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Achieved her Ph.D at UCSF and UC Berkeley in 1970 and,and has done researches in
the same university since1979
Introduced the concept that expert nurses develop skillsand understanding of patient care
over time through a
sound educational base
as well as a
multitude ofexperience
She conceptualizes in her writing about nursing skills asexperience is a prerequisite for
becoming an expert.
Achieved her Ph.D at UCSF and UC Berkeley in 1970 and,and has done researches in
the same university since1979
Introduced the concept that expert nurses develop skillsand understanding of patient care
over time through a
sound educational base
as well as a
multitude ofexperience
She conceptualizes in her writing about nursing skills asexperience is a prerequisite for
becoming an expert.
Novice2.
Advance Beginner3.
Competent4.
Proficient5.
Expert
Novice
Achieved her Ph.D at UCSF and UC Berkeley in 1970 and,and has done researches in
the same university since1979
Introduced the concept that expert nurses develop skillsand understanding of patient care
over time through a
sound educational base
as well as a
multitude ofexperience
She conceptualizes in her writing about nursing skills asexperience is a prerequisite for
becoming an expert.
Proficient5.
Expert
Novice
Typically a nurse with 2-3 years experience on the job inthe same area or in similar dayto-day situations
Gains perspective from planning own actions based onconscious, abstract and analytical
thinking and helps toachieve greater efficiency and organization.
Proficient
Learns from experiences what to expect in certainsituations and how to modify plans
No longer relies in principles, rules or guidelines toconnect with situations and determine
actions
high level of emotional involvement in the nurse-client relationship. She viewed nursing
practice asthe care and study of the lived experience of health,illness and disease and the
relationships among thesethree elements.
Health
Benner focused
on the lived experience ofbeing healthy and ill
.
She defined health as what canbe assessed, while well-being is the humanexperience of
health of wholeness. Well-being andbeing ill are recognized as different ways of being
inthe world. Health is described as not just the absenceof disease and illness. Also, a
person may have adisease and not experience illness because illness isthe human
experience of loss or dysfunction,whereas disease is what can be assessed at thephysical
level.
Environment
instead of using the term
environment, benner used the term situation,
because it suggests a social environment with socialdefinition and meaning. She used
thephenomenological terms of being situated and
situated meaning, which are defined by the persons
engaged interaction, interpretation andunderstanding of the situation.
ANALYSISSimplicity
Benners model is comparatively simple about the
five stages of skill acquisition. It gives a relative guide forclassifying levels of nursing
practice, from individual nursedescriptions and observations to actual nursing practice.
Theinterpretations are validated by agreement or by generalacceptance.Clinical knowledge
is relational and deals with local,specific, historical issues. Benner uses narrative accounts
ofactual clinical situations and preserves that the modelenablers the reader to recognize
similar intents and
meanings, although the objective circumstances may be quitedifferent.
Generality
Benners model has universal characteristic for the
reason that it is not restricted by age, illness, health, orlocation of nursing practice.
However, the characteristic oftheoretical universality involve properties of functionality
forprediction that is not a part of this perspective.The descriptive model of nursing
practice has thepotential for universal application as a framework; howeverthe
descriptions are limited by dependence on the actualclinical nursing situations from which
they must be used. Itdepends on the understanding of the five levels ofcompetency and
the ability to identify the characteristicintentions and meanings intrinsic at each level of
practice.
Empirical Precision
In terms of empirical precision, Benners model was
tested using qualitative methodologies. Succeedingresearches suggest that the
framework is applicable anduseful in providing knowledge of the description of nursing
practice. The strength of Benners model is that data
-basedresearch contributes to the science of nursing.
Derivable Consequences
The usefulness of Benners model gives a general
framework for identifying, defining and describing clinicalnursing practice. She uses a
phenomenological approach toexpress and obtain meaning and abilities from interactions in
life situation. The implication of Benners research findings
lies on her conclusion
that a nurses clinical knowledge is
relevant to the extent to which its manifestation is nursing
Dracup and Bryan-Brown. From Novice to Expert toMentor Shaping the Future - American
Journal of CriticalCare. 2004;13: 448-450.