bulbul
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
Endemic
to WG
Endemic
to WG
S-IV
CR
CR
S-IV
S-IV
S-I
S-I
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
Black Bulbul
120

105
106
Ictinaetus malaiensis (Hodgson)

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus
107
Lanius schach Linnaeus
108
Lanius vittatus Valenciennes
109
Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus)
110
Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus)
111
Lonchura striata (Linnaeus)
112
114
115
Loriculus vernalis (Sparrman)

(Latham)
Megalaima viridis (Boddaert)
Megalaima zeylonica (Gmelin)
116
Merops orientalis Latham
113
118
119
Micropternus brachyurus
(Vieillot)
Milvus migrans (Boddaert)
Mirafra assamica affinis Blyth
120
Hypothymis azurea (Hartlaub)
117
Black Eagle
Brown Shrike
Rufous-backed
Shrike
Bay-backed Shrike
White-throated
Munia
Spotted Munia
White-backed
Munia
Lorikeet
Indian Crimsonbreasted Barbet
Small Green Barbet
Large Green Barbet
Small Green Beeeater
S-IV
S-I
S-IV
Large Pied Wagtail
S-IV
S-IV
126
Motacilla flava (Billberg)
127
128
Muscicapa dauurica (Pallas)

Muscicapa latirostris Raffles
129
Muscicapa muttui (Layard)
130
Muscicapa parva Pallas
131
Muscicapa thalassina Swainson
132
Muscicapa tickelliae (Blyth)
133
Mycteria leucocephala (Pennant)
134
Myophonus horsfieldii (Vigors)
135
136
Nectarinia asiatica (Latham)

Nectarinia lotenia (Linnaeus)
White Wagtail
Black-headed
Yellow Wagtail
Brown Flycatcher
Brown Flycatcher
Brown-breasted
Flycatcher
Red- breasted
Flycatcher
Nilgiri Verditerr
Flycatcher
Tickells Blue
Flycatcher
Painted Stork
Malabar Whistling
Thrush
Purple Sunbird
Lotens Sunbird
137
Nectarinia minima (Sykes)
Small Sunbird
138
Nectarinia zeylonica ( Linnaeus)
139
Neophron percnopterus
(Linnaeus)
124
S-IV
Black Kite
Madras Bush Lark
Black-napped Blue
Flycatcher
Blue headed Rock
Thrush
Blue Rock Thrush
Grey Wagtail
125
122
123
S-IV
Rufous Woodpecker
Monticola cinclorhynchus
(Vigors)
Monticola solitaries (Linnaeus)
Motacilla cinerea (Tunstall)
Motacilla maderaspatensis
Gmelin
Motacilla alba Sykes
121
2016
Purple rumped
sunbird
White Scavenger
Vulture
S-IV
S-IV
Endemic
to WG
S-IV
121
142
Nycticorax nycticorax
(Linnaeus)
Nyctyornis athertoni (Jardine &
Selby)
Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus)
143
Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus)
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
160
Orthotomus sutorius (Forster)

Parus major (Linnaeus)
Parus nuchalis (Jerdon)
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)
Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus)
Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin
Pellorneum ruficeps Swainson
Perdicula asiatica (Latham)
Perdicula erythrorhyncha
(Sykes)
Pericrocotus erythropygius
Jerdon)
Pericrocotus flammeus (Forster)
Pernis ptilorhyncus Lesson
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris
(Jerdon)
Phalacrocorax Carbo (Shaw)
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
(Stephens)
Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot)
161
Phylloscopus occipitalis (Blyth)
162
(Sundevall)
163
Picoides mahrattensis (Latham)
164
165
166
167
Picoides nanus (Vigors)

