T3

EASY
1. What is the other name of T3?
Triiodothyronine
2. T3 are secreted by what cells?
Follicular cells
3. It is considered to be the active form of thyroid hormone.
T3 (triiodothyronine)
4. In primary hypothyroidism, what are the laboratory results in serum of thyroid hormones:
Total T3: decreased
Total T4: decreased
FT3: decreased
FT4: decreased
TDIFFICULT
5. What hormone causes the release of T3?
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
6. High levels of free T3 and T4 causes:
a. Shuts off the release of TSH from the pituitary gland
b. Increases release of TSH from the pituitary gland
c. Does not affect the release of TSH
d. None of the above
7. A decrease in the levels of T3 and T4 causes:
a. Induce TSH release
b. Increases release of TSH
c. Inhibit the release of TSH
d. None of the above
8. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that occurs six times more frequently in
women than in men. Laboratory results indicates: T3, T4 TSH
T3, T4 = INCREASED
TSH= NORMAL
9. TRUE OR FALSE. T3 and T4 are increased in T3 thyrotoxicosis
10. What is the role of T3 in the production of proteins?
T3 is needed for the production of messenger RNA that leads to the production of
proteins that influence metabolism and development.

1. Where is HDL synthesized?

Answer: Liver
2. True or False. The bad form of cholesterol that is associated with atherosclerosis is HDL
or high-density lipoproteins.
False

3. True or False. Increased HDL cholesterol is associated with decreased risk of coronary
artery disease.
True
4. True or False. Moderate alcohol consumption can actually increase the blood levels of
good cholesterol, or HDL.
False
5. What is the normal value for HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)?
Answer: greater than 40mg/dl
6. HDL is called good cholesterol because
a. It keeps cholesterol from building up in the lining of the arteries
b. Your body makes more of it as you get older
c. It helps keep your blood from clotting
d. None of the above
7. Which apoprotein is inversely related to risk of coronary heart disease?
a. Apoprotein A-I
b. Apoprotein B100
c. Apoprotein C-II
d. Apoprotein E4
8. What is the reference method for HDL cholesterol?
Ans: Ultracentrifugation
9. What is the major protein found in HDL cholesterol?
Answer: Apo A-1
10. Which of the following lipid profiles would be associated with a high risk for CVD?
a. low LDL levels and high HDL levels
b. high LDL levels and low HDL levels
c. triglyceride levels of under 100
d. all of the above

1. What immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

- IgG
2. How many IgG are required to activate complement?
-2
3. Molecular mass of IgG
-150 000 D
4. What is the structure of IgG?
- Monomeric / Monomer
5. Which IgG does not crosses the placenta?

- IgG2
Indicate if DECREASED or INCREASED in IgG
6. Liver disease - Increased
7. Parasitic disease - Increased
8. Acquired immunodeficiency - Decreased
9. Hereditary deficiency - Decreased
10. Rheumatic disease - Increased

1. What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of uric acid to allantoin?

Ans: Uricase
2. A disease associated with SUA concentration of >6 mg/dL.
Ans: Gout
3. It is the product of catabolism of the purine nucleic acid.
Ans: Uric Acid
4. Monosodium Urate in tissue.
Ans: Tophi
5. It has been proposed as a candidate reference method in Uric Acid.
Ans: Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry
6. It is a drug long used to treat gouty arthritis which also alters phagocytic
response of WBCs to urate crystals in tissues and inhibits mitosis and blocks
cell division.
Ans: Colchicine
7. The most common method under Uric Acid analytical methods which is based
on the oxidation of uric acid in a protein-free filtrate with subsequent
reduction of phosphotungstic acid in alkaline solution to tungsten blue.
Ans: Caraway Method
8. It is an X-linked genetic disorder which is seen only in males caused by the
complete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
which is an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of purines.
Ans: Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
9. Inhibitor of de novo purine synthesis.
Ans: 6 mercaptopurine

10.

How many percent of Urate are endorse to kidney to excrete

with urine?
Ans: 70%

EASY Question
1.What is the Enzymes commissioner number of Alanine amino transferase?
Answer: E.C # 2.6.1.2
2. Another name of ALT?
Answer: Serum glutamic-pyruvate transaminase
3. Where is the highest concentration Alanine aminotransferase located?
Answer: Liver
4. Reference range of Alanine aminotranferase?
Answer: 7-45U/L at 37oC (0.1 to 0.8 kat/L)

DIFFICULT Question
5 What is the synthetic name of Alanine anminotransferase?
Answer: L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
6. what is the Reagent use in Reitman Frankel to produce color when added to
pyruvic acid?
Answer:2,4-dihydrophenylhydrazine
7.What do we call the ratio that differentiates the viral from non viral of AST and
ALT?
Answer: Deritis Ratio
8.What is the half-life of ALT when there is an acute inflammatory condition in the
liver?
Answer: 16 to 24 hours
9. What is the optimal pH of the sample in ALT to get an accurate result?
Answer: 7.3 to 7.8
10. What is the Subtrate use to form an end product of Pyruvic acid with the use of
enzyme with the E.C. number of 2.6.1.2?
Answer: Alanine alpha-ketoglutamic acid
Easy

1. Where is haptoglobin synthesized?

Liver
2. True or False. Haptoglobin is recycled after It carries the Hemoglobin to the
liver macrophage?
False.
3. True or False. Haptoglobin binds to free floating hemoglobin during
extravascular hemolysis
False.
4. What is the function of haptoglobin?
Binds to free floating hemoglobin to prevent loss of hemoglobin and its
constituent into the urine
Difficult
5.