Pitta brachyura(Linnaeus)
Platalea leucorodia (Linnaeus)
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus)
168
Pomatorhinus norsfieldii Sukes
169
Prinia hodgsonii Blyth
170
Prinia socialis
171
Prinia subflava (Gmelin)
172
Prinia sylvatica Jerdon
173
Psittacula columboides (Vigors)
174
Psittacula columboides (Vigors)
140
141
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
Night Heron
2016
S-IV
Blue-bearded Beeeater
Golden Oriole
Black Hooded
Oriole
Tailor Bird
Grey Tit
Yellow-cheeked Tit
House Sparrow
Pea Fowl
Grey Pelican
Spotted Babbler
Jungle Quail
VU
S-I
S-IV
S-IV
Painted Bush Quail
S-IV
Small minivet
White-bellied
minivet
Scarlet Minivet
Honey Buzzard
Small Green Billed
Malkoha
Great cormorant
S-IV
Indian cormorant
S-IV
Little Cormorant
Large-crowned Leaf
Warbler
Greenish Leaf
Warbler
Yellow-fronted Pied
Woodpecker
Pygmy Woodpecker
Indian Pitta
Eurasian Spoonbill
Baya Weaver
Slaty-headed
Scimitar Babbler
Franklins Wren
Warbler
Southern Ashy
Wren Warbler
Nilgiri Plain Wren
Warbler
Jungle
WrenWarbler
Blue-winged
Parakreet
Blossom-headed
Parakeet
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-I
S-IV
S-IV
S-I
Endemic
to WG
S-IV
S-IV
122

Rose-ringed
Parakeet
Red-vented Bulbul
Red-whiskered
Bulbul
White-browed
Bulbul
175
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli)
176
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus)
177
Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus)
178
Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson)
179
Pycnonotus priocephalus Jerdon
Grey-headed Bulbul
180
Pycnonotus
xantholaemus Jerdon
181
Rhipidura albicollis vanilloid
182
Rhipidura aureola Blyth
183
Rhopodytes viridirostris (Jerdon)
184
Rhopocichla atriceps (Jerdon)
185
Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli)
186
187
188
189
Saxicola caprata (Linnaeus)

Saxicola torquata (Blyth)
Saxicoloides fulicata (Linnaeus)
Scolopax rusticola (Linnaeus)
190
Sitta castanea Franklin
191
Sitta frontalis Swainson
192
Spilornis cheela Latham
Yellow-throated
Bulbul
White-throated
fantail flycatcher
White-browed
fantail Flycatcher
Small Green-billed
Malkoha
Black-capped
Babbler
King Vulture /Red
headed Vulture
Pied Bush Chat
Collared Bush chat
Indian Robin
Woodcock
Chestnut-bellied
Nuthatch
Velvet-fronted
Nuthatch
Crested Serpent
Eagle
195
196
197
198
Streptopelia
decaocto (Frivaldszky)
(Linnaeus)
Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli)
Strix ocellata (Lesson)
Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin)
Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin)
199
Sturnus roseus (Linneaus)
200
201
Sylvia hortensis (Gmelin)

accocua leschenaultia Lesson
202
Tephrodornis gularis Jerdon
193
194
203
204
205
206
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
(Gmelin)
Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus)
Threskiornis aethiopicus
(Latham)
Tockus birostris (Scopoli)
2016
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
Endemic
to WG
Endemic
to WG
S-IV
VU
S-IV
NT
S-IV
S-IV
Ring Dove
Little Brown Dove
S-IV
Spotted Dove
Mottled Wood Owl
Grey-headed Myna
Brahminy Starling
Rosy Starling Rosy
Pastor
Orphean Warbler
Sirkeer Cuckoo
Malabar
WoodShrike
Common
WoodShrike
Paradise Flycatcher
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
White ibis
Common
GreyHornbill
123
207
Treron phoenicoptera (Latham)
208
Treron pompadora (Gmelin)
209
210
211
Tringa glareola Linnaeus

Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus
Tringa ochropus Linnaeus
212
Turdoides affinis (Jerdon)
213
214
215
216
217
218
Turdoides malcolmi (Sykes)

Turdoides striata (Swainson)
Turdoides caudata (Dumont)
Turdus merula Linnaeus
Tyto alba Hartert
Upupa epops Linnaeus
219
Vanellus indicus Boddaert
220
Vanellus malabaricus Boddaert
221
zoothera citrina (Latham)
222
(Temminck)
Yellow-legged
Green Pigeon
Grey-fronted Green
Pigeon
Wood Sandpiper
Common Sandpiper
Green Sandpiper
White-headed
Babbler
Large Grey Babbler
Jungle Babbler
Common Babbler
Blackbird
Barn owl
Hoopoe
Indian Red-wattled
Lapwing
Yellow-wattled
Lapwing
White-throated
Ground Thrush
2016
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
S-IV
Oriental White-eye
124
5.0
2016
Faunal Diversity of BNP and Buffer area
BNP is a terminal point on the northern side of Mysore Elephant Reserve, inhabits the largest
land mammal - Asian Elephants that migrate from the adjacent Cauvery wildlife Sanctuary of
Karnataka and Krishnagiri & Hosur Forest Division of Tamilnadu which is in contiguam with
the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve carved out of Western Ghats forest at Nilgiris stretching through
Malaimahadeshwara hills, Biligiri Ranga Temple Sanctuary, Kollegal Forest Division and
Sathyamangala Forests of Tamilnadu. Faunal diversity in BNP are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Faunal Diversity in BNP
Common Name
Elephant
Spectacled Cobra
Mungusi
Bandicoot
Rat Snake
Common Garden Lizard
Chameleon
Green whip Snake
Bonnet Macaque
Rat
Skink
Kaadu Bekku
Jackal
Wild Boar
Checkered Keelback
Sloth Bear
Wolf Snake
Indian Rock Python
Stripe necked Mongoose
Mandalada Haavu
Rock Agama
Leopard
Indian Porcupine
Small Indian Civet
Wild Dog
Pangolin
Sambar
Chital
Barking Deer
Bronze Back Snake
Scientific Name
Elephas maximus
Naja naja
Herpestes edwardsi
Bandicota bengalensis
Ptyas mucosus
Calotes versicolor
Chamaeleo zeylanicus
Ahaetulla nasutus
Macaca radiata
Rattus rattus
Sphenomorphus indicus
Felis chaus
Canis aureus
Sus scrofa
Xenochrophis piscator
Melursus ursinus
Lycodon aulicus
Python molurus
Herpestes vitticollis
Vipera russelli
Psammophilus dorsalis
Leopard sps
Hystrix indica
Viverricula indica
Cuon alpinus
Manis crassicaudata
Cervus unicolor
Axis axis
Muntiacus muntjac
Dendrelaphis pictus
Conservation Status (IUCN)

Endangered
Vulnerable
Endangered
Near Threatened
Vulnerable
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
125

Kaadu Papa/Slendor Loris
Katte Kiruba
Mouse Deer
Banded Kukri Snake
Loris tardigradus
Hyaena hyaena
Moschiola indica
Oligodon signatus
2016
Endangered
Near Threatened
6.0 Butterfly Diversity in Bannerghatta National Park

Vegetation: Vegetation is mostly scrub jungle, interspersed with rocky outcrops and deciduous forest
patches. The area is surrounded by crop fields, human habitation and water bodies of which few are
perennial. These vegetation types along with several host plants and nectar plants harbour several
species of butterflies and their diversity proves rich due to available of proper desired habitats and
surplus food. Presence of specific host plants attracts specific butterflies to breed.
Materials and Method: Butterfly species were documented at locations marked in Figure 1 through
all out search and also opportunistic methods using GPS (Global Positioning System), camera and
pictorial guides.
Figure 1: Butterfly sampled locations
126
2016
Results: Tables 1 to 3 lists species documented during 14-16 Nov 2015. Rare species such as
Common Banded Peacock, Zebra Blue, African Babul Blue, Forget Me Not are found during the survey,
indicating the richness of the butterfly diversity in the surveyed areas. Figure 2 depicts select butterflies
of the region.
Table 1: Butterflies documented on 14/11/2015.