Give 1 method used for quantitative determination of haptoglobin

Immunodiffusion method
Immunonephelometric method
6. True or False. Haptoglobin is considered a negative acute phase reactant.
False.
7. Haptoglobin is used to evaluate what kind of hemolysis?
Intravascular hemolysis
8. True or False. Levels of haptoglobin production in the liver increases in cases
of increased hemolysis
False
9. Levels of haptoglobin during intravascular hemolysis.
Decrease
10.Give the three phenotypes of Haptoglobin (Hp) found in humans.
Hp 1-1
Hp 2-1
Hp 2-2
1.) Excessive levels of cortisol in your bloodstream can play a role in?
a. Craving comfort foods
b. Feeling fatigued
c. Storing excess body fat
d. All of the above
2.) Cortisol is best known for its involvement in the fight-or-flight response and
temporary increase in energy production.
True
False
3.) Cortisol helps in corresponding to and coping with?
a. Stress
b. Trauma
c. Environmental extremes
d. All of the above
4.) Cortisol is protein produced by the adrenal gland?

True
False
5.) Elevated cortisol levels over a prolonged period of time can produce?
a. Blood sugar imbalances
b. Lowered immunity
c. Neither of these
d. Both of these
6.) What is the hormone that signals to the adrenal glands to increase cortisol production
and excretion?
(ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone

7.) A condition associated with too much cortisol over a period of time that manifests
weight gain, high BP, increase thirst and frequency of urination.
Cushings Syndrome

8.) Where does cortisol specifically produced?

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

9.) A condition associated with too little cortisol that manifests weight loss, muscle
weakness, mood changes and the darkening of regions of the skin.
Addisons Disease
10.) What is the normal value of cortisol for a blood sample taken in the morning in
mcg/dL?
6-23

TPOPONIN C

1. The letter C in Troponin C denotes what?

= CALCIUM / CALCIUM BINDING SUBUNIT

TRUE OR FALSE

2. Troponin C is useful as a cardiac biomarker and is specific for the heart.

=FALSE
3. Troponin C together whith Troponin I and T forms a complex of 3 proteins that binds to
filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle to regulate contraction.
=TRUE
4. Troponin C is responsible for chelating calcum to activate muscle contraction
. =FALSE
5. When calcium binds to Troponin C what will happen to Troponin I?
=The binding of Trponin I to actin is inhibited

6. If calcium is decreased to a critical point, what will happe to the contraction?

=Contaction ceases/stops bcause calcium us essential to the excitation coupling.

7. Why is Troponin C not useful in the diagnosis of cardiac injury?

=Because the cardiac isoform of Troponin-C is shared by
Troponin T is expressed in the human
heart.

skeletal isoform wherein

8. What is the action of Calcium to actin and myosin filaments?

=It blocks inhibitor of the ineraction between actin and myosin.

9. What is th key element in the initiation of contraction?

=The release of sacoplasmic (Ca2+)

10. What is the molecular weight of Troponin C?

= 18,000 Daltons

SODIUM
EASY
1. It is the major cation of the extracellular fluid.
- Sodium

2. What is the term used to define excess sodium and the term used to define
its deficiency?
- Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia
3. It is the steroid hormone responsible for the regulation of sodium.
-Aldosterone
4. What is the renal threshold for sodium (mmol/L)?
- 110-130 mmol/L
DIFFICULT
5. How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell in exchange for two
potassium ions?
A. 1

C. 3

B. 2

D. 4

6. What is the most routinely used method in determining sodium

concentration?
- Ion Selective Electrode

7. True or False: Sodium concentration is elevated in cases of increased water

retention. It is however, decreased in cases of increased water loss.
A. First statement is true. Second statement is false
B. First statement is false. Second statement is true
C. Both statements are true
D. Both statements are false

8. What is the reference range of sodium (mmol/L)?

- 136-145 mmol/L
9. True or False: Burn patients with increased water loss can experience
hyponatremia.
- False
``

10. Elevated volume of sodium is primarily associated with what condition?

A. Inflammation
B. Nephritic syndrome

C. Cirrhosis
D. Addisons disease

LDH
EASY

1. It is an enzyme the catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acid

with NAD+ as a cofactor?
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
2. Lesser amounts of this enzyme are found in what specific tissue locations?
BRAIN
SMOOTH MUSCLE
LUNGS
3. Most labile isoenzyme?
LD 5
4. In conditions involving cardiac necrosis and intravascular hemolysis, the
serum levels of LD 1 will increase to the point at which they are present in
greater concentration than LD 2, this results in what condition?
LD FLIPPED PATTERN ( LD 1 > LD 2)

HARD
ISOENZYME

CHAIN
COMPOSITION

TISSUES RICH IN
THE ISOENZYME

5-10.

LD 1

HHHH

Heart, Brain, RBC

LD2

HHHM

Heart, Brain, RBC

TABLE.

LD 3

HHMM

Brain, Kidney, Lungs

LD 4

HMMM

Liver, Skeletal Muscle,

Kidney

LD 5

MMMM

Liver, Skeletal Muscle,

Kidney

COMPLETE
THE

BUN
easy
1. NPN compound present in highest concentration in the blood
-UREA
2. Urea nitrogen concentration can be converted to urea concentration by
multiplying to?
-2.14
3. BUN conversion factor
-0.357

4. Urea nitrogen makes up about _____ of the total NPN in the

blood.
-45%

Difficult
5. T or F: BUN can be used alone to determine kidney function. Justify
-F. It is a useful index for such diagnosis but cannot be used alone as other
factors can affect BUN levels.
6. The most common method to determine urea concentration in serum or urine
is an __________ that utilizes the enzymes __________ and __________.
-enzymatic reaction, urease, glutamate dehydrogenase

7. This is a direct chemical analysis for urea that is a quantitative, endpoint,

colorimetric procedure that can be used for serum and urine
-Diacetyl monoxime

8. Increase in NPN may be due to what three categories of causes?

-Pre-renal (before kidney), -renal (Kidney), Post-renal (after kidney)

9. These factors that increase BUN levels include all types of urinary tract
obstruction such as renal stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate.
-Post-renal

10. In the Diacetyl monoxime analysis, _________ condenses with the _______ in
an acid solution to form a yellow color that can be read @ 550nm on the
spectrophotometer
-diacetyl, urea

CHOLESTEROL
1. It is otherwise known as 3-hydroxyl-5,6-cholestene. CHOLESTEROL
2. What is the lipid abnormality most closely linked to heart disease?
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
3. What is the esterified form of cholesterol that bounds to fatty acid?
CHOLESTERYL ESTER
4. TRUE or FALSE. Cholesterol is amphipathic lipid and is not found on the
surface of lipid layers along with phospholipids. FALSE
5. What is the desirable reference value for Cholesterol? A. <200 mg/dl
a. <200 mg/dl
b. <200 g/dl

c. 200-239 mg/dl
d. 200-239 g/dl
6. Cholesterol is an unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four rings
(A,B,C,D). Among these four rings (A,B,C,D), which is the only hydrophilic
part of cholesterol? D
a. Hydroxyl group in the D-ring
b. Hydroxyl group in the C-ring
c. Hydroxyl group in the B-ring
d. Hydroxyl group in the A-ring
7. What is the preferred sample used in determining cholesterol levels?
PLASMA OR SERUM
8. In cholesterol determination, what chemical method produces a GREEN end
color? LIEBERMANN-BURCHARDT REACTION
9. Give atleast 1 form of cholesterol. (pili lng dyan sa dalawa)
-CHOLESTERYL ESTER
-FREE CHOLESTEROL
10. Give only one diagnostic significance of determining the cholesterol level.
(pili lng dyan sa tatlo)
-EVALUATES THE RISK FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS,
MYOCARDIAL AND CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSIONS
-USED AS THYROID, LIVER AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
-USED TO MONITOR EFFECTIVENESS OF LIFESTYLE
CHANGES AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

Magnesium
EASY
1. What is the second most abundant intracellular ion?
Magnesium (DUH)
2. What is the reference method for magnesium?
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
3. A condition wherein patients most likely have an overall tissue depletion of
magnesium as a result of severe illness or loss, which leads to low serum
levels.
Hypomagnesemia
4. Term used to indicate elevated serum magnesium levels.
Hypermagnesemia
DIFFICULT
5. Give (at least 1) rich sources of magnesium in the diet.

Raw Nuts, Dry Cereals, Hard Drinking Water

6. What is the role of the kidney in the analyte magnesium?
Overall regulation of magnesium. OR. Reabsorb Mg2+ in deficiency
states/excrete excess Mg2+.
7. TRUE or FALSE. Lithium heparin is unacceptable anticoagulant for
magnesium. Justify your answer.
FALSE. Oxalate, citrate, EDTA is unacceptable while lithium heparin and
nonhemolyzed serum is preferred.
8. What is the function of PTH in magnesium?
Increase renal reabsorption of Mg2+/Enhances the absorption of Mg2+ in
intestine.
9. Give (at least 1) preferred form of treatment used by oral intake.
Magnesium Lactate, Magnesium Oxide, Magnesium Chloride, Antacid that
have Mg2+
10.A patient demonstrated a serum level of 1.3 mmoL/L in magnesium
determination (NV: 0.63-1.0 mmoL/L which classified as hypermagnesemia
but shows no signs and symptoms. How did this happen?
Hypermagnesemia is ASYMPTOMATIC until it exceeds 1.5 mmoL/L.