SNO
COMMON NAME
SCENTIFIC NAME
FAMILY
01
02
03
Common Three Ring

Common Five Ring
Common Crow Butterfly
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
04
Blue Tiger
05
Plain Tiger
06
07
08
Striped Tiger
Common Evening Brown
Common Bush Brown
09
Common Leopard
10
11
12
13
Common Sailor
Baronet
Common Castor
Angled Castor
14
Lemon Pansy
15
16
17
Yellow Pansy
Common Wanderer
Common Mormon
18
Blue Mormon
19
Common Rose
20
Crimson Rose
21
Tailed Jay
22
Common Lime Butterfly
23
Common Emigrant
24
Mottled Emigrant
25
Common Grass Yellow
Ypthima asterope
Ypthima balbus Fabricus
Euploea core Cramer
Tirumala limniace
Cramer
Danaus chrysippus
Linnaeus
Danaus genutia
Melantis leda Linnaeus
Mycalesis pereus
Phalanta phalantha
Drury
Neptis hylas Linnaeus
Euthalia nais
Ariadne merione Cramer
Ariadne Ariadne
Junonia lemonias
Linnaeus
Junonia hierta
Pareronia valeria
Papilio polytes Linnaeus
Papilio polymnestor
Cramer
Atrophaneura
aristolochiae Fabricius
Atrophaneura hector
Linnaeus
Graphium agamemnon
Lonnaeus
Papilio demoleus
Linnaeus
Catopsilia pomona
Fabricus
Catopsilia pyranthe
Linnaeus
Eurema hecabe
Linnaeus
26
Small Orange Tip
Colotis etrida
27
Common Gull
Cepora nerissa
LOCATIONS
SAMPLED
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Swallowtail
Ginidodi
Hanumanthalla
Hallimaradoddi
Bilikal gudda
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
127
28
Pioneer Butterfly
Anaphaeis aurota
29
Common Jezebel
Delias eucharis Drury
30
Common Psyche
Leptosia nina
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Red Pierrot
Common Pierrot
Dark Grass Blue
Tiny Grass Blue
Grass Jewel
Common Cerulean
Gram Blue
Pea Blue
Common Banded
Peacock
Zebra Blue
African Babul Blue
Forget Me Not
Talicada nyseus
Castalius rosimon
Zizeera karsandra
Zizula hylax
Freyeriaeno trochylus
Jamides celeno
Euchrysops cnejus
Lampides boeticus
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Papilio crino
Swallowtail
Leptotes plinius
Azanus jesous
Catochrysops strabo
Blues
Blues
Blues
39
40
41
42
2016

S
NO
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
COMMON NAME
SCENTIFIC NAME
Common Three Ring
Ypthima asterope
Ypthima balbus
Common Five Ring
Fabricus
Common Crow Butterfly Euploea core Cramer
Tirumala limniace
Blue Tiger
Cramer
Danaus chrysippus
Plain Tiger
Linnaeus
Striped Tiger
Danaus genutia
Melantis leda
Common Evening Brown
Linnaeus
Common Bush Brown
Mycalesis pereus
Common Sailor
Neptis hylas
Common Mormon
Papilio polytes
Blue Mormon
Papilio polymnestor
Crimson Rose
Pachliopta hector
Graphium
Tailed Jay
agamemnon
Common Lime Butterfly
Papilio demoleus
Common Grass Yellow
Eurema hecabe
FAMILY
LOCATIONS
SAMPLED
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Shivanalli
Doddibetta
Yelchvadi
Devarahalli
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Whites &
Yellows
128
16
Mottled Emigrant
Catopsilia pyranthe
17
Small Orange Tip
Colotis etrida
18
Yellow Orange Tip
Ixias pyrene
19
Common Gull
Cepora nerissa
20
Pioneer Butterfly
Belenois aurota
21
Common Jezebel
Delias eucharis
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
Common Psyche
Butterfly
Common Pierrot
Dark Grass Blue
Tiny Grass Blue
Grass Jewel
Pea Blue
Zebra Blue
Leptosia nina
Castalius rosimon
Zizeeria karsandra
Zizula hylax
Freyeria trochylus
Lampides boeticus
Leptotes plinius
2016
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues

SL
NO
01
02
COMMON NAME
SCENTIFIC NAME
FAMILY
Common Three Ring

Common Crow
Butterfly
Ypthima asterope
Brush Footed
Euploea core Cramer
Brush Footed
03
Blue Tiger
04
Plain Tiger
05
07
Striped Tiger
Common Evening
Brown
Common Bush Brown
08
Common Leopard
09
10
11
12
Common Sailor
Danaid Eggfly
Common Castor
Angled Castor
13
Lemon Pansy
14
15
Yellow Pansy
Common Wanderer
06
Tirumala limniace
Cramer
Danaus chrysippus
Linnaeus
Danaus genutia
Melantis leda
Linnaeus
Mycalesis pereus
Phalanta phalantha
Drury
Neptis hylas Linnaeus
Hypolimnas misippus
Ariadne merione
Ariadne ariadne
Junonia lemonias
Linnaeus
Junonia hierta
Pareronia valeria
LOCATIONS
SAMPLED
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
GuttalahunaseGangadarbetta
Gangadarabetta
Harekodi
Begihalli
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
Brush Footed
129

Papilio polytes
Linnaeus
Papilio polymnestor
Cramer
Atrophaneura
aristolochiae
Fabricius
Atrophaneura hector
Linnaeus
Graphium
agamemnon
Lonnaeus
Papilio demoleus
Catopsilia pomona
Fabricus
Catopsilia pyranthe
Linnaeus
16
Common Mormon
17
Blue Mormon
18
Common Rose
19
Crimson Rose
20
Tailed Jay
21
Common Lime
22
Common Emigrant
23
Mottled Emigrant
24
Common Grass Yellow
Eurema hecabe
25
Small Orange Tip
Colotis etrida
26
Plain Orange Tip
Colotis aurora
27
Great Orange Tip
Hebomoia glaucippe
28
Crimson Tip
Colotis danae
29
Common Gull
Cepora nerissa
30
Pioneer
Anaphaeis aurota
31
Common Jezebel
Delias eucharis
Drury
32
Common Psyche
Leptosia nina
33
Common Pierrot
Castalius rosimon
34
35
Dark Grass Blue

Tiny Grass Blue
36
Grass Jewel
37
38
39
Common Cerulean
Gram Blue
Pea Blue
Common Banded
Peacock
Zizeera karsandra
Zizula hylax
Freyeriaeno
trochylus
Jamides celeno
Euchrysops cnejus
Lampides boeticus
40
Papilio crino
2016
Brush Footed
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Swallowtail
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Whites &
Yellows
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Blues
Swallowtail
130

Figure 2: Butterflies of BNP
Common Banded Peacock-Papilio crino
2016
Common Sailor-Neptis hylas Linnaeus
Pioneer Butterfly-Anaphaeis aurota
Zebra Blue-Leptotes plinius
Pea Blue-Lampides boeticus
Forget Me Not-Catochrysops strabo
Grass Jewel-Freyeria trochylus
131
2016
Common Pierrot-Castalius rosimon
Common Cerulean-Jamides celeno
African Babul Blue-Azanus jesous
132

Flora of Bannerghatta National Park: Acacia Caesia (L.) Willd

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Flora of Bannerghatta National Park: Acacia Caesia (L.) Willd

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

3.0 Flora of Bannerghatta National Park

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Description: Climbing shrubs. Branches light brown-pubescent.

Native: Tropical Asia; Flowering and fruit: March July

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Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl.

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Atalantia racemosa Wt. & Arn.

Vernacular name: Kadu-kanchi

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

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Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Native: Indomalesia, China; Flowering and fruit: November-February

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.

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Vernacular name: Huragalu mara, Masivala mara

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Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

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Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle

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Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

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Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link.

Eleusine aegyptiaca (L.) Desf.

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Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor

Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.

Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb.

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Ficus microcarpa L.f.

Fimbristylis barbata (Rottb.) Bth.

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Flacourtia montana J. Graham

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Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi

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Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl

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Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

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Leucas martinicensis (Sw.) R. Br.

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Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